AFRIKAANS: Die doel met hierdie studie is om doeloriëntering, intra- en interpersoonlike klimaat as verskynsels te ondersoek en die dinamiese relasies tussen hierdie genoemde verskynsels na te vors. Die eerste fase van die studie is om met kwantitatiewe navorsing die relasies tussen die doeloriëntering van die sportdeelnemer en sy persepsies van die doeloriëntering van sy ouers en afrigter te bepaal, asook om die invloed van interpersoonlike verhoudinge (sportdeelnemer se verhouding met sy ouers en afrigter) op intrapersoonlike verhouding (sportdeelnemer se verhouding met homself) en doeloriëntering te ondersoek. Die gestandaardiseerde TEOSQ (Task and Ego Orientation Sport Questionnaire) van Duda (1989) en intra- en interpersoonlike verhoudingskaal van Minnaar (1997) is deur 112 manlike en vroulike Suid-Afrikaanse kompeterende sportdeelnemers tussen die ouderdomme van 17 en 25 jaar voltooi. Die result ate het die hipoteses ondersteun dat daar 'n positiewe verband tussen die doeloriëntering van ouers en afrigters met die doeloriëntering van die sportdeelnemer, asook tussen inter- en intrapersoonlike verhoudinge van die sportdeelnemer bestaan. Die hipotese dat daar 'n positiewe verband tussen 'n konstruktiewe intrapersoonlike verhouding en taakorientering bestaan en tussen 'n negatiewe intrapersoonlike verhouding en ego oriëntering by die sportdeelnemer, kon net ten dele bewys word. Die hipotese dat daar 'n korrelasie tussen interpersoonlike verhoudinge en die sportdeelnemer se doeloriëntering bestaan, kon nie bevestig word nie. Die tweede fase is om met kwalitatiewe navorsing bogenoemde verskynsels en relasies te ondersoek en te verstaan waar doeloriëntering vandaan kom en hoe doeloriëntering by die sportdeelnemer deur interaksie met ouers en afrigters vasgelê word. 'n Verdere doel van hierdie deel van die navorsing was om te bepaal watter verskynsel lê die grondslag vir die vorming van die ander, met ander woorde is intra- ¬en interpersoonlike verhoudinge spontane byprodukte van doeloriëntering of is doeloriëntering die byproduk van intra- en interpersoonlike verhoudinge. Data is verkry deur in-diepte onderhoude met sewe kompeterende sportdeelnemers te voer. Die onderhoude is op band opgeneem, na geskrewe teks oorgedra en ontleed. Vanweë die eksploratiewe aard van die navorsing is geen hipoteses vir hierdie deel van die studie gestel nie. Die resultate illustreer waarom en hoe die interaksie met ouers en afrigters die doeloriëntering van die sportdeelnemer beïinvloed en vorm. ENGLISH: The purpose of this study is to research goal orientation, intra- and interpersonal relations as constructs and to determine the dynamic relations between these phenomena. The first phase is to determine with quantitative research the relations between the goal orientation of the participant and his perception of the goal orientation of his parents and coach, and also to determine the influence of interpersonal relations (sport participants' relations with parents and coaches) on intrapersonal relations (the sport participant's relation with himself) and goal orientation. The standardized TEOSQ (Task and Ego Orientation Sport Questionnaire) of Duda (1989) and intra- and interpersonal relations scale of Minnaar (1997) were administered to 112 male and female South African competitive sport participants between the ages of 17 and 25 years. The results of the study confirmed the hypotheses that positive relations exist between goal orientation of parents/coaches and the sports participant, as well as between intra- and interpersonal relations of the participant. The hypothesis that a positive correlation exists between a constructive intrapersonal relation and task orientation as well as between a destructive intrapersonal relation and ego orientation in sport could only partially be verified. The hypothesis that a correlation exists between interpersonal relationships and goal orientation of the sport participant could not be verified. The second phase of the study is to further investigate the above findings with qualitative research to understand where and how goal orientation is formed by interaction between the sport participant and his parents and coach. Another goal of this part of the research was to determine which of the constructs forms the foundation for the other, in other words does intra- and interpersonal relations lead to goal orientation or does goal orientation lead to intra- and interpersonal relations. Seven competitive sport participants were interviewed for this part of the study. The interview was taped, transferred to text and then ana1ysed. Due to the exploratory nature of this research no hypotheses were set for this part of the study. Results illustrate how and why the interaction with parents and coaches influence the goal orientation of the sport participant. / Thesis (DPhil (Human Movement Science))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Biokinetics, Sport and Leisure Sciences / unrestricted

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Although more women are successfully breaching the social, economic and political barriers that can prevent them from participating as electoral candidates, few women campaign for elected office. A dearth of female candidates may be understandable, given research demonstrating that women tend to avoid competition and competitive environments. Thus, elections – competitive by design – may attract fewer women than men. This thesis posits that the inherent competitiveness of electoral politics may deter women from campaigning for office. However, this work also forwards that competitive sport socialization during adolescence may prepare women for electoral competition. This paper examines the results of a self-administered survey mailed to 449 female candidates for municipal office. The survey investigated candidates’ adolescent experiences in competitive sports and attitudes relating to internal political efficacy. The results appear to demonstrate a strong correlation between competitive sport socialization and either positive or neutral evaluations of political competition. / x, 163 leaves ; 29 cm

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1986 D86 / Master of Science / Physical Education, Dance, and Leisure Studies

Dissertation (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study explored the potential of competitive games and cooperative games as means for teaching adolescent girls some of the concepts that support cooperation. Hellison's (1995) levels for teaching responsibility were used as guidelines for selecting specific teaching strategies. The intervention consisted of a theme-oriented intervention programme presented to two experimental groups. One group (n = 9) participated in a games programme that consisted of competitive activities and the other group (n = 9) participated in a games programme that consisted of cooperative activities. The experimental groups were presented with theme-oriented lessons based on four concepts that support cooperation: sportsmanship, communication, trust and responsibility. A control group (n = 18) was also identified and used for statistical comparisons. In order to set a context for this study, background information was gathered using a questionnaire to determine how girls from the school (N = 194) felt about competitive games and sports. Three measurement instruments were used to collect data. The assessment of how the girls at the school felt about competitive games and sport was completed, using Gill & Deeter's (1988) Sport Orientation Questionnaire (SOQ). Pre- and posttesting of the girls in the experimental groups also included the SOQ. Harter's (1985) Self-perception Profile was used to measure perceptions of perceived social acceptance. Soudan and Everett's (1981) 24-item questionnaire was used to determine any changes in how the girls in the experimental groups perceived the benefits of participation in physical activity. Results of the Sport Orientation Questionnaire for High School Girls (N = 194) indicate that the girls like competitive activities and enjoy competing, but for them, it is more important to set personal goals in competitive games than it is to win. Following the comparison between pre- and post-test data, it was concluded that the theme-oriented competitive games programme had an effect on how the girls feel about participation in games and sports. They became significantly less competitive in their orientation. No changes were noted in their perceived social acceptance. A significant increase in their perception that participation in sport and physical activity has social benefits as well as benefits in preparing them for a career/job were noted. The theme-oriented cooperative games programme also had a significant effect on how the girls feel about participation in games and sports. The competitive nature and win orientation of the girls participating in the cooperative games programme significantly decreased. No changes were noted in their social acceptance. There was a significant increase in their perception that participation in sport and physical activity has health and fitness benefits. Results on comparing the groups indicate that the perceived athletic competence of the competitive group increased significantly when compared to the cooperative group. No other changes were noted. A themeoriented approach to teaching children about cooperation in a competitive and/or cooperative environment seems to be an effective strategy. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het die potensiaal nagevors van kompeterende spele en koëperatiewe spele as maatstaf vir die aanleer van sommige van die konsepte wat samewerking ondersteun. Hellison (1995) se vlakke vir die aanleer van verantwoordelikheid is gebruik as riglyne vir die seleksie van spesifieke onderrigstrateg ieë. Die intervensie het bestaan uit 'n tema-geërienteerde intervensieprogram wat aan twee eksperimentele groepe voorgelê is. Een groep (n = 9) het aan 'n speleprogram deelgeneem wat bestaan het uit kompeterende aktiwiteite en die ander groep (n = 9) het aan 'n speleprogram deelgeneem wat uit koëperatiewe aktiwiteite bestaan. Tema-geërienteerde lesse wat op die volgende vier konsepte wat samewerking ondersteun gebaseer is, is aan die eksperimentele groepe voorgelê: sportmanskap, kommunikasie, vertroue en verantwoordelikheid. 'n Kontrolegroep (n = 18) is ook geïdentifiseer en gebruik vir statistiese vergelyking. Om 'n konteks vir hierdie studie daar te stel is agtergrondinligting met behulp van 'n vraelys ingesamel om vas te stel hoe meisies van die skool (n = 194) gevoel het oor kompeterende spele en sport. Drie meetinstrumente is gebruik om data in te samel. Die assessering oor hoe die meisies gevoel het oor kompeterende spele en sport is voltooi deur van Gill & Deeter se (1988) Sport Orientation Questionnaire (SOQ) gebruik te maak. Pre- en post-toetsing van die meisies in die eksperimentele groepe is ook in die SOQ ingesluit. Harter (1985) se Self-perception Profile is gebruik om die persepsies van waarneembare sosiale aanvaarding te meet. Soudan en Everett (1981) se 24-item vraelys is gebruik om enige veranderinge te bepaaloor hoe die meisies in die eksperimentele groepe die voordele van deelname aan fisieke aktiwiteit ervaar het. Resultate van die Sportoriëntasie-vraelys vir Hoërskoolmeisies (n = 194) het aangedui dat die meisies kompeterende aktiwiteite en kompetisie geniet, maar dat dit vir hulle belangriker is om persoonlike doelwitte te stel in kompeterende spele as wat dit is om te wen. Na afloop van die vergelyking tussen pre- en post-toetsdata, is daar bevind dat die tema-georienteerde kompeterende speleprogram 'n effek gehad het op die meisies se gevoeloor deelname aan spele en sport. Daar was 'n beduidende afname in hul kompeterende oriëntasie. Geen veranderinge is gemerk in hul waarneembare sosiale aanvaarding nie. 'n Beduidende toename is opgemerk in hul persepsie dat deelname aan sport en fisieke aktiwiteit sosiale voordele sowel as voordele vir die voorbereiding van 'n loopbaan/werk inhou. Die tema-georienteerde kooperatiewe speleprogram het ook 'n beduidende effek gehad op hoe die meisies oor deelname aan spele en sport voel. Die kompeterende aard en wenoriëntasie van die meisies wat aan kooperatiewe speleprogram deelgeneem het, het beduidend afgeneem. Geen veranderinge is in hul sosiale aanvaarding opgemerk nie. Daar was 'n beduidende toename in hul persepsie dat deelname aan sport en fisieke aktiwiteit gesondheids- en fiksheidsvoordele inhou. Resultate wat die groepe vergelyk, dui aan dat die waarneembare atletiese vermoë van die kompeterende groep beduidend toegeneem het in vergelyking met die kooperatiewe groep. Geen ander veranderinge is opgemerk nie. 'n Tema-georienteerde benadering tot hoe om kinders oor samewerking in 'n kompeterende en/of kooperatiewe omgewing te leer, blyk 'n effektiewe strategie te wees.

The purposes of the study were to provide additional information concerning the relationship of Competition Trait Anxiety, State Anxiety, and Performance in collegiate golfers under non-competitive and competitive field settings. Subjects were thirty college males. Data were analyzed by a three-way analysis of variance with repeated measures. Conclusions of the investigation were (1) low-Competition-Trait-Anxious golfers performed better and exhibited lower levels of state anxiety than high-and moderate-Competitive-Trait-Anxious golfers in competitive and non-competitive settings; (2) collegiate golfers exhibit higher levels of state anxiety in competitive versus practice settings; and (3) there was a significant relationship between SCAT and pre-competitive state anxiety.

This investigation was designed to determine whether a relationship existed between sex-roles (masculinity, femininity and androgyny) as measured by the Bem Sex Role Inventory and success (win-loss record) in a round-robin fencing tournament of 35 subjects enrolled in beginning fencing during spring semester of 1979 at North Texas State University. The Pearson product-moment coefficient of correlations were calculated to ascertain whether or not significant relationships at the .05 level of confidence existed among the sex-roles of the subjects and success in fencing. This study concluded that individuals with a high feminine score will find success in a round-robin fencing tournament and individuals with a high masculine score will find success in a round-robin fencing tournament.

The purposes of this study were to (a) investigate differences in self-objectification, self-surveillance, body shame, and flow among female athletes on all-women's and coed ultimate frisbee teams at different competitive levels, and (b) examine the objectification theory model across groups. Participants (n = 112) completed online surveys including a demographic questionnaire, trait and state versions of the Self-Objectification Questionnaire, Body Surveillance and Body Shame subscales of the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale, and the Flow State Scale. No differences in self-objectification, self-surveillance, or body shame were found, although highly competitive athletes experienced more flow than lower competitive teams. Relationships were found between self-objectification, self-surveillance, and body shame, but not for flow, partially supporting the objectification theory model.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-06-01T13:00:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Stephanny Sato Del Pin.pdf: 1561148 bytes, checksum: 1301b79efce9f4d94d7086a9c79e84bc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T13:00:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Stephanny Sato Del Pin.pdf: 1561148 bytes, checksum: 1301b79efce9f4d94d7086a9c79e84bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-26 / The cooperation experiments discuss important parameters about the social behavior and the social environment, using the triple contingencies unit of analysis. The iterated prisoners dilemma game was repeatedly used as a procedure for experimental investigation into cooperation by behavioral analysts. The prisoners dilemma consists of the conflicting relation between individual gains and group gains. The combination of the choices among all those involved in the dilemma may lead to: losses for all, gains for all or loss for one while another gains. Such analyses of cooperation may be expanded when another unit of analysis – metacontingency – is used. This study sought replicate the work of Ortu et al. (2012), investigating the effect of cultural consequences on the selection of interlocking behavioral contingencies. Three modifications were made: 1) open groups were programmed – replacement of participants 2) the presentation of cultural consequences (market feedback) was made on a CRF schedule; and to contribute to the comprehension of verbal behavior in the selection by metacontingencies 3) the rules issued by the participants throughout the generations were analysed. Each of the three experimental groups, while in the experimental context, built a “cultural practice” as a form of coordination to obtain individual points and/or points of cultural consequences forecast in the various experimental conditions. Exposure to all experimentally programmed cultural consequences was possible for all groups. Groups 1 and 3 varied in the production of interlacements in initial generations, but on the whole met the required performance criteria, therefore they were consistent in the production of cooperational interlacements. Group 2 produced variable interlacements, the most consistent being XYYY and YYYX, i.e. “competitive” interlacements. The analysis of verbal interactions clarifies the reason behind such production: to obtain more points individually, group 2 coordinated themselves on a rotating schedule, whereby whoever chooses differently to the others would have a greater gain, while the others would have a medium gain, and would not receive any additional gain in the cultural consequence. The participants in group 2 obtained the total egalitarian gains and coordinated themselves with greater frequency from informative rules. Group 3 coordinated themselves with greater frequency from coersive rules and had unequal individual totals. The results of this study suggest that the selection of cooperation standards depends on the individuals consequences forecast in the more “traditional” procedures, but also depends significantly on external variables studied here: the production of cultural consequences contingent on aggregated products and the analysis of verbal interaction for the selection by metacontingencies / Os experimentos de cooperação discutem importantes parâmetros sobre o comportamento social e o ambiente social, utilizando a unidade de análise tríplice contingências. O jogo dilema do prisioneiro iterado foi recorrentemente utilizado como um procedimento para investigação experimental sobre cooperação por analistas do comportamento. O dilema do prisioneiro consiste na relação de conflito entre ganhos individuais e ganhos para o grupo. A combinação das escolhas dentre todos os envolvidos no dilema pode acarretar em: prejuízos para todos, ganhos para todos, ou prejuízo para um, enquanto há ganho para o outro. Tais análises sob cooperação podem ser ampliadas quando utiliza-se outra unidade de análise, a metacontingência. Este estudo buscou replicar o trabalho de Ortu et al. (2012), investigando o efeito das consequências culturais para a seleção de contingências comportamentais entrelaçadas. Três modificações foram realizadas: 1) foram programados grupos abertos - substituição de participantes 2) a apresentação de consequências culturais (feedback de mercado) foi realizada em um esquema de CRF; e para contribuir para a compreensão do comportamento verbal na seleção por metacontingências 3) as regras emitidas pelos participantes ao longo das gerações foram analisadas. Cada um dos três grupos experimentais, ainda que no contexto experimental, construiu uma “prática cultural” como forma de coordenação para obtenção dos pontos individuais e/ou das consequências culturais previstas nas várias condições experimentais. Para todos os grupos foi possível a exposição à todas consequências culturais programadas experimentalmente. Os grupos 1 e 3 ao início durante as gerações iniciais variaram na produção dos entrelaçamentos, mas, em sua maioria, atingiram o critério de desempenho exigido, portanto, foram consistentes na produção de entrelaçamentos de cooperação. O grupo 2 produziu variavelmente os entrelaçamentos, sendo o mais consistente XYYY e YYYX, entrelaçamentos ditos como “competitivos”. A análise das interações verbais esclarece o porquê de tal produção, o grupo 2, para que obtivessem mais pontos individualmente coordenou-se em um arranjo de “rodízio”, aquele que escolhesse diferente dos demais teria o ganho mais vantajoso, enquanto que os demais o ganho médio, e não receberiam nenhum ganho adicional na consequência cultural. Os participantes do grupo 2 obtiveram o total de ganhos individuais aproximadamente iguais e coordenaram-se com maior frequência a partir de regras informativas. O grupo 3 coordenou-se mais frequentemente a partir de regras coercitivas e obtiveram totais individuais desiguais. Os resultados do presente estudo indicam que a seleção de padrões de cooperação depende das consequências individuais previstas nos procedimentos mais “tradicionais”, mas depende também e de maneira importante de variáveis externas aqui investigadas: a produção de consequências culturais contingentes a produtos agregados, e a interação verbal que favorece a coordenação para a seleção por metacontingências