The Diploma Thesis is focused on the implementation of FCAW welding technology to the manufacturing process of a mechanical engineering company. One part of implementation is partial automation of manufacturing process with positioner machine which is connected to the welding source. Practical part of Diploma Thesis includes the verification of the weldability of used materials and assigning of pWPS for subsequent qualification of the welding process WPQR with the welding technology FCAW.

The Power Electronic Building Block (PEBB) concept leads to multifunctional converter systems, which provide robustness and flexibility in heavily power electronics based power systems. Systems comprised of flexible modular converters may have multiple possible operation conditions with respect to individual converters that meet the overall system goals. In this thesis, an optimization method for such flexible online power electronic systems is developed to minimize power losses of the overall group of converters in the system. Here the objective is to allocate sharing such that compensation objectives are met while the power loss of the entire parallel group of compensators is minimized. Considering optimization of an online power electronic system, convergence time and running in the feasible region should be taken into account. This thesis is

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This thesis studies different aspects of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices which are used to improve the power transfer capability and increase the controllability in electric power systems. In the thesis, different aspects on the usage and control of Dynamic Power Flow Controllers (DPFC) and related FACTS devices are studied. The DPFC is a combination of a Phase Shifting Transformer (PST) and a Thyristor Switched Series Capacitor (TSSC)/Thyristor Switched Series Reactor (TSSR). The thesis proposes and studies a new method, the Ideal Phase-Shifter (IPS) method, for selection and rating of Power Flow Controllers (PFC) in a power grid. The IPS method, which is based on steady-state calculations, is proposed as a first step in the design process for a PFC. The method uses the Power controller plane, introduced by Brochu et al in 1999. The IPS method extends the usage of decoupling methods in the Power controller plane to a power system of arbitrary size. The IPS method was in the thesis used to compare the ratings of different PFC:s required to improve the power transfer capability in two test systems. The studied devices were here the PST, the TSSC/TSSR and the DPFC. The thesis treats control of ideal Controlled Series Capacitors (CSC), TCSC, TSSC/TSSR, and DPFC. The goals of the FACTS controllers which are developed are Power Oscillation Damping (POD), fast power flow control, and transient stability improvement in the power system. New adaptive control strategies for POD and power flow control are proposed and studied in different models of power systems by time-domain simulations. A strategy for transient stability improvement is also proposed and studied. Additionally, different methods for study of Subsynchronous Resonance (SSR), which is associated with series compensation in power systems, are investigated. Here, four of the most common methods for frequency scanning to determine the electrical damping of subsynchronous oscillations in a power grid are studied. The study reveals significant differences of the electrical damping estimates of the studied standard methods when applied to a four-machine test system. / QC 20110819

Electro-hydraulic proportional flow valves are widely used in hydraulic industry. There are several different structures and working principles. However, flow valves based on the existing principles usually have some shortcomings such as the complexity of the system and additional energy losses. A concept for a two-stage poppet flow valve with pilot pressure drop – pilot spool opening compensation is presented, and the linear relationship between the pilot stage and main stage, the semi-empirical flow equation are used in the electronic flow controller. To achieve the accurate control of the outlet flow, the actual input voltage of the pilot spool valve is regulated according to the actual pilot pressure drop, the desired flow rate and the given input voltage. The results show that the pilot pressure drop – pilot spool opening compensation method is feasible, and the proposed proportional flow control valve with this compensation method has a good static and dynamic performance.

Nos sociétés sont de plus en plus préoccupées par l’impact très nocif des ressources énergétiques polluantes, essentiellement, le pétrole, le charbon et le gaz. Ainsi, l’intérêt dans l’utilisation des énergies renouvelables et propres est en constant augmentation et la conception de nouveaux systèmes énergétiques est devenue un challenge scientifique et technologique. Pour concevoir de nouvelles solutions énergétiques compétitives et efficaces, les fabricants de composants (panneaux solaires, pile à combustible, convertisseurs, etc.) et les secteurs industriels concernés sont confrontés à des problématiques d’optimisation, de contrôle et de durabilité. Par ailleurs, les sources d’énergie renouvelable sont dépendantes de plusieurs facteurs incontrôlables (lieu géographique, météorologie, etc.). Pour parer à ces facteurs, et donc au caractère aléatoire de disponibilité énergétique, l’hybridation des sources et la gestion énergétique peut s’avérer être une approche pertinente pour la conception de solutions énergétiques efficaces. Cette thèse est une contribution au problème de l’hybridation et de la gestion d’énergie. Plus précisément, nous considérons un système hybride composé de panneaux solaires photovoltaïques et d’une pile à combustible. Ce système est supposé être doté de convertisseurs et d’un système de stockage (batterie et super-condensateurs). / Our societies are increasingly concerned about the very harmful impact of clean energy resources, mainly oil, coal and gas. Thus, interest in the use of renewable and clean energy is constantly increasing and the development of new energy systems has become a scientific and technological challenge. To develop new competitive and efficient energy solutions, manufacturers of components (solar panels, fuel cells, inverters, etc.) and industrial sectors are facing problems of optimization, control and durability. In addition, renewable energy sources depend on several uncontrollable factors (geographical location, weather, etc.). To address these factors, and thus the randomness of energy availability, sources hybridization and energy management can prove to be an appropriate approach for the design of efficient energy solutions. This thesis is a contribution to the problem of hybridization and energy management. More precisely, we consider a hybrid system composed of photovoltaic solar panels and a fuel cell. This system is supposed to be equipped with converters and storage system (battery and supercapacitors). The goal is to develop control strategies to extract the maximum power available from the considered sources and to optimize the overall energy system to meet the load requirements. To do this, our approach is based on the tracking of the maximum power point and the use of compensators.

O atrito é uma não-linearidade que geralmente produz o mau desempenho de um sistema mecânico com partes móveis. Neste trabalho, o elemento mecânico estudado é a válvula de controle de processos, que é o elemento final de controle mais empregado nas indústrias de processo. A presença de atrito na válvula eleva a variabilidade da malha de controle, gerando impacto em toda a cadeia produtiva da planta, devido, principalmente, ao aumento do consumo de energia e à rejeição de produto final fora de especificação. Desta forma, os estudos visando a redução de variabilidade passaram a ter uma importância econômica muito grande, pois causam impacto direto na lucratividade do negócio. Muitos estudos foram realizados visando diagnosticar, medir e compensar o atrito. Neste trabalho, se implementam técnicas propostas na literatura para compensação de atrito em válvulas de controle. Para avaliar seu desempenho, são apresentadas as conclusões obtidas nos experimentos e são propostas possíveis implementações futuras, seguindo esta linha de pesquisa. / Friction is a nonlinearity that generally produces bad performance of a mechanical system with moving parts. In this work, the studied mechanical element is the process control valve, which is the most used final control element in process industries. The presence of friction in control valves increases control loop variability, generating impact in all plant productive chain, due to the increase of energy consumption and rejection of end product that is out of specification. In such a way, we can see that the studies aiming variability reduction had started to have a great economic importance, due to its direct impact in business profitability. Many studies have been done aiming friction diagnosis, measurement and compensation. In this work, techniques that have been proposed on the literature for friction compensation in control valves are implemented. The conclusions obtained in the experiments are presented to evaluate the performance of the compensators and possible future implementations are proposed, following this research line.

O atrito é uma não-linearidade que geralmente produz o mau desempenho de um sistema mecânico com partes móveis. Neste trabalho, o elemento mecânico estudado é a válvula de controle de processos, que é o elemento final de controle mais empregado nas indústrias de processo. A presença de atrito na válvula eleva a variabilidade da malha de controle, gerando impacto em toda a cadeia produtiva da planta, devido, principalmente, ao aumento do consumo de energia e à rejeição de produto final fora de especificação. Desta forma, os estudos visando a redução de variabilidade passaram a ter uma importância econômica muito grande, pois causam impacto direto na lucratividade do negócio. Muitos estudos foram realizados visando diagnosticar, medir e compensar o atrito. Neste trabalho, se implementam técnicas propostas na literatura para compensação de atrito em válvulas de controle. Para avaliar seu desempenho, são apresentadas as conclusões obtidas nos experimentos e são propostas possíveis implementações futuras, seguindo esta linha de pesquisa. / Friction is a nonlinearity that generally produces bad performance of a mechanical system with moving parts. In this work, the studied mechanical element is the process control valve, which is the most used final control element in process industries. The presence of friction in control valves increases control loop variability, generating impact in all plant productive chain, due to the increase of energy consumption and rejection of end product that is out of specification. In such a way, we can see that the studies aiming variability reduction had started to have a great economic importance, due to its direct impact in business profitability. Many studies have been done aiming friction diagnosis, measurement and compensation. In this work, techniques that have been proposed on the literature for friction compensation in control valves are implemented. The conclusions obtained in the experiments are presented to evaluate the performance of the compensators and possible future implementations are proposed, following this research line.

Neste trabalho, descreveremos a teoria, a construção e algumas aplicações de um elipsômetro fotométrico de compensador girante e analisador fixo (RCFAE). Além disso, foram feitas medidas dos estados de polarização de um feixe de luz, bem como a medida da constante dielétrica complexa, &#958 = &#9581 - &#9582, de um substrato de ouro, a fim de verificar o desempenho d instrumento. Também foi feita uma análise comparativa da sensibilidade (ou poder de resolução) do elipsômetro construído com a do elipsômetro de analisador girante. Além disso, mostraremos como os resultados das medidas, são independentes da intensidade da luz incidente. / In this work we describe the theory, construction and most important applications of a photometric elipsometer with routing compensator and fixed analyzer. We also analyze the procedures for measuring the polarization states of a light beam and the complex dielectric constant of a substrate of gold, in order to verify the performance of instrument. A comparative analysis of the sensibility (or resolution power) of the elipsometer built with an elipsometer of routing was also made. We show that the results of the measurements are independent of the intensity of the incident light.

Computer designed missing tissue and dose compensators have been produced and dosimetrically tested under a linear accelerator 6MV X-ray beam. Missing tissues compensators were developed to correct for patient external contour change only. Target dose compensators were developed to achieve a uniform dose throughout the target volume. With compensators present in the beam, data acquisition was repeated in a water phantom and an Anthropomorphic phantom. Clinically acceptable dose uniformity was achieved within these phantoms. For external contour compensation flat isodose curves were obtained giving an even dose in the region of interest. The dose difference found was within plus/minus 3% only. For the phantoms containing inhomogeneities dose uniformity to target volume was achieved within plus/minus 7%. Prediction of radiation dose was made using a GE Target Series 2 Treatment Planning Computer for each of the phantoms. Validation of the computer predicted dose was carried out using diode and TLD measurements. The measured data in the water tank was consistent with the computer data within plus/minus 2% for external contour changes and for inhomogeneities. The TLD measured results in the anthropomorphic phantom agreed with the planning computer results within 6%. Up to 4% of the difference is explainable due to supra-linearity and scatter effects / Master of Science (Hons) (Physics)