CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A discussão sobre como a potência em um circuito elétrico pode ser quantificada é muito antiga, sendo tema de discussões e pesquisas desde o século XIX. Entretanto, mesmo com a maturidade que o assunto tem, ainda hoje vários trabalhos são publicados sobre o mesmo. Se não o principal, mas um dos principais motivos do estudo e desenvolvimento de novas teorias sobre potências elétricas é a compensação da parcela não ativa da mesma. A compensação reativa, quando feita corretamente, traz muitos benefícios à operação de um sistema elétrico. Todavia, anteriormente à instalação de elementos compensadores, é importante estudar, além do compensador em si, mas também as características elétricas do sistema onde a compensação será instalada e as cargas que o mesmo alimenta. Uma das características chave, que não pode deixar de ser analisada, é a curva de carga. Redes com variação de curva de carga muito acentuada podem sofrer efeitos colaterais da compensação reativa fixa, que não acompanha a demanda do sistema. Por esse motivo, o presente trabalho se propõe a estudar os compensadores dinâmicos de reativo patenteados pela ITB Equipamentos Elétricos, como uma solução de compensação reativa para circuitos com esse perfil. Neste trabalho são descritas duas modelagens do compensador dinâmico: uma no domínio do tempo e outra no domínio da frequência. A modelagem no domínio do tempo tem como objetivo principal a análise dos transitórios de chaveamento. A segunda modelagem, no domínio da frequência, visa a determinação de um modelo prático para estudos de fluxo de carga e fluxo harmônico, que possam ser utilizada em softwares que realizem tais cálculos. Após a apresentação das modelagens, as mesmas são validadas através de ensaios em equipamentos reais. Finalmente, lançando mão do modelo no domínio da frequência, o compensador dinâmico é avaliado em dois sistemas elétricos: uma rede de distribuição e um sistema industrial. As análises foram feitas em um simulador trifásico de sistemas elétricos, onde foram comparadas a compensação feita de forma dinâmica e fixa. Os resultados mostraram que os compensadores dinâmicos podem ter influência positiva no fator de potência, perdas elétricas, carregamento e regulação de tensão, principalmente em sistemas onde a demanda de potência tem variação acentuada. Outra vantagem da troca dos capacitores fixos pelos compensadores dinâmicos foi a diminuição da distorção harmônica total de tensão e corrente em alguns pontos dos dois circuitos estudados. / The discussion about how an electric power circuit can be quantified is ancient, and has been subject of debate and researches since the 19th century. However, even with the maturity achieved over the time, many works were and still are being published about this theme. One of the most important reasons to study and develop new electric power theories is the compensation of the non-active power portion. The reactive compensation, when done correctly, brings many benefits to a power system’s operation. Nevertheless, before installing compensators, it is important to analyze the electric characteristics of the system where the compensation will be installed and the loads supplied by it. One of the most relevant issue that can't be unconsidered is the load curve. Networks with load curves that present accentuated variation may be hit by some side effects of fixed reactive compensation, that does not follow the system demand. Therefore, this paper analyzes the dynamic reactive compensators, patented by ITB Equipamentos Elétricos, as solution for circuits with this profile. The present paper describes two modelings of the dynamic compensator: the first one made in time domain and the second one, in frequency domain. The time domain modeling aims the study of the switching transients, while the frequency domain aims to determinate a practical model for studies about load and harmonic flows. After the modeling presentations, both models are validated by comparing them to real equipments tests. Finally, using the frequency domain model, the compensator behavior is studied in two electric systems: a distribution network and an industrial plant. Both circuits are implemented in a three-phase power system simulator, where the dynamic compensation is discussed and compared to the ordinary one, using fixed capacitors. The results indicate that the dynamic compensation may have a positive influence on power factor, electric losses, system loading and voltage regulation; especially in systems which the load curve has substantial variation. In addition, the exchange of fixed compensation by the dynamic compensation decreased the voltage and current harmonic distortion at the analysed buses. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-04-19T19:42:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 danielsalomaosilva.pdf: 1815639 bytes, checksum: 1ac9991f1cfff85fc90c22c80f5ccaf4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-04-20T13:12:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 danielsalomaosilva.pdf: 1815639 bytes, checksum: 1ac9991f1cfff85fc90c22c80f5ccaf4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-20T13:12:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 danielsalomaosilva.pdf: 1815639 bytes, checksum: 1ac9991f1cfff85fc90c22c80f5ccaf4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-01 / O Compensador Série Síncrono Estático (SSSC – Static Synchronous Series Compensator) é um controlador FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) proposto na literatura para controlar o fluxo de potência pelas linhas de transmissão a corrente alternada. O SSSC é um compensador de potência reativa baseado em conversores eletrônicos de potência de alta capacidade ligados em série com as linhas de transmissão. Neste trabalho são utilizados conversores fonte de tensão (do inglês, VSC – Voltage Source Converters) multiníveis em cascata assimétrica, ligados ao sistema elétrico sem transformadores. O uso do SSSC aumenta as margens de estabilidade, a controlabilidade e a capacidade de transferência de potência de um sistema elétrico. Como a tensão sintetizada pelo SSSC está em quadratura com a corrente pela linha, pode-se utilizá-lo para emular uma reatância série, impor uma tensão ou injetar/absorver potência reativa em série com a linha de transmissão compensada. Neste trabalho são estudados cinco diferentes algoritmos para controlar as tensões geradas pelo SSSC. Resultados de simulações digitais são utilizados para verificar o desempenho de cada algoritmo implementado. / The Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) is a FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) controller proposed in the literature to control the power flow through the transmission power lines. The SSSC is a series connected compensator based on static power electronics converters. In this work, three single-phase asymmetrical cascaded multilevel voltage source converters (VSC) are used, connected to the electric power system without transformers. The use of SSSC increases the stability limit, the controllability and the transfer power capacity of electric power systems. Since the voltage synthesized by SSSC is in quadrature with line current, it can be used to emulate a series reactance, to synthesize a voltage or to inject/absorb reactive power in series with the compensated transmission line. Five different control algorithms are investigated to control the output voltages of the SSSC. Digital simulation results are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of each control strategy.

This master’s thesis is focusing on compensation of reactive power, especially on creating demonstrative model of static var compensation unit (SVC). Main topic of thesis is to apply this device for fast balancing dynamic conversions of recieved reactive power. In theoretical part is described suitable method for determination of instantaneous power. Next, there is basic description of all means used for compensation of reactive power and detailed description of the SVC compensator. Practical part includes design of compensation unit and control program in LabVIEW. The pq theory is implemented for detection instantaneous power. The results of validating functionality of compensator are presented in the last part of thesis.

Active transient voltage compensator (ATVC) has been proposed to improve VR transient response at high slew rate load, which engages in transient periods operating in MHZ to inject high slew rate current in step up load and recovers energy in step down load. Main VR operates in low switching frequency mainly providing DC current. Parallel ATVC has largely reduced conduction and switching losses. Parallel ATVC also reduces the number of VR bulk capacitors. Combined linear and adaptive nonlinear control has been proposed to reduce delay times in the actual controller, which injects one nonlinear signal in transient periods and simplifies the linear controller design. Switching mode current compensator with nonlinear control in secondary side is proposed to eliminate the effect of opotocoupler, which reduces response times and simplifies the linear controller design in isolated DC-DC converters. A novel control method has been carried out in two-stage isolated DC-DC converter to simplify the control scheme and improve the transient response, allowing for high duty cycle operation and large step-down voltage ratio with high efficiency. A balancing winding network composed of small power rating components is used to mitigate the double pole-zero effect in complementary-controlled isolated DC-DC converter, which simplifies the linear control design and improves the transient response without delay time. A parallel post regulator (PPR) is proposed for wide range input isolated DC-DC converter with secondary side control, which provides small part of output power and most of them are handled by unregulated rectifier with high efficiency. PPR is easy to achieve ZVS in primary side both in wide range input and full load range due to 0.5 duty cycle. PPR has reduced conduction loss and reduced voltage rating in the secondary side due to high turn ratio transformer, resulting in up to 8 percent efficiency improvement in the prototype compared to conventional methods.

No description available.

This dissertation aims to present a detailed analysis of the grid voltage disturbance in frequency domain for the current control design in the grid-tie inverter applications and to propose current control techniques in order to minimize its impact and maximize feasibility of the power conditioning system in distributed generations. Because the grid voltage is constantly changing, the inverter must be able to response to it. If the inverter is unable to respond properly, then the grid voltage power comes back to the system and damages the fuel cell power conditioning systems. A closed-loop dynamic model for the current control loop of the grid-tie inverter has been developed. The model explains the structure of the inverter admittance terms. The disturbance of the grid voltages has been analyzed in frequency domain. The admittance compensator has been proposed to prevent the grid voltage effect. The proposed lead-lag current control with admittance compensator transfers current properly without system failure. In order to get rid of the steady-state error of the feedback current, a proportional-resonant controller (PR) has been adopted. A PR control with admittance compensation provides great performance from zero power to full power operation. In addition, active and reactive power flow controller has been proposed based on the PR controller with admittance compensation. The proposed active and reactive power flow control scheme shows a wide range power flow control from pure leading power to pure lagging power. Finally, the proposed controller scheme has been verified its feasibility in three phase grid-tie inverter applications. First of all, a half-bridge grid-tie inverter has been designed with PR controller and admittance compensation. Then three individual grid-tie inverters has been combined and produced three phase current to the three phase grid in either balanced condition or unbalanced condition. The proposed control scheme can be applied not only single phase grid-tie inverter application, but also three phase grid-tie inverter application. This research can be applicable to the photovoltaic PCS as well. This technology makes renewable energy source more plausible for distributed generations. / Ph. D.

Cette thèse est dédiée aux convertisseurs multiniveaux et aborde les problématiques liées à la compensation des perturbations générées sur un réseau électrique, telles que celles produites par les fours à arc. Elle est composée de quatre chapitres couvrant les thématiques de la modélisation des réseaux électriques, des convertisseurs de tension, du contrôle commande et des stratégies de compensation, accompagnés de simulations et de résultats expérimentaux obtenus sur des équipements industriels de forte puissance. Les applications réseaux étant diverses et variées, les convertisseurs multiniveaux sont ici étudiés dans le but d’être raccordés directement sur des réseaux de distribution. Pour cela, un état de l’art des différentes topologies de convertisseurs de tension (classiques et multiniveaux) est présenté et les topologies dites modulaires, sont retenues pour une étude plus poussée. Ces convertisseurs utilisent des modules de puissance à base de ponts en H, de ½ ponts en H ou de ponts en H 3-niveaux connectés en cascade. Ils permettent ainsi de créer différents types de configurations ou couplages appelés dans ce mémoire : étoile, triangle et étoiles symétriques. Les différents modules et les stratégies pour les commander sont étudiés autour d’un composant de puissance (de type IGBT 2.5kV/1.5kA). A travers les domaines électrique et thermique, une méthode est proposée afin d’estimer les pertes, les températures de jonction et déterminer ainsi les limites d’utilisation d’un tel composant de puissance. Le dimensionnement et la fiabilité de ces convertisseurs est également abordé pour chacune des configurations envisagées, afin de dégager les avantages et inconvénients pour une application réseau. D’une façon générale, la stratégie de contrôle des convertisseurs multiniveaux est ardue, principalement lié au fait que de multiples sources de tensions continues doivent être contrôlées. Dans cette optique, des stratégies de contrôle sont proposées et validées en simulation selon les types de modules et de configurations utilisés pour la compensation des perturbations d’un four à arc. Enfin, la dernière partie de ces travaux est consacrée aux résultats expérimentaux sur la base d’un compensateur industriel dénommé DSVC (Dynamic Static Var Compensator), pour la compensation des fours à arc. Les différents résultats obtenus sur plusieurs sites industriels ont ainsi permis la validation des travaux exposés dans ce mémoire / This thesis is dedicated to the multilevel converters and addresses issues related to compensation for disturbance generated on an electrical network such as those produced by arc furnaces. It is composed of four chapters covering the themes of modeling of electrical networks, voltage converters, control and compensation strategies, with simulations and experimental results obtained on high power industrial equipment. There are many networks applications and multilevel converters are here considered to be directly connected to distribution networks. Therefore, a state of the art of different voltage converters, classics and multilevel topologies, is presented and the topologies called modular are retained for further studies. These converters use modular power cells made of H bridges, ½ bridges or 3-level H bridges connected in cascade. They allow to create different types of configurations or couplings called in this memory: star, delta and double stars. The different modules and the strategies to control them are investigated around the same switching power component (IGBT 2.5kV/1.5kA). Through electrical and thermal fields, a method is proposed to estimate their losses, junction temperatures in order to determine the limits of use of such a component of power. Sizing and reliability of these converters is also discussed for each considerer configurations in order to identify the advantages and disadvantages for a network application. Generally, the multilevel converters control strategy is difficult because of the multiple sources of DC voltages to control. In this context, control strategies are proposed and validated in simulation according to the types of modules and configuration used to compensation for disturbance of an arc furnace. Finally, the last part of this thesis is devoted to the experimental results based on an industrial compensator DSVC (Dynamic Static Var Compensator) for arc furnace compensation. The different results obtained at several industrial sites have thus allowed the validation of the various works exposed in this thesis

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Claudionor Francisco do Nascimento / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, 2014. / Os sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica, de um modo geral, são radiais. Estes sistemas podem possuir problemas de qualidade da energia elétrica em suas barras, tais como os desequilíbrios de tensão e de corrente. Ademais, as redes de distribuição podem conter uma grande quantidade de cargas monofásicas e trifásicas desequilibradas, indutivas e não lineares, o que pode resultar nos seguintes problemas: baixo fator de potência, desequilíbrio de tensão e distorção harmônica. Nesse sentido, devido à dinâmica destas cargas e a ocorrência de fenômenos, como afundamento de tensão por partidas de grandes motores e curtos-circuitos, há a necessidade de solução destas anormalidades, com respostas rápidas de estabilização. De maneira a atender a esta necessidade, os resultados das recentes pesquisas baseadas na eletrônica de potência têm proporcionado a utilização de equipamentos capazes de trabalhar em sistemas de potência de alta tensão. Esse avanço permite aplicações de dispositivos FACTS (Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems) nas operações de flexibilidade e mitigação de problemas comuns às redes de energia elétrica de transmissão e de distribuição, melhorando, assim, a qualidade da energia elétrica, o que aumenta a confiabilidade destes sistemas. Com este propósito, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal o estudo e a modelagem de um DSTATCOM (Distribution Static Compensator) em um sistema de distribuição de energia elétrica com variações de tensão, avaliando os possíveis benefícios proporcionados a este sistema. Os resultados de simulação foram obtidos com o auxílio do software MatLab/Simuling. / Distribution systems of electric power, in general, are radial. These systems have power quality problems in their power bars, such as the voltage variations. Moreover, the distribution networks contain a large amount of single-phase and three-phase unbalanced loads, inductive and non-linear, which may result in the following problems: low power factor, voltage unbalance, and harmonic distortion. Accordingly, due to the dynamic loads and the occurrence of these phenomena, such as voltage sag matches by large motors and short circuits, there is a need for solution of these abnormalities, with responsive stabilization. In order to meet this need, the results of recent research based on power electronics have provided the use of equipment to work on systems of high voltage power. This advancement allows applications FACTS devices (Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems) flexibility in operations and mitigation of problems common to the networks of electricity transmission and distribution, thus improving the quality of electric power, which increases the reliability of these systems. For this purpose, the present work has as main objective the study and modeling of a DSTATCOM (Distribution Static Compensator) in a system of electricity distribution, evaluating the possible benefits provided to the electric power system. The simulation results were obtained with the aid of software Matlab/Simuling. The effectiveness of the work has been proven since the DSTATCOM installed, the distribution network operated within established standards.

Photovoltaic installations in urban areas operate under uneven lighting conditions. For such a system to achieve its peak efficiency, each solar panel is connected in series through a micro-converter, a dc-dc converter that performs per-panel distributed maximum power point tracking (DMPPT). The objective of this thesis is to design a compensator for the DMPPT micro-converter. A novel, systematic approach to plant modeling is presented for this system, together with a framework for characterizing the plant’s uncertainty. A robust control design procedure based on linear matrix inequalities is then proposed, which ensures robust performance and stability of the time-varying system. The proposed modeling and control design methods are demonstrated for an example rooftop photovoltaic installation. The system and the designed compensator are tested in simulations. Simulation results show satisfactory performance over a range of operating conditions, and the simulated system is shown to track the maximum power point of every panel.

Photovoltaic installations in urban areas operate under uneven lighting conditions. For such a system to achieve its peak efficiency, each solar panel is connected in series through a micro-converter, a dc-dc converter that performs per-panel distributed maximum power point tracking (DMPPT). The objective of this thesis is to design a compensator for the DMPPT micro-converter. A novel, systematic approach to plant modeling is presented for this system, together with a framework for characterizing the plant’s uncertainty. A robust control design procedure based on linear matrix inequalities is then proposed, which ensures robust performance and stability of the time-varying system. The proposed modeling and control design methods are demonstrated for an example rooftop photovoltaic installation. The system and the designed compensator are tested in simulations. Simulation results show satisfactory performance over a range of operating conditions, and the simulated system is shown to track the maximum power point of every panel.