Introduction : En France, le TDA/H de l'adulte reste aujourd'hui encore controversé. L'absence de consensus sur l'existence même du trouble en tant qu'entité diagnostique singulière, et les nombreux débats idéologiques dont il est l'objet, placent le TDA/H dans un flou théorique, avec pour conséquence, une méconnaissance du trouble chez l'adulte, une négligence diagnostique et une prise en charge limitée voire inexistante de cette population. Or, le TDA/H engendre une multitude d'impacts psychologiques et fonctionnels considérables, provoquant une souffrance psychologique, et des altérations fonctionnelles variées. L'abondance de données sur le TDA/H de l'enfant, en contraste avec la pauvreté des études françaises sur le trouble chez l'adulte, souligne l'importance d'apports spécifiques à cette population. Cette recherche s'inscrit dans une approche intégrative du TDA/H de l'adulte, réunissant une méthodologie quantitative à la fois catégorielle et dimensionnelle. Nous avons étudié la dimension impulsive du TDA/H, à travers les prévalences des comorbidités psychiatriques et addictives, les troubles du contrôle des impulsions, et l'aspect dimensionnel de deux traits de personnalité (impulsivité et recherche de sensations) chez des adultes présentant un Trouble Déficit de l'Attention avec ou sans Hyperactivité (TDA/H).Méthode : 199 adultes âgés entre 18 et 65 ans (m= 34.3 ans) issus de consultations psychiatriques spécialisées du TDA/H de l'adulte, ont été diagnostiqués (hétéroévaluation) par une approche à la fois catégorielle (DSM-IV-T-R) et dimensionnelle (ASRS-v1.1 ; CAARS ; WURS-61). Les 199 participants ont été répartis en deux groupes, en fonction de la forme présentée. A savoir, soit une forme inattentive prédominante (TDA/n=83), soit une forme mixte (TDAH/n=116). La prévalence de troubles psychiatriques et addictifs (MINI) et de troubles du contrôle des impulsions (MIDI) associés au TDA/H, a été évaluée dans les deux groupes. De plus, deux traits de personnalité, à savoir l'impulsivité (BIS-11 ; EIFD) et la recherche de sensations (ERS), ainsi que l'altération du fonctionnement global (WFIRS-SR) ont été évalués par le biais d'une approche dimensionnelle (autoévaluations). Résultats : Les résultats de prévalence des comorbidités ont conclu à une prépondérance des troubles de l'humeur (spécifiquement la dysthymie), et des troubles anxieux (spécifiquement l'anxiété généralisée). On relève par ailleurs, pour les troubles addictifs, des prévalences majoritaires de troubles du contrôle des impulsions (spécifiquement l'achat pathologique), suivies par les troubles liés à l'usage de substances psychoactives (spécifiquement l'abus d'alcool), et les troubles du comportement alimentaire (spécifiquement la boulimie). La catégorisation diagnostique distinguant les deux groupes, a conclu à l'absence de différence significative concernant la prévalence des comorbidités. Seule le nombre moyen de comorbidités addictives a distingué les deux groupes (TDAH > TDA). Concernant les traits de personnalité, impulsif, et de recherche de sensations, si les deux groupes ont montré des profils dimensionnels parallèles, les scores des TDAH ont tous été significativement supérieurs à ceux des TDA. Même constat pour les niveaux d'altération du fonctionnement, qui bien que comparables au vu de la nature des dimensions altérées, ont tous été supérieurs pour les TDAH (vs TDA).Conclusion : L'impulsivité définit le TDA/H, et les manifestations impulsives inhérentes au trouble, s'apprécient au travers des profils psychiatriques et addictifs, mais également au travers des profils de personnalité. / Introduction: Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADH/D) still remains controversial in France, leading to a misreading of the disorder, a lack of diagnosis, and treatment, despite the considerable impacts in patients' life, psychological as well as functional. If AD/HD is recognized in children, the lack of studies in adults needed an input of new perspectives, especially in the psychological and psychopathological fields.We focused on the impulsive dimension of AD/HD, by evaluating psychiatric and additive comorbidities, two personality dimensions (Impulsivity and Sensation Seeking), and levels of functioning impairments in several dimensions, among adults, presenting an Attentional Disorder with or without Hyperactivity. Method: 199 respondents aged between 18 and 65 (mean= 34.3 years), coming from psychiatric consultations specialized in adult ¿AD/HD, received diagnosis of AD/HD (ASRS-v1.1; CAARS; WURS-61) and were classified in two groups depending on the form of disorder presented, either ADHD or just AD. The two groups, ADHD (n=116) and AD (n=83) were evaluated for the prevalence of psychiatric and addictive comorbidities, including impulse control disorders (MINI, MIDI), personality dimensions (BIS-11; FIDI; SSS) and functioning impairment level (WFIRS-RS). Our procedure allowed both categorial and dimensional assessments of AD/HD diagnosis. Results: We found as majority psychiatric comorbidities, mood disorders (specifically dysthymia), anxiety disorders (specifically generalized anxiety), and impulse control disorders (pathological buying) among the additive comorbidities. No significant difference was found in terms of prevalence between the two groups. In addition, the personality dimensions (impulsivity and sensation seeking) and the functioning impairment levels (7 dimensions) were all significantly higher for the ADHD group (vs AD group). However, all the respondents displayed identical score profiles in the two groups, concluding that, only the intensity levels of impulsivity, sensation seeking and impairment functioning, discriminate the two groups.Conclusion: Impulsivity is the core manifestation of AD/HD, appearing through high prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities (through mood lability and pathological anxiety) addictive disorders (whether related to psychoactive drugs or behaviors), as well as impulsive personality trait, and some functional impairments (specifically those related to daily life skills). Our procedure shows that a dimensional evaluation of AD/HD diagnosis should always complete a categorial one, in order to evaluate the extent of the impulsive dimension in AD/HD. This study provides first data on psychological and psychopathological profiles of French AD/HD adults and future researches are needed to complete these data.

Since the introduction of antiretroviral therapy, the survival rate of infected HIV patients has been on the rise with a predicted increase by 2030. The longer a person lives with the virus, the more prone to HIV-associated chronic diseases he or she becomes, but it is not clear whether these diseases are solely from aging with the virus or from long-term use of antiretroviral therapy. Scientists demonstrated that the introduction of antiretroviral therapy led to an increased life expectancy yet early onset of comorbidities; however, they failed to address the challenges that people 50 years old or older face, as well as other factors affecting their quality of life. The purpose of this study, driven by both social constructivism as well as the advocacy worldview, was to explore the lived experiences of participants older than 50 living with HIV to gain an understanding of how long-term use of antiretroviral therapy relates to the onset of comorbidities, which would lead to a new understanding of the challenges they face. These findings could give healthcare providers insights on the population in question, their challenges, and how to better address their concerns. The methodology of the study was a phenomenological approach; data were collected through 10 participant responses during recorded telephone interviews. The recorded data were transcribed before being analyzed using Nvivo software. The results indicated that these participants live in daily survivorship filled with constant struggle between a series of comorbidities that develop overtime. Additionally, their journey is not only coupled with unmet needs of today but also with uncertainties of tomorrow. The findings can improve the current social conditions of those who are older and suffering from HIV by providing information to healthcare professionals who can improve or maintain the health of this population.

No description available.

The global prevalence of peripheral artery disease (PAD) is estimated to be about 120 million, making up about 25.6% of the worldwide burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In the United States (U.S.), the prevalence of PAD is about 7%, representing nearly 8 million adults. There is a higher prevalence of disease in Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites, with approximately 30% of Blacks and 20% of non-Hispanic Whites developing PAD in their lifetime. The strong risk factors associated with PAD include smoking, diabetes, hypertension, age, and male sex. Our study aimed to estimate the effects of obesity, alcohol abuse, renal failure, and hypertension on patients’ length of stay (LOS) among patients admitted with a diagnosis of PAD. Using the 2012 U.S. National Inpatient Sample database, we included 336,790 patients with PAD as a separate comorbidity during their index admission. Our main outcome variable was patients’ total length of stay (LOS) during the index admission. We categorized LOS < 1 into next day discharge (NDD) and LOS > 1 into non-NDD. Our predictor variables were hypertension, obesity, alcohol abuse and renal failure. We ran descriptive statistics to delineate the baseline characteristics of our sample population, and bivariate analysis with t-test and chi-square analysis. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate odds of non-NDD given our comorbidities; obesity, hypertension, alcohol abuse, renal failure while adjusting for age, race, and sex. We reported frequencies, p-values, and odd ratios (ORs) at a 95% significance level with alpha at 0.05. Of our final sample, 54.8% were males while 45.2% were females and the mean age of patients was 71.7 + 12.8. Hypertension, obesity, alcohol abuse and renal failure were present in 75%, 12%, 3.4%, and 30.9% of patients, respectively. Majority (75%) of the patients were white, while Black and Hispanic patients made up 13.3% and 7.1%, respectively. In our adjusted model, we found that patients with hypertension had 12% lower odds of non-NDD (OR = 0.88, CI= 0.86-0.90, P<0.0001) compared to those without hypertension, females had 20% increase in the odds of non-NDD compared to males (OR = 1.20, CI= 1.18-1.23, P<0.0001), patients with obesity, alcohol abuse and renal failure had 39%, 43% and 45% increase in odds of non-NDD compared to those without these comorbidities. (OR = 1.39, CI= 1.34-1.44, P<0.0001), (OR = 1.43, CI= 1.35-1.52, P<0.0001), (OR = 1.45, CI= 1.42-1.49, P<0.0001). Given the significant association between obesity, alcohol abuse, and renal failure with prolonged hospital stay in patients admitted to hospital with PAD, our study highlights the importance of adequate management of pre-existing patients' comorbidities. This is expected to improve overall length of stay and total healthcare utilization and costs, among patients with PAD.

Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Treatment of epilepsy remains, however, a clinical challenge with over 30% of patients not responding to current pharmacological interventions. Complicating management of treatment, epilepsy comes with multiple comorbidities, thereby further reducing the quality of life of patients. Increasing evidence suggests purinergic signalling via extracellularly released ATP as shared pathological mechanisms across numerous brain diseases. Once released, ATP activates specific purinergic receptors, including the ionotropic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R). Among brain diseases, the P2X7R has attracted particular attention as a therapeutic target. The P2X7R is an important driver of inflammation, and its activation requires high levels of extracellular ATP to be reached under pathological conditions. Suggesting the therapeutic potential of drugs targeting the P2X7R for epilepsy, P2X7R expression increases following status epilepticus and during epilepsy, and P2X7R antagonism modulates seizure severity and epilepsy development. P2X7R antagonism has, however, also been shown to be effective in treating conditions most commonly associated with epilepsy such as psychiatric disorders and cognitive deficits, which suggests that P2X7R antagonisms may provide benefits beyond seizure control. This review summarizes the evidence suggesting drugs targeting the P2X7R as a novel treatment strategy for epilepsy with a particular focus of its potential impact on epilepsy-associated comorbidities.

O transtorno do espectro autista (ASD) é uma doença clinica e geneticamente heterogênea, com mecanismo etiológico ainda pouco conhecido. Assim, os principais objetivos deste trabalho foram descrever as características clínicas e genéticas de pacientes brasileiros com ASD, bem como determinar o risco de recorrência e a herdabilidade. Verificamos que a maioria das comorbidades avaliadas tem prevalência similar àquelas anteriormente descritas. A hipotonia exibiu maior prevalência no sexo feminino. A ausência de fala apresentou prevalência significativamente maior no grupo de pacientes com comorbidades, sendo que a gravidade da fala foi positivamente correlacionada com a presença das crises convulsivas. A herdabilidade estimada foi de 76% e o risco de recorrência ~5%. As alterações citogenéticas e os casos positivos para a Síndrome do X-Frágil explicaram cerca de 8% dos casos de ASD da nossa amostra. As CNVs nas regiões estudadas foram detectadas em 2,7% da amostra. Nós verificamos que há penetrância incompleta do ASD para as regiões. O estudo mais detalhado dos dois casos de duplicação da região 15q13.3, envolvendo somente o gene CHRNA7, mostrou que um dos pacientes (F5240) exibiu uma segunda CNV, possivelmente patogênica. A análise in silico sugeriu que genes que interagem diretamente com o CHRNA7 podem conter mutações patogênicas e, juntamente com a duplicação do 15q13.3, possivelmente estão envolvidos na etiologia do ASD. Este estudo mostrou que é necessário fazer uma ampla caracterização genética dos pacientes, para possibilitar o estudo dos possíveis mecanismos moleculares envolvidos na causa do ASD / Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disease and its etiological mechanisms are still poorly understood. The main objectives of this study were to describe the clinical and genetic features of Brazilian patients with ASD, and to determine the recurrence risk and heritability. Great part of the comorbidities assessed here had comparable prevalence to those of previous works. The hypotonia was significantly prevalent in the female sex. Absent speech was significantly more frequent in patients with comorbidities, and severity of speech problems was positively correlated with presence of seizures. Heritability was estimated as 76% and the recurrence risk as approximately 5%. Cytogenetic alterations and positive results for Fragile X Syndrome explain about 8% of the ASD etiology of our sample. The CNVs at the chromosomal regions 15q11-q13, 16p11.2 and 22q13 were present in 2.7% of the sample. Incomplete penetrance of ASD was observed for the 16p and 15q regions. Further investigation of the two cases with duplication of the region 15q13.3, involving only the CHRNA7 gene, revealed that one of them (F5240) exhibited a second possible pathogenic CNV. In silico analysis suggested that genes interacting directly with the CHRNA7 could harbor pathogenic mutations and, together with the duplication at 15q13.3, could be involved in the ASD etiology. This study showed the necessity of a broad genetic characterization of patients with ASD, to enable the elucidation of possible molecular mechanisms related to ASD etiology

A doença de Alzheimer (DA) é uma patologia neuropsiquiátrica caracterizada por perda cognitiva, com marcante déficit de memória desde o estágio inicial, degeneração neuronal progressiva, e constitui a principal causa de demência no mundo. Além disso, a DA é frequentemente agravada pela ocorrência de comorbidades. Dados epidemiológicos apontam para uma importante associação clínica entre a DA e a epilepsia. A ausência de um modelo de estudo relevante, entretanto, tem impedido o avanço do entendimento dos mecanismos moleculares que subjazem essa comorbidade. A cepa Wistar Audiogenic Rat (WAR) tem sido amplamente utilizada como modelo animal para o estudo de epilepsia e, recentemente, déficits de memória foram relatados em animais desta cepa, o que suscitou a possibilidade de constituírem um modelo experimental para o estudo da comorbidade entre DA e epilepsia. No presente estudo, foi avaliado o desempenho de WAR adultos em diferentes idades no teste de memória do labirinto aquático de Morris (LAM). Realizaram-se ainda análises bioquímicas e de imunoistoquímica dos principais biomarcadores celulares da DA, o peptídeo beta-amiloide (A?) e a proteína Tau hiperfosforilada (pTau), no hipocampo e no córtex pré-frontal de WAR e Wistar de idades pareadas. No LAM, os WAR de 9 meses apresentaram déficit de aprendizagem e de retenção de memória (24 horas após o treinamento), quando comparados aos Wistar de idade pareada, enquanto que aos 12 meses, os WAR apresentaram apenas déficit de aprendizagem. Os animais WAR de 12 meses apresentaram também aumento significativo nos níveis de pTau e Tau total em extratos de hipocampo, quando comparados aos Wistar controles de mesma idade, o que não foi observado para os extratos de córtex pré-frontal. Os WAR também apresentaram elevação idade-dependente nos níveis e distribuição anormal de pTau em algumas sub-regiões hipocampais, como avaliado por imunoistoquímica. Não foi possível quantificar A? endógeno por meio das estratégias utilizadas. Quando analisados em conjunto, os dados sugerem que os déficits de memória observados nos WAR podem ser reflexo da hiperfosforilação e consequente distribuição anormal da proteína neuronal Tau, por um mecanismo molecular a ser desvendado. Não foi possível, ainda, determinar se este mecanismo inclui aumento nos níveis de agregados de A?, como esperado em modelos de DA. Portanto, o emprego de cepa WAR como modelo experimental para o estudo dos fenômenos moleculares subjacentes à comorbidade entre epilepsia e doença de Alzheimer, embora promissor, ainda precisa ser melhor caracterizado. / Alzheimer disease (AD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by cognitive loss, marked memory deficit since the early stage, progressive neuronal degeneration, and it is the leading cause of dementia around the world. In addition, AD is often aggravated by the occurrence of comorbidities. Epidemiological data point to a clinical association between AD and epilepsy. The absence of a relevant model, however, has impaired the advance of the understanding about the molecular mechanisms that underlie this comorbidity. The Wistar Audiogenic Rat (WAR) strain has been widely used as an animal model to the study of epilepsy. Recently, memory deficits have been reported in WARs, which has raised the possibility that this strain may represent an experimental model to the study of comorbidity between AD and epilepsy. Here we evaluated the performance of WARs in the reference memory test Morris water maze (MWM) at different ages. Biochemical and immunohistochemical analyzes of the main AD biomarkers, beta-amyloid peptide (A?) and hyperphosphorylated Tau protein (pTau), were also performed in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of age-matched WARs and Wistar controls. In the LAM, middle-aged (9 months) WARs presented learning and memory retention deficits (24 hours after training session) when compared to age-matched Wistar rats, whereas at 12 months, WARs presented only learning deficits. Adult WAR animals showed a significant increase in the levels of pTau and total Tau in hippocampal extracts, when compared to Wistar controls, which was not observed in prefrontal cortex extracts. WARs also showed higher levels and abnormal distribution of pTau in some hippocampal subregions, as assessed by immunohistochemistry. It was not possible to detect endogenous A? by the strategies used. Taken together, these data suggest that memory deficits observed in WARs may be a consequence of hyperphosphorylation and consequent abnormal distribution of Tau triggered by a molecular mechanism yet to be identified. It has not yet been determined whether this mechanism includes increased levels of A? aggregates, as expected in AD models. Therefore, the use of the WAR strain as an experimental model to the study of the molecular phenomena underlying the comorbidity between epilepsy and Alzheimer disease, although promising, still needs to be further characterized.

INTRODUÇÃO: Os termos múltiplas comorbidades e multimorbidade são crescentes na literatura médica, trazendo e traduzindo uma nova forma de avaliar e cuidar de pacientes graves que acumulam doenças crônicas. Estudos apontam piores prognósticos para o transtorno bipolar (TB) quando associado à comorbidades específicas. Entretanto, fatores correlacionados ao número total de transtornos associados, e não a cada transtorno de forma específica, ainda não foram investigados no TB. OBJETIVOS: A finalidade deste estudo é avaliar diferentes aspectos relacionados à presença de múltiplas comorbidades psiquiátricas de Eixo I ao longo da vida em amostra de pacientes com TB. MÉTODO: Uma amostra de 294 pacientes bipolares foi investigada. Os diagnósticos de TB e das comorbidades psiquiátricas foram confirmados através entrevista clínica estruturada para transtornos de Eixo I (SCID-I) do DSM-IV. Um protocolo padrão do PROTAHBI foi aplicado para a obtenção de dados sócio-demográficos e variáveis clínicas. Os níveis de funcionamento, a qualidade de vida (QV), assim como, a presença de sintomas depressivos, ansiosos e maníacos foram avaliados através de instrumentos específicos validados na literatura. Múltiplas comorbidades foram consideradas presentes quando três ou mais diagnósticos psiquiátricos, adicionais ao TB, eram constatados. LIMITAÇÕES: Comorbidades com transtornos de Eixo II e III não foram investigadas neste estudo. RESULTADOS: A prevalência ao longo da vida para pelo menos uma comorbidade foi de 68.8% (n = 203), para duas ou três foi de 34.2% (n = 101) e para múltiplas comorbidades foi de 34.6% (n = 102). Na análise comparativa para as variáveis clínicas, diferenças correlacionadas ao número total de comorbidades foram detectadas. Um significativo impacto negativo foi verificado na avaliação do funcionamento e na QV dos pacientes com múltiplas comorbidades. CONCLUSÕES: A presença de múltiplas comorbidades psiquiátricas de Eixo I ocorre em cerca de um terço dos pacientes bipolares e revela uma maior gravidade e complexidade ao transtorno, independentemente de quais transtornos específicos co-ocorram. Questões acerca de sua adequada contemplação nos critérios de classificação diagnóstica e guidelines de tratamento também foram suscitadas. / BACKGROUND: The concepts multiple comorbidities and multimorbidity are growing in relevance in medical literature, enabling a new perspective to understand and treat patients with severe and cumulative chronic diseases. Studies report worse prognoses of bipolar disorder (BD) when associated with specific comorbidities. However, factors underlying co-occurring rather than single disorders have not been analyzed yet. OBJECTIVES: The present study aims at assessing the impact of psychiatric multiple comorbidities with Axis I disorder on bipolar patients. METHODS: A sample of 294 bipolar patients was examined. BD and comorbidities diagnoses were confirmed by means of Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders. A PROTAHBI standard protocol provided the access for the social-demographic data and clinical variables. Levels of functioning and quality of live as well as the presence of depressive, anxiety and manic symptoms were evaluated by means of proper instruments validated in medical literature. Multiple comorbidities were considered when three or more comorbid psychiatric diagnoses were verified. LIMITATIONS: Axis II and III comorbidities were not considered in this investigation. RESULTS: Lifetime prevalence of any comorbidity was 68.8% (n = 203), of one or two comorbidities was 34.2% (n = 101), and of multiples comorbidities was 34.6% (n = 102). ). In the comparative analysis of clinical variables, some differences between the groups were detected. A significant negative impact was verified when assessing functioning and quality of life of patients with multiple comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of Axis I psychiatric comorbidities was found in one third of the bipolar patients and revealed a more severe and complex disorder, regardless of which particular disorders may co-occur. Concerns were raised about whether current medical classification systems and practice guidelines are properly addressing this issue.

Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a public health problem in several countries such as Angola, India, China, Kenya, and Nigeria. Due to the increasing high burden of MDR-TB, most of these countries do not have adequate capacities to manage MDR-TB patients effectively. This study investigated the effect of model of care; human immunodeficiency virus comorbidity; and demographic factors such as age, gender, and marital status on the treatment outcomes of MDR-TB patients in Nigeria. The study was based on the analysis of secondary data of 402 MDR-TB patients accessed from the data systems of the National Tuberculosis, Buruli Ulcer, and Leprosy Control Program. The theoretical framework for this study was the health belief model. The results of the study showed that treatment outcomes were similar for hospital and community-based models of care. Age was the only factor found to be significantly associated with treatment outcomes; age > than 40 years was a predictor of unsuccessful treatment outcomes among MDR-TB patients at a p-value of 0.026. In the multivariate logistics regression analysis, age and model of care were found to be significantly associated with treatment outcomes at p-values of 0.043 and 0.048, respectively. Marital status, gender, and HIV comorbidity were not significantly associated with treatment outcomes. Implications of the findings of this study for social change in a health care program include opportunities to help reduce the number of patients on waiting lists for MDR-TB treatment. These strategies may ultimately help to reduce the spread of MDR-TB infection as well as the mortality associated with late treatment.

Despite 30 years of research advancements, PTSD treatment remains a trial-and-error process as 22 veterans per day commit suicide to relieve their symptoms. Foa and Kozak's emotional processing theory informed this correlational study which included secondary data consisting of participants' self-rated scale scores to examine whether the independent variables number of deployments, guilt, depression, and anxiety predicted the dependent variable PTSD symptom reduction in a veteran sample with combat deployments and associated PTSD symptoms who completed accelerated resolution therapy (ART). An analysis of whether mean PTSD symptom reduction amounts differed by symptom severity levels was also completed. The study aimed to identify the first predictive treatment-matching model for PTSD symptom reduction by use of ART. A multiple regression analysis to determine whether the predictor variables predicted PTSD symptom reduction by use of ART resulted in nonsignificant findings (p = .517). A Welch ANOVA test to determine if mean PTSD symptom reduction differed among the low, moderate, and high PTSD symptom severity groups showed significant results (p = .002). Games-Howell post hoc analysis showed that mean differences in PTSD symptom reduction from the low to high PTSD symptom severity group was significant (p = .001) with a 26.1 point mean reduction for the high symptom severity group and a greater than 10-point mean PTSD symptom reduction for the low and moderate symptom severity groups. The findings confirmed a need for treatment-matching algorithm studies to predict which PTSD interventions most benefit veterans suffering with PTSD to reduce trial-and-error treatment approaches, associated comorbidities, and high rates of suicides.