Community policing in Middletown (Muncie, Indiana) began in 1996 with the institution of Cop Shops. Cop Shops are small satellite stations that are equipped with a telephone and an officer that works in neighborhoods that have an above average amount of crime. The officer works with residents in these neighborhoods with the goal of reducing crime in these areas. Questions were put on the 1997 Middletown Area Survey that asked the citizens of Muncie what their attitudes were toward the Muncie Police Department. Interviews were also conducted with law enforcement officers in the Muncie/Delaware County area for information regarding the type of community policing system that is practiced in Muncie. Initial findings indicate that any type of contact citizens have with the Muncie Police Department, positive or negative, result in citizens viewing the police officers more negatively than those citizens who have not had any contact with the police. / Department of Sociology

Thesis (MPhil (Sociology and Social Anthropology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / This thesis explores the notion and practice of community policing as an alternative mechanism. Community policing originated in developed countries, but soon obtained the status of a traveling model as this notion moved across the globe even reaching South Africa

Community policing is an initiative that requires public cooperation and participation to be successful. Little is known, however, about police and citizens' perceptions of community policing and its impact on Richmond, Virginia neighborhoods. Using policy feedback theory as a lens, the purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore and gain a better understanding of RPD's and Richmond citizens' perceptions of community-oriented policing strategies in Richmond neighborhoods. Research questions focused on how officers and citizens perceive the impact of community policing strategies and the specific strategies they viewed as most successful in building public trust. Data were collected from a purposeful sample of 7 police officers and 4 residents who participated in unstructured telephone interviews. Data were inductively coded and subjected to thematic analysis. Key findings revealed that both police and citizen participants believe community policing strategies have increased visibility of police and improved community trust and public support associated with crime, safety, transparency, and accountability between officers and citizens. Findings further revealed that participants believe that community policing has achieved the goal of removing barriers to community collaboration with law enforcement. Finally, officers in this study proposed the development of an additional unit focusing on government-funded housing areas in the City of Richmond with high crime rates. The results of this study contribute to positive social change by offering practical strategies and policy suggestions for stakeholders in Richmond who want to foster collaborative relationships between police officers and community members.

Thesis (M. A. (Criminology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2016 / The study focused on Community Policing Forums (CPFs), sector policing and visible policing which are the policing strategies that are currently used to bring police officers closer to the community in order to identify and address the root causes of crime. These strategies are also meant to improve police service delivery which will satisfy and meet the community’s expectations about police services. The study also focused on factors which affect the lack of police service delivery to the community. Quantitative research design was used to evaluate Mamotintane community’s level of satisfaction with police service delivery. Non-probability sampling was used in which purposive or judgmental sampling methodology was used to select the 120 community members from Mamotintane Village. A fixed-response questionnaire that was written in English then translated in Sepedi which is the language commonly used by the target population was used in the study. A Statistical Package for Social Science (IBM SPSS Statistics Version 22) software was then used to analyse the data which was presented in a form of graphs and tables. Summary of the empirical findings are that a large number of 33% community members disagree that CPFs are successfully established in the community where police officers have regular meetings with community members in order to discuss about crimes which are affecting the community. A large number of 43% respondents strongly agree that police corruption has a negative impact to the community.

In any democratic dispensation public participation is a wide spread concern and highly topical to guide a discourse on openness, transparency, and inclusiveness in government. The importance and contribution of public participation to a healthy and developing democracy should not be underestimated. There are various forms of public participation that are known in the literature. They range from general consultation, submission of comments to public institutions, to direct negotiations and interaction. In the South African Police Service, the notion and principles of public participation are embedded in a modern community policing approach. This approach was adopted by the South African Government post-1994. The concept Community Policing is generally about making policing more community-centred through the active engagement of community members in the affairs of the police. Community policing is multidimensional in addressing social problems such as crime and poverty. It also involves community empowerment to guide the community in addressing their own challenges. To give operational impetus to a community policing approach, Community Policing Forums (CPFs) have been established as a mechanism to foster public participation in general and active community engagement in policing matters in particular. The roles of CPFs are entrenched in national legislation and a comprehensive regulatory framework further guide the functioning of these structures. The functioning of these CPFs is, however, not without challenges. By following a qualitative case study design, this study investigated the particular challenges associated with public participation in the CPFs of the Tlokwe Local Municipality (TLM). The study has been conducted in the three police stations of TLM, namely Potchefstroom, Ikageng and Buffelshoek. The aim of this study was to present the need for the development of a comprehensive strategy to enhance public participation in CPFs in TLM. Such a strategy is suggested as main solution to address the variety of challenges identified. / MA (Public Management and Governance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

In any democratic dispensation public participation is a wide spread concern and highly topical to guide a discourse on openness, transparency, and inclusiveness in government. The importance and contribution of public participation to a healthy and developing democracy should not be underestimated. There are various forms of public participation that are known in the literature. They range from general consultation, submission of comments to public institutions, to direct negotiations and interaction. In the South African Police Service, the notion and principles of public participation are embedded in a modern community policing approach. This approach was adopted by the South African Government post-1994. The concept Community Policing is generally about making policing more community-centred through the active engagement of community members in the affairs of the police. Community policing is multidimensional in addressing social problems such as crime and poverty. It also involves community empowerment to guide the community in addressing their own challenges. To give operational impetus to a community policing approach, Community Policing Forums (CPFs) have been established as a mechanism to foster public participation in general and active community engagement in policing matters in particular. The roles of CPFs are entrenched in national legislation and a comprehensive regulatory framework further guide the functioning of these structures. The functioning of these CPFs is, however, not without challenges. By following a qualitative case study design, this study investigated the particular challenges associated with public participation in the CPFs of the Tlokwe Local Municipality (TLM). The study has been conducted in the three police stations of TLM, namely Potchefstroom, Ikageng and Buffelshoek. The aim of this study was to present the need for the development of a comprehensive strategy to enhance public participation in CPFs in TLM. Such a strategy is suggested as main solution to address the variety of challenges identified. / MA (Public Management and Governance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Abstract Title: Building Trust: The contradiction between security and democracy in post apartheid South Africa Author: Magnus Persson Supervisor: Svante Lundberg This paper aims to investigate the contradiction between security and democracy in post-apartheid South African policing, and was executed on the field together with the South African Police Service (SAPS). The theoretical point of departure is that trust between people, in relation to the institutions of society, is fundamental to democratic development. This in combination with previous research on police reform, police academy socialization, community policing and militarization has lead to the conclusion that a remilitarization process is under way and that a militaristic approach to policing is likely to be counterproductive in terms of achieving democratic development. The study has been executed on a South African police academy as well as at two different police stations with the combined methods of participatory observation and interviews.

Text in Afrikaans / Summaries in English and Afrikaans / Misdaad is deesdae op almal se Iippe. Daar verloop nie 'n dag of die media lewer verslag oor een of ander vorm van misdaad wat plaasgevind het nie. Die vraag is nou wat gedoen kan word om die vlaag van misdaad in Suid-Afrika te stop en lewe en eiendom te beskerm. Feit is dat daar nie slegs 'n enkele stap is wat gedoen kan word om misdaad te voorkom nie. 'n Gesamentlike poging deur die hele gemeenskap is die enigste wyse waarop misdaad voorkom kan word. Proaktiewe polisiering kan aileen slaag indien die gemeenskap kollektief verantwoordelikheid vir misdaad aanvaar en daadwerklik optree om misdaad te voorkom. Die polisie, as aktiewe vennoot in die voorkoming van misdaad, het 'n opvoedingstaak deur die gemeenskap in te lig oor hoe misdaad gepleeg word, wanneer en waar dit gepleeg word en wat gedoen kan word om kwesbaarheid te verminder. 'n Gesindheid van omgee vir mekaar moet dus by die gemeenskap (die passiewe vennoot) gekweek word. Hieruit volg respek vir die lewe en eiendom van 'n ander en dit sal lei tot aktiewe optrede. Presipiterende polisiering deur die gemeenskap is 'n teken van geslaagde opvoeding. Dit word nie net ge"illustreer deur die verharding van die fisiese om9ewing nie, maar ook deur die betrokkenheid van die gemeenskap in die omgewing om dit veilig en aangenaam vir almal te maak. Blywende sukses kan slegs verseker word indien die polisie en die gemeenskap ondersteuning van ander departemente ontvang. Slegs wanneer die gemeenskap totale samewerking van aile belanghebbendes ervaar sal hulle gemotiveerd wees en voortgaan om betrokke te bly. / These days crime is on everybody's lips. Not a day passes without the media reporting on some or other crime which has taken place. The question that arises is what can be done to stop the crime wave in South Africa and protect lives and property. The fact is, there is no one single step that can be taken to prevent crime. A joint effort by the community as a whole is the only way in which crime can be prevente. Proactive policing can be successful only if the community accepts collective responsibility for crime and makes a conscious effort to prevent crime. The police as an active partner in crime prevention should educate the community about how crime is committed, when and where it is committed and what can be done to decrease vulnerability to crime. An attitude of caring for each other must be cultivated in the community (the passive partner). This will result in respect for lives and property of others and will lead to proactive conduct. Precipitating policing by the community is a sign of successful education. This is illustrated not only by the hardening of the physical environment, but also by the community's involvement in ensuring that the environment is a safe and pleasant place for all. Lasting success can only be ensured if the police and the community are supported by other departments. Only when the community has the full co-operation of all parties concerned, will members of the community be motivated to remain involved. / Police Practice / D.Litt. et Phil. (Police Practice)

Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Having just celebrated ten years of democratic rule, South Africa, as a young democracy, is an emerging country in the international world. It is also emerging, from a history of police brutality in apartheid South Africa, towards embracing human rights, accountability, police-community relations and a people-orientated approach to safety issues. It is this young democratic country that is paving the way for metropolitan policing on the African continent, by setting the example in South Africa. Metropolitan/ Municipal police has found its legislative mandate through the South African Police Amendment Act (Act No. 83 of 1995). It provides an opportunity to enable positioning of local government policing in a manner that will ensure that ‘quality of life’ for all is achieved through effective, efficient and sustainable policing. This study aims to give essence to a governance model as a strategy for sustainable metropolitan policing. The research provided for the following concepts of sustainable governance as a basis or foundation to build metropolitan policing: • Institutional/ Managerial/Leadership/Sustainability; • Political Sustainability; • Representivity; • Development and Growth; • Equitable Allocation and Distribution Resources; • People-centred Approaches; • Democratic Rights; • Professionalism and Ethics; • Financial sustainability; • Effective and Efficient Processes; • Co-ordination and Integration; • Sustainable decision making; • Sustainable results The framework for sustainable governance in Metropolitan Policing is broad and key aspects that influence the main objective of this research, namely co-ordination and integration have been included, for the purpose of this study. The study provides opportunity for deep reflection on how future policing at local government level in this country is structured, shaped and managed. The international basis of the study provides lessons conceptualised within a ‘learning organisation’ context. Metropolitan police services can enrich their organisation through learning from their international counterparts and sister organisations, inclusive of the South African Police Service (SAPS). It is also the relationship with the SAPS that will be the most challenging for the metropolitan police service. A key element that shapes the interaction between the Metropolitan Police organisations and the South African Police Services is based on sharing of policing power and distribution of resources. A sustainable relationship between the SAPS and metropolitan police services is important. It directly impacts on how policing is executed. It also requires consideration when co-ordination and integration processes in metropolitan police organisations are considered. The study aims to prove the importance and necessity of integration and co-ordination; however, it also emphasises the relevance of proper systems, processes and structures within an environment prior to embracing co-ordination and integration initiatives. It binds the concept of co-ordination and integration into all facets of organisational life, arguing the basis for technological assistance to consolidate such transformation. The study brings metropolitan policing into a transit from a ‘local government traffic organisation linked to council policies’ to a modern-day police organisation that embraces the complexities within which such organisations exist, both externally and internally, finding sustainable solutions and strategies for service delivery that fits our young democratic heritage of a single decade. The challenge to shape metropolitan policing to be different from the historic apartheidstyle municipal police force will eventually be a task for leadership of the metropolitan police organisation (across all levels) in its responses to society in terms of service delivery outcomes, which will be determined by how the organisation has shaped its future (vision), what it presents to society in terms of service delivery and the measures taken to achieve sustainability. The latter refers, in principle, and for purposes of this study, to good governance and sustainable development, both of which form the cornerstone of effective and efficient policing. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Teen die agtergrond van die onlangse viering van ‘n dekade van demokrasie, staan demokratiese Suid Afrika as ‘n opkomende land op die wêreldhorison. Die land is ook besig on weg te beweeg vanaf ‘n geskende verlede wat gekenmerk was deur polisiebrutaliteit in apartheid-Suid-Afrika na die omhelsing van menseregte, verantwoordelikheid, polisie-gemeenskaps verhoudinge en ‘n mensgeoriënteerde benadering tot veiligheidsaspekte. Dit is hierdie jong demokrasie wat leiding in Afrika neem met die konsep van metropolitaanse polisiëring. Die Metropolitaanse/ Munisipale polisie verkry wettige bestaansreg in die Suid Afrikaanse Polisie Wysigingswet, (Wet Nr 83 van 1995). Dit voorsien die geleentheid om polisiëring deur middel van plaaslike regering tot reg te laat kom op ‘n manier wat verseker dat “lewenskwaliteit” vir almal deur effektiewe , doeltreffende en volhoubare polisiëring verwesenlik kan word. Hierdie studie beoog om ‘n basis te vind vir volhoubare beheer in metropolitaanse polisiering, te wete deur: • Institutionele / bestuur/ leierskap/ volhoubaarheid; • Politieke volhoubaarheid; • Verteenwoordiging; • Ontwikkeling en groei; • Gelyke verspreiding en toekenning van hulpbronne; • Mens-georiënteerde strategieë; • Demokratiese regte; • Professionalisme en etiek; • Finansiële volhoubaarheid; • Effektiewe en doeltreffende prosesse; • Ko-ordinering en integrasie; • Volhoubare besluitneming; • Volhoubare resultate. Die raamwerk vir volhoubare beheer in metropolitaanse polisiëring is wyd. Kernaspekte wat die hoofdoelwit van hierdie ondersoek affekteer, naamlik ko-ordinering en integrering, word vir die doeleindes van hierdie studie ingesluit om die argument te versterk. Die studie bied geleentheid vir nabetraging oor hoe die toekoms van polisiëring op plaaslike regeringsvlak gestruktureer, geposisioneer en bestuur word. Die internasionale grondslag van die studie bied lesse wat binne ‘n ‘lerende organisasie’ beslag gekry het. Metropolitaanse polisie-organisasies kan hul organisasies bemagtig deur van hul internasionale eweknieë en susterorganisasies soos die nasionale Suid-Afrikaanse Polisiediens. (SAPD) te leer. Dit is ook die verhouding met die SAPD wat die meeste uitdagings meebring. Naas die verhouding met die publiek, blyk dit die belangrikste te wees as gevolg van die polisiëringsmagte en standaarde wat op beide organisasies van toepassing is. Volhoubaarheid in die verhouding tussen die SAPD en die metropolitaanse polisiedienste is belangrik aangesien dit ‘n direkte impak op dienslewering asook integrasie en ko-ordinering kan hê. Hierdie studie beoog om die belangrikheid en noodsaaklikheid van integrasie en koordinering te toon. Dit beklemtoon egter ook die noodsaaklikheid daarvan dat behoorlike stelsels, prosesse en strukture in organisasies geïmplimenteer word voordat koordinering en intergrasie aangepak word. Die studie verbind die konsepte van koordinering en intergrasie met alle ander fasette van ‘n organisatoriese stelsel, met ‘n sterk fokus op die rol van tegnologie ten einde transformasie te bewerkstellig. Die studie beoog om die transformasie van ‘verkeersdienste-organisasies wat met raadsbeleid skakel’ na ‘n metropolitaanse polisiëringsdiens te vergemaklik, ten einde ‘n moderne organisasie daar te stel wat in staat is om kompleksiteit, as ‘n integrale deel van die interne en eksterne omgewing, deur middel van volhoubare strategieë te bestuur en aan die vereistes van dienslewering in ‘n jong demokrasie van tien jaar te voldoen. Die uitdaging om metropolitaanse polisiedienste in ooreenstemming met hedendaagse demokratiese en konstitutionele beleid te vestig, berus op die leierskap (op alle vlakke) in die organisasie. So ook is daar die verantwoordelikheid om te verseker dat metropolitaanse polisiedienste die diensleweringsuitkomstes behaal deur middel van ‘n volhoubare visie, die tipe en gehalte van dienste wat gelewer word en die prosesse/strategieë wat gevolg word ten einde volhoubaarheid te bereik. Laasgenoemde (volhoubaarheid) verwys, vir die doeleindes van hierdie studie, na goeie beheer en volhoubare ontwikkeling, beide deel van die hoeksteen van effektiewe en doeltreffende polisiëring.

As a proactive, information-based policing approach, problem-oriented policing emphasizes the use of crime analysis techniques in the analysis of the underlying causes of the problems that police deal with. In particular, analysis applications can be powerful tools for criminal investigation, such as crime reconstruction, profiling, IAFIS, VICAP, and CODIS. The SARA Model represents a problem-solving strategy of problemoriented policing. It aims to address the underlying causes of the problems and create substantial solutions. However, implementing problem-oriented policing requires a significant change in both the philosophy and structure of police agencies. Not only American policing but also the Turkish National Police should consider problem-oriented policing as an alternative approach for solving criminal activities.