In evolution alternative genetic trajectories can potentially lead to similar phenotypic outcomes. However, certain trajectories are preferred over others. These preferences bias the genomes of living organisms and the underlying processes can be observed in ongoing evolution. We have studied a variety of biases that can be found in bacterial chromosomes and determined the selective causes and functional consequences for the cell. We have quantified codon usage bias in highly expressed genes and shown that it is selected to optimise translational speed. We further demonstrated that the resulting differences in decoding speed can be used to regulate gene expression, and that the use of ‘non-optimal’ codons can be detrimental to reading frame maintenance. Biased gene location on the chromosome favours recombination between genes within gene families and leads to co-evolution. We have shown that such recombinational events can protect these gene families from inactivation by mobile genetic elements, and that chromosome organization can be selectively maintained because inversions can lead to the formation of unstable hybrid operons. We have used the development of antibiotic resistance to study how different bacterial lifestyles influence evolutionary trajectories. For this we used two distinct pairs of antibiotics and disease-causing bacteria, namely (i) Mycobacterium tuberculosis that is treated with rifampicin and (ii) Escherichia coli that is treated with ciprofloxacin. We have shown that in the slow-growing Mycobacterium tuberculosis, resistance mutations are selected for high-level resistance. Fitness is initially less important, and over time fitness costs can be ameliorated by compensatory mutations. The need for rapid growth causes the selection of ciprofloxacin resistance in Escherichia coli not only to be selected on the basis of high-level resistance but also on high fitness. Compensatory evolution is therefore not required and is not observed. Taken together, our results show that the evolution of a phenotype is the product of multiple steps and that many factors influence which trajectory is the most likely to occur and be most beneficial. Over time, selection will favour this particular trajectory and lead to biased evolution, affecting genome sequence and organization.

Syftet med examensarbetet är att diskutera och belysa hur några skolor arbetar med attidentifiera och stötta elever med dyslexi och sätta det i relation till skolans styrdokument. Föratt kunna undersöka dessa frågeställningar användes semistrukturerade intervjuer med sexstycken lärare som alla arbetar på olika skolor. Resultaten visar att skolorna arbetar med attkartlägga och följa upp eleverna och att lärarna försöker kompensera elevers svårighetergenom olika pedagogiska stöd och tekniska hjälpmedel. Skolorna arbetar inkluderande och deanpassar undervisningen och lärandemiljön utifrån elevernas olika behov och svårigheter.Resultaten visar också det finns dilemman som lärarna mött under sitt arbete med att hjälpaeleverna med dyslexi så som att skolan ska vara kompensatorisk men samtidigt varainkluderande, tidsbrist, hjälpmedlen kan vara utpekande och att eleverna behöver få endiagnos för att skolan ska få extra resurser. / The aim of the study is to discuss and illustrate how some schools are working to identify andsupport pupils with dyslexia and how it relates to their policy documents. To investigate thesequestions, semi-structured interviews were chosen as the method. Six teachers, all working atdifferent schools, were interviewed. The results show that the school are working to identifyand follow up students, and that educators are trying to compensate for pupils difficultiesthrough a variety of educational supports and assistive technology. Schools working in aninclusive and personalizing the teaching and learning environment according to puppilsdifferent needs and difficulties. The results also show there are dilemmas that educators facedin their effort to help students whit dyslexia as that the school should be compensatory but atthe same time inclusive, lack of time, that the us of aids can become stigmatizing, andstudents need a diagnosis for the school to get extra resources.

Background Anticipatory and compensatory balance responses are used by the central nervous system (CNS) to preserve balance, hence they significantly contribute to the understanding of physiological mechanisms of postural control. It is well established that various sensory systems contribute to the regulation of balance. However, it is still unclear which role each individual sensory system (e.g. plantar mechanoreceptors) plays in balance regulation. This becomes also evident in various patient populations, for instance in diabetics with reduced plantar sensitivity. To investigate these sensory mechanisms, approaches like hypothermia to deliberately reduce plantar afferent input have been applied. But there are some limitations regarding hypothermic procedures in previous studies: Not only plantar aspects of the feet might be affected and maintaining the hypothermic effect during data collection. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to induce a permanent and controlled plantar hypothermia and to examine its effects on anticipatory and compensatory balance responses. We hypothesized deteriorations in anticipatory and compensatory balance responses as increased center of pressure excursions (COP) and electromyographic activity (EMG) in response to the hypothermic plantar procedure. 52 healthy and young subjects (23.6 ± 3.0 years) performed balance tests (unexpected perturbations). Subjects’ foot soles were exposed to three temperatures while standing upright: 25, 12 and 0 °C. COP and EMG were analyzed during two intervals of anticipatory and one interval of compensatory balance responses (intervals 0, 1 and 2, respectively). Results Similar plantar temperatures confirmed the successful implementation of the thermal platform. No significant COP and EMG differences were found for the anticipatory responses (intervals 0 and 1) under the hyperthermia procedure. Parameters in interval 2 showed generally decreased values in response to cooling. Conclusion No changes in anticipatory responses were found possibly due to sensory compensation processes of other intact afferents. Decreased compensatory responses may be interpreted as the additional balance threat, creating a more cautious behavior causing the CNS to generate a kind of over-compensatory behavior. Contrary to the expectations, there were different anticipatory and compensatory responses after reduced plantar inputs, thereby, revealing alterations in the organization of CNS inputs and outputs according to different task difficulties.

Even though the Youth Opportunities Unlimited program has been in effect for ten years, there exists no current, comprehensive, effectiveness research on YOU. Such analysis is needed to determine the value of the YOU program. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the YOU program. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods are used in this study. Quantitative analysis is provided through factual data collected through an alumni survey. Qualitative analysis is provided through personal opinion information obtained from YOU alumni through the survey and by personal interview. The YOU program at UNT is a successful compensatory education program that helps improve the education and the lives of America's at-risk students.

Title: Compensatory exercise for women artistic gymnasts Objectives: Aim of the thesis was to discover deviations from correct posture and to verify efficiency of suggested compensatory exercise for women artistic gymnasts. Used methods: Study involved 9 girls (average age: 12 ± 0,7 years) who have been training gymnastics for 6,22 years in average. Individual subjects were tested for correct posture, tight muscles and hypermobility. Afterwards, an exercise plan stretched into five months was applied (21 lessons common for all the subjects, 14 lessons under a trainer's supervision for each subject individually and 59 at-home lessons). After completing the exercise plan, second testing was run. Results: Majority of the tested group was detected with hypermobility. At the beginning of the study, all the subjects had mild muscle tightness at least on one of the tested muscles (most often hip flexors). Having applying the exercise plan, status of three subjects (33,33 % of the group) has been compensated. Five subjects (55,55 %) have improved the status of at least one tight muscle. Key words: Diagnosis, gymnastics, compensatory exercise, muscular system, posture, hypermobility, tight muscles.

Title: Assessment of EMG Activity of Selected Muscles during Compensatory Exercises for Volleyball Players Aim of the thesis: The aim of the thesis is to compare muscle activity of two different types of resistance - the manual resistance of the practitioner and the Thera-Band resistance - during diagonal one flexion and extension patterns PNF for upper extremity. And then consider whether there is a possibility to use the method of PNF in a combination with Thera- Band during volleyball players' compensatory exercise. Methodology: The thesis has a character of a case study. Using surface electromyography on five probands, we recorded the electrical activity of musculus biceps brachii, musculus deltoideus pars posterior, musculus trapezius pars caudalis, and their antagonists. The electrical activity was recorded during diagonal one flexion and extension patterns PNF for upper extremity, using two types of resistance (the manual resistance of the practitioner and the Thera-Band resistance). Results: During diagonal one extension pattern, the activity of musculus trapezius pars caudalis and musculus deltoideus pars posterior is comparable with the manual resistance of the practitioner and the Thera-Band resistance. Results indicated that m. deltoideus pars posterior and m. trapezius pars caudalis...

The final thesis on the topic specific educational needs of visually impaired teachers as part of continuing professional education focuses on needs and opportunities related to education and lifelong education of visually impaired teachers in the Czech Republic. The thesis is divided into theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part deals with the support, rehabilitation and use of assistive devices for this education. Furthermore, mapping companies and organizations supporting the visually impaired and offers examples of good practice. The practical part analyzes the possibilities of further professional education of visually impaired teachers, and seeks to identify the needs and currently offers this education into practice. KEYWORDS visual handicap, educational needs, further professional education, professional increase, compensatory aid

Title: Using of compensation exercise in young ice hockey players Objectives: The main objective is to highlight the lack of compensatory exercise during the training process of junior ice hockey players and suggest improvements to this condition. Methods: Supporting documents were obtained from certified sources and quality of literature or web sites relating to information about ice hockey, the system of human motion, sports training and compensatory exercises. The practice was acquired by consultation, analysis, observation and measurement. Results: Analysis of the training plan of young adolescents HC Star Prague players found significant training load without adequate compensation. The proposed solution was inclusion training unit based on some of compensatory movements. To evaluate the effect of the proposal carried out a series of measurements of selected muscles shorten players. Keywords: ice hockey, youth, the systém of human motion, sports training, compensatory exercises, training unit, load

The topics of this diploma thesis are issues of a sedentary lifestyle and the influence of compensatory exercises as an instrument to compensate the muscle imbalances associated with it. In the theoretical part of my thesis, I focused on explaining and defining the basic problems of this topic and then on several already published international studies dealing with this issue for a long time. I have chosen three studies that reflect the problem on the human body and show significant problems connected with a sedentary lifestyle. For my own research I created compensation exercises for my selected reference group, that is the good specimen due to its sedentary occupation and the age between 40-51, based on the published international studies. For my research I have used the method of experiment in which I have used the testing, examination and evaluation techniques of the motor system. The plan of compensation exercises I created based on the imbalances I have studied and problems associated with a sedentary lifestyle. My research was also focused on the positive effects of physical activity in this group due to their workload and the causal link between a sedentary lifestyle and health of the respondents. The main objective of my thesis is to demonstrate the impact of this plan of compensation...

The diploma thesis focuses on the quality of life of seniors with hearing impairment. The thesis involves introduction into hearing impairment as well as its definition, occurrence and classification of hearing disorders. The etiology, diagnostics and hearing prosthetics are also included. The thesis also includes the issue of aging and the aging process, including social services and facilities for the elderly. The last chapter of the theoretical part deals with the quality of life, explains the established approaches, current models and methods of measurement. In the practical part of the thesis, a combined research was carried out. Data collection was carried out through semi-structured interviews with hearing impaired seniors as well as through questionnaires with experts in the field of ENT and phoniatrics. The aim of this research was to find out in which specific areas of the quality of life have the seniors recognized the largest decrease. Research questions were focused, for example, on the ways elderly people with hearing impairment deal with this disorder, on the choice of compensatory aids and on the degree of integration into society in dependence on the hearing impairment. KEYWORDS senior, retirement home, aging, hearing impairment, compensatory aid, quality of life, communication