This thesis studies comparison and connection of two spectrometric methods – low energy ion scattering spektrometry (LEIS) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). SIMS method, despite its many positive qualities, suffers of so called matrix effect, which makes quantifiaction of data very difficult. LEIS method on the other hand is immune to this effect and so it’s suitable completion of SIMS method. As a convenient sample have been chosen AlGaN samples with various concentration of gallium and aluminium. In the first part of thesis is introduced physical essence of SIMS and LEIS method, experimental details and studied samples. In second part of the thesis there’s a description of measurements and comparison of data gained by each method.

Almost five million tonnes of household waste was generated in Sweden in 2018, half of which was residual waste sent for incineration with energy recovery. For materials that can not be recycled or biologically treated, incineration with energy recovery is considered a preferred management option. The issue is that the fraction for residual waste contains considerable amounts of wrongly sorted materials, such as food waste and plastic packaging, which can be recycled or biologically treated, thus causing a smaller environmental impact. To quantify the composition and waste quantities of the wrongly sorted materials a waste composition analysis of the residual waste from four community bins in Västmanland county was conducted. The analysis revealed that about two-thirds of the waste was wrongly sorted and only one-third was actual residual waste. Life cycle analysis was subsequently used to calculate the carbon footprint of the wrongly sorted food waste and plastic packaging waste as well as the carbon footprint from optimal sorting and treatment of the materials. The investigation concluded that for food waste, anaerobic digestion caused a smaller climate impact than incineration with energy recovery and for plastic packaging, recycling generated a smaller climate impact than incineration with energy recovery. The size of the carbon footprint for the different management methods was in line with the priority order given in the waste hierarchy, stated in Swedish legislation.  However, the size of the potential climate savings partly depended on the choices made in the life cycle analysis where the most sensitive parameters were related to external production of heat, polymer resin and vehicle fuel. If the potential climate savings is extrapolated for VafabMiljö's entire collecting area, the total climate savings per year would be 8 263 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents per year for food waste and 2 070 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents per year for plastic packaging waste. This would be equivalent to driving 1 250 laps around the Earth with a car every year or flying 14 900 times Sweden–Thailand back and forth every year. / Nästan fem miljoner ton hushållsavfall genererades i Sverige under 2018, varav ungefär hälften skickades till energiåtervinning. För avfall som inte kan materialåtervinnas eller behandlas biologiskt anses energiåtervinning vara den bästa metoden för avfallshantering. Problemet är att stora mängder återvinningsbart material såsom matavfall och plastförpackningar felaktigt hamnar i restavfallet när det istället hade kunnat återvinnas och på så sätt medfört en mindre miljöpåverkan. För att kvantifiera samansättning och avfallsmängder av det felaktigt sorterade materialet, gjordes en plockanalys på restavfallet från fyra miljöbodar i Västmanland. Analysen visade att ungefär två tredjedelar av materialet var felaktigt sorterat och endast en tredjedel utgjordes av övrigt restavfall. Livscykelanalys användes därefter för att beräkna klimatavtrycket för det felaktigt sorterade matavfallet och för plastförpackningarna som återfanns i restavfallet såväl som klimatavtrycket för optimal sortering och hantering av materialen. Ordningen i avfallshierarkin visade sig stämma väl överens med klimatavtrycket från de olika behandlingsmetoderna i det undersökta området. För matavfall innebar rötning en lägre klimatpåverkan än energiåtervinning och för plastförpackningar medförde materialåtervinning en lägre klimatpåverkan än energiåtervinning. Storleken på besparingarna av växthusgaser berodde dock till viss del på val av inparametrar och de faktorer som främst påverkade var alternativ produktion av värme, plastråvara och drivmedel. Om resultaten extrapoleras över hela VafabMiljös upphämtningsområde så skulle de totala klimatbesparingarna för matavfall vara 8 263 ton koldioxidekvivalenter per år och för plastförpackningar 2 070 ton koldioxidekvivalenter per år. Dessa besparingar är jämförbara med bilkörning motsvarande 1 250 varv runt jorden varje år eller 14 900 tur- och returresor med flyg Sverige–Thailand varje år.

8 ABSTRACT MEKIŇA, Lukáš: Music Fund of Franciscans in Považie. [Diploma thesis]. Charles Univerzity in Prague (Pragu, Czech Republic). Pedagogical faculty. The Department of musical culture. Supervisor: PhDr. Leona Stříteská, Ph.D. Degree of qualification: Master. Prague: UK, 2017, p. The aim of my thesis is the exploration and familiarization forgotten composers and their advanced music creation on the nature. The focus of the thesis will be researched historical documents, records and sheet music that has been preserved in the State Archives of the Ministry of Interior of the Slovak Republic, based in Bytča. The thesis is divided into three chapters. History and nature area of the upper. The second chapter deals with independent Franciscan Order, from inception to the present. A final chapter discusses the pivotal surviving musical fund Franciscans on the nature, composers and musicians and musical analysis of the extant literature. Keywords: Bytča. Juraj Thurzo. Franciscans in Považie. Music. Choral composition. Analysis of compositions.

Information recueillie sur les marchés des drogues de synthèse est beaucoup moins avancée que les études sur d'autres marchés de drogues illicites. La classification relativement récente des drogues de synthèse comme substances illicites, couplée avec ses caractéristiques distinctes qui empêchent son observation, a entravé le développement d’évaluations complètes et fiables des caractéristiques structurelles des marchés. Le but de cet article est de fournir un aperçu fiable sur la dynamique interne du marché des drogues synthétiques, en particulier sur ses caractéristiques structurelles et organisationnelles. En utilisant l'information obtenue à partir de 365 drogues de synthèse saisies par les policiers pendant un an, cette étude sera la fusion de deux techniques, soit la composition des drogues illicites et des analyses économiques, afin de tirer des évaluations fiables des caractéristiques structurelles du marché du Québec de drogues synthétiques. Les résultats concernant l'analyse de la composition des drogues indiquent que le marché des drogues synthétiques au Québec est probablement composé d'un nombre élevé de petites structures, ce qui indique un marché compétitif. L'analyse économique a également fourni des informations complémentaires sur le marché des drogues. Selon la région géographique les couts de la production et les relations entre trafiquant et consommateur influencent le prix des drogues. Les résultats de cette recherche mettent l'accent sur la nécessité de concevoir des politiques qui tient compte des différences régionales dans la production de drogue et reflète la nature compétitive de ce marché. / Research gathered on synthetic drug markets trails behind studies on other illegal drug markets. Synthetic drug's relatively recent classification as an illicit substance, coupled with its distinct characteristics that insulate it from detection has hindered the development of reliable assessments of the markets structural features. The purpose of this study is to provide reliable insight into the inner dynamics of Quebec’s synthetic drug industry, focusing on its organizational features. Using information derived from 365 synthetic drugs seized by law enforcement over a one year period, this study will merge two techniques, drug composition and economic analyses, under a common framework to derive reliable and comprehensive assessments of the structure of Quebec's synthetic drug market. Drug composition analysis examines the drug’s chemical and physical profile to make inferences about the market structure while the economic analysis examines price determinants for the same market, providing further insight into its dynamics and distinctive features. Findings from the drug composition analysis indicate that the synthetic drug market in Quebec is likely to be composed of a high number of small structures, indicating a competitive market. The economic analysis provided complementary information, finding that both differential production costs and trafficker-consumer relations may influence price variations, depending on the region. This study concludes by emphasizing that drug composition analysis should be diligently pursued by both researchers and enforcement organizations alike to effectively target and enhance our understanding of the intricate processes that underlie the synthetic drug market.

O tecido ósseo é extremamente complexo que, juntamente com a cartilagem, constitui o sistema esquelético. Tanto os ossos quanto a cartilagem são compostos por tecido metabolicamente ativo com duas funções básicas para o organismo, uma mecânica e outra bioquímica. O impacto do déficit calórico e da perda de peso pode reduzir a massa óssea e mudar a composição corpórea. Na pancreatite crônica alcoólica o paciente relata ingestão alcoólica por longo período, além da referência do alto consumo de cigarros e de uma alimentação deficiente. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar a frequência da doença osteometabólica, os hábitos alimentares, a frequência de deficiência de vitamina D assim como, se os achados de massa corpórea por densitometria de corpo total se relacionam à deficiência de massa óssea, em indivíduos portadores de pancreatite crônica de etiologia alcoólica. Foram avaliados três grupos de pacientes do sexo masculino com pancreatite crônica alcoólica. Foram divididos de acordo com o resultado da densitometria óssea: 5 pacientes no grupo da osteoporose, 26 no grupo da osteopenia e 8 no grupo normal. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos ao registro alimentar de três dias, mensuração de peso, altura, cintura e quadril, Índice de Massa Corpórea (IMC) e exames laboratoriais. A composição corpórea foi avaliada pela densitometria óssea por raios X de dupla energia (DXA) e por bioimpedância elétrica. 79% dos pacientes do sexo masculino com pancreatite crônica alcoólica tiveram densidade mineral óssea comprometida. Os pacientes que tinham vitamina D prescrita foram excluídos porém nos nossos resultados a maioria dos pacientes apresentavam níveis normais da vitamina. Em relação ao tabagismos, dos pacientes fumavam. Os pacientes com maior comprometimento ósseo eram mais magros,contudo, não houve diferença entre os pacientes de acordo com o IMC. Os pacientes classificados pelo DXA como normais eram mais jovens do que os pacientes com osteopenia e osteoporose. Em síntese, a osteoporose e osteopenia são fontes subvalorizadas de morbidade em pacientes com pancreatites crônicas sendo necessárias diretrizes de gestão de saúde óssea neste grupo de pacientes / The bone tissue is extremely complex, along with cartilage constitutes the skeletal system. Both bones as cartilage are composed of metabolically active tissue with two basic functions for the body, mechanical and biochemistry. The impact of the caloric deficit and weight loss can reduce bone mass and change body composition. In chronic alcoholic pancreatitis patients alcohol intake over a long period, in addition to reference the high consumption of cigarettes and poor nutrition. The objectives were to evaluate the frequency of osteometabolic disease, eating habits, the frequency of vitamin D deficiency and how the body mass found by total body densitometry relate to bone deficiency in individuals with chronic pancreatitis of alcoholic etiology . We evaluated three groups of male patients with chronic pancreatitis alcoholic. They were according to the results of bone densitometry. 5 in osteoporosis group, 26 in the osteopenia group and 8 in the normal group. All patients underwent three-day food record, measurements of weight, height, waist and hip, body mass index (BMI) and laboratory tests. The body composition was evaluated by densitometry by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and electrical bioimpedance. 79% of male patients with alcoholic chronic pancreatitis had compromised bone mineral density. Patients were prescribed vitamin D were excluded however results in the majority of patients had normal levels of the vitamin. Half of all patients smoking. Patients with higher bone involvement were thinner, there was no difference between patients according to BMI. Patients classified as normal by DXA were younger than patients with osteopenia and osteoporosis. In summary, osteoporosis and osteopenia are undervalued sources of morbidity in patients with chronic pancreatitis and necessary health management guidelines bone in this group of patients

Die Globalisierung von Handel und Wirtschaft macht es nötig, nationale Analysenergebnisse international gegenseitig anzuerkennen. Dabei kann die Richtigkeit der Analysenwerte durch Ruckführung auf Einheitsnormale mittels Primärmethoden, Zertifizierte Referenzmaterialien (ZRM) und Referenzverfahren gewährleistet werden. Die quantitative hochauflösende 1H-SP-NMR bietet sich aufgrund ihrer ausgezeichneten Selektivität und ihrem Potenzial als relative Primärmethode geradezu als Referenzverfahren an. Für vier wichtige Anwendungsbereiche (Bestimmung von Stoffmengenverhältnissen und -anteilen in mol/mol bzw. mol/mol %, der Reinheitsbestimmung über die Hauptkomponentenanalyse in g/g % und der Gehaltsbestimmung in mg/g) wurden anhand idealer Modellsysteme in Lösung (5-Komponenten: Ethyl-4-toluolsulfonat, [2,2]-Paracyclophan, Durol, Cyclododekan, Oktamethylcyclotetrasiloxan; Maleinsäure; 3-Trimethyl-2,2,3,3-tetradeuteropropionsäure-Natriumsalz (TSP)) die Messgleichungen und vollständigen Unsicherheitsbudgets aufgestellt sowie Arbeitsanweisungen zur quantitativen Aufnahme und Auswertung von 1H-NMR-Messungen erarbeitet. Dazu war für die Reinheits- und Gehaltsbestimmung ein System interner NMR-Standards aufzubauen (ZRM Benzoesäure, Maleinsäure, TSP-Lösung, Durol), das den Forderungen nach metrologischer Rückführung genügte. Zur Minimierung der Messunsicherheit wurden systematisch die Einflüsse gerätespezifischer Parameter und der Auswertung umfangreich untersucht und quantifiziert. Mittels mitorganisierter nationaler und internationaler CCQM-Ringversuche konnten allgemeingültige (unabhängig von der Gerätekonfiguration) Aussagen über die Messunsicherheit der Methoden bzw. Verfahren getroffen werden. Für realitätsbezogene Fragestellungen der Reinheitsbestimmung möglicher Referenzmaterialien für den pharmazeutischen Bereich (Spiraeosid, Thymol, Loganin) sowie von Xylol-Isomeren-Gemischen und der Gehaltsbestimmung 0,1%-iger wässriger Ethanollösungen mussten teilweise die quantitative 1H-entkoppelte 13C-NMR validiert und der quantitative Einsatz der 1H-Wasserunterdrückung (Presaturation) erstmalig entwickelt werden. Um die Güte der quantitativen NMR-Verfahren als Referenzverfahren bewertet zu können, wurde durch Beteiligung an internationalen Ringversuchen auf höchstem metrologischen Niveau (CCQM) deren Messunsicherheiten mit denen anderer analytischer Verfahren verglichen. Es konnten somit vier Referenzverfahren durch Dokumentation der Prüfbereiche, Messunsicherheiten und Einsatzgebiete der quantitativen hochauflösenden 1H- und 13C-NMR formuliert werden. / The globalisation of trade and economics makes requires mutual international recognition of analytical measurement results. The trueness of analytical results can be secured by establishing traceability to measurement standards for SI units using primary methods, certified reference materials (CRM) and reference methods. The quantitative high resolution 1H-SP-NMR offers itself as reference method due to its excellent selectivity and its potential as relative primary method. For four important areas of application (determination of amount-of-substance ratios and fractions in mol/mol and mol/mol %, respectively, purity determination by main component analysis in g/g %, and determination of minor component mass fractions in mg/g) the measuring equations and complete uncertainty budgets were set up, and work instructions for the acquisition and evaluation of quantitative 1H-NMR measurements were compiled, on the basis of ideal model systems in solution (5 components: Ethyl-4-toluenesulfonate, [2,2]-Paracyclophane, Durene, Cyclododecane, Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane; Maleic acid; 3-Trimethyl-2,2,3,3-tetradeuteropropionic acid sodium salt (TSP)). In addition, a system of internal NMR standards had to be built up (CRM benzoic acid, maleic acid, TSP solution, Durene) for the determination of composition and purity, which meets the demands for metrological traceability. For the minimization of measurement uncertainty, the influences of instrument-specific parameters and data evaluation techniques were extensively examined and quantified. By means of national and jointly organized international CCQM intercomparisons generally applicable statements (independent of the measuring system configuration) about the measurement uncertainty for the different methods could be specified. For addressing real-life problems in purity determination of prospective reference substances for the pharmaceutical field (spiraeoside, thymol, loganin) as well as of xylene isomer mixtures and the analysis of 0,1 % aqueous ethanol solutions, the quantitative 1H-decoupled 13C-NMR had to be validated in part and the quantitative application of the 1H water suppression (presaturation) was developed for the first time. In order to estimate the power of quantitative NMR as a reference method, measurement uncertainties were compared with those of other analytical methods by participation in international intercomparisons on the highest metrological level (CCQM). Thus, four reference methods of the quantitative high resolution 1H- and 13C-NMR could be specified in terms of measuring ranges, measurement uncertainties and application fields.

O tecido ósseo é extremamente complexo que, juntamente com a cartilagem, constitui o sistema esquelético. Tanto os ossos quanto a cartilagem são compostos por tecido metabolicamente ativo com duas funções básicas para o organismo, uma mecânica e outra bioquímica. O impacto do déficit calórico e da perda de peso pode reduzir a massa óssea e mudar a composição corpórea. Na pancreatite crônica alcoólica o paciente relata ingestão alcoólica por longo período, além da referência do alto consumo de cigarros e de uma alimentação deficiente. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar a frequência da doença osteometabólica, os hábitos alimentares, a frequência de deficiência de vitamina D assim como, se os achados de massa corpórea por densitometria de corpo total se relacionam à deficiência de massa óssea, em indivíduos portadores de pancreatite crônica de etiologia alcoólica. Foram avaliados três grupos de pacientes do sexo masculino com pancreatite crônica alcoólica. Foram divididos de acordo com o resultado da densitometria óssea: 5 pacientes no grupo da osteoporose, 26 no grupo da osteopenia e 8 no grupo normal. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos ao registro alimentar de três dias, mensuração de peso, altura, cintura e quadril, Índice de Massa Corpórea (IMC) e exames laboratoriais. A composição corpórea foi avaliada pela densitometria óssea por raios X de dupla energia (DXA) e por bioimpedância elétrica. 79% dos pacientes do sexo masculino com pancreatite crônica alcoólica tiveram densidade mineral óssea comprometida. Os pacientes que tinham vitamina D prescrita foram excluídos porém nos nossos resultados a maioria dos pacientes apresentavam níveis normais da vitamina. Em relação ao tabagismos, dos pacientes fumavam. Os pacientes com maior comprometimento ósseo eram mais magros,contudo, não houve diferença entre os pacientes de acordo com o IMC. Os pacientes classificados pelo DXA como normais eram mais jovens do que os pacientes com osteopenia e osteoporose. Em síntese, a osteoporose e osteopenia são fontes subvalorizadas de morbidade em pacientes com pancreatites crônicas sendo necessárias diretrizes de gestão de saúde óssea neste grupo de pacientes / The bone tissue is extremely complex, along with cartilage constitutes the skeletal system. Both bones as cartilage are composed of metabolically active tissue with two basic functions for the body, mechanical and biochemistry. The impact of the caloric deficit and weight loss can reduce bone mass and change body composition. In chronic alcoholic pancreatitis patients alcohol intake over a long period, in addition to reference the high consumption of cigarettes and poor nutrition. The objectives were to evaluate the frequency of osteometabolic disease, eating habits, the frequency of vitamin D deficiency and how the body mass found by total body densitometry relate to bone deficiency in individuals with chronic pancreatitis of alcoholic etiology . We evaluated three groups of male patients with chronic pancreatitis alcoholic. They were according to the results of bone densitometry. 5 in osteoporosis group, 26 in the osteopenia group and 8 in the normal group. All patients underwent three-day food record, measurements of weight, height, waist and hip, body mass index (BMI) and laboratory tests. The body composition was evaluated by densitometry by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and electrical bioimpedance. 79% of male patients with alcoholic chronic pancreatitis had compromised bone mineral density. Patients were prescribed vitamin D were excluded however results in the majority of patients had normal levels of the vitamin. Half of all patients smoking. Patients with higher bone involvement were thinner, there was no difference between patients according to BMI. Patients classified as normal by DXA were younger than patients with osteopenia and osteoporosis. In summary, osteoporosis and osteopenia are undervalued sources of morbidity in patients with chronic pancreatitis and necessary health management guidelines bone in this group of patients

Information recueillie sur les marchés des drogues de synthèse est beaucoup moins avancée que les études sur d'autres marchés de drogues illicites. La classification relativement récente des drogues de synthèse comme substances illicites, couplée avec ses caractéristiques distinctes qui empêchent son observation, a entravé le développement d’évaluations complètes et fiables des caractéristiques structurelles des marchés. Le but de cet article est de fournir un aperçu fiable sur la dynamique interne du marché des drogues synthétiques, en particulier sur ses caractéristiques structurelles et organisationnelles. En utilisant l'information obtenue à partir de 365 drogues de synthèse saisies par les policiers pendant un an, cette étude sera la fusion de deux techniques, soit la composition des drogues illicites et des analyses économiques, afin de tirer des évaluations fiables des caractéristiques structurelles du marché du Québec de drogues synthétiques. Les résultats concernant l'analyse de la composition des drogues indiquent que le marché des drogues synthétiques au Québec est probablement composé d'un nombre élevé de petites structures, ce qui indique un marché compétitif. L'analyse économique a également fourni des informations complémentaires sur le marché des drogues. Selon la région géographique les couts de la production et les relations entre trafiquant et consommateur influencent le prix des drogues. Les résultats de cette recherche mettent l'accent sur la nécessité de concevoir des politiques qui tient compte des différences régionales dans la production de drogue et reflète la nature compétitive de ce marché. / Research gathered on synthetic drug markets trails behind studies on other illegal drug markets. Synthetic drug's relatively recent classification as an illicit substance, coupled with its distinct characteristics that insulate it from detection has hindered the development of reliable assessments of the markets structural features. The purpose of this study is to provide reliable insight into the inner dynamics of Quebec’s synthetic drug industry, focusing on its organizational features. Using information derived from 365 synthetic drugs seized by law enforcement over a one year period, this study will merge two techniques, drug composition and economic analyses, under a common framework to derive reliable and comprehensive assessments of the structure of Quebec's synthetic drug market. Drug composition analysis examines the drug’s chemical and physical profile to make inferences about the market structure while the economic analysis examines price determinants for the same market, providing further insight into its dynamics and distinctive features. Findings from the drug composition analysis indicate that the synthetic drug market in Quebec is likely to be composed of a high number of small structures, indicating a competitive market. The economic analysis provided complementary information, finding that both differential production costs and trafficker-consumer relations may influence price variations, depending on the region. This study concludes by emphasizing that drug composition analysis should be diligently pursued by both researchers and enforcement organizations alike to effectively target and enhance our understanding of the intricate processes that underlie the synthetic drug market.

Submitted by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-16T17:19:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CAROSSI_Lory_2017.pdf: 61131706 bytes, checksum: 687def06b5a758fcb457d49f53a494b1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-16T17:19:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 CAROSSI_Lory_2017.pdf: 61131706 bytes, checksum: 687def06b5a758fcb457d49f53a494b1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-16T17:19:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 CAROSSI_Lory_2017.pdf: 61131706 bytes, checksum: 687def06b5a758fcb457d49f53a494b1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-16T17:19:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CAROSSI_Lory_2017.pdf: 61131706 bytes, checksum: 687def06b5a758fcb457d49f53a494b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Nanoporous anodic alumina films (NAA) may present different behavior to reflectance and photoluminescence techniques, with Fabry-Pérot interferences and waveguide properties. This phenomenon makes possible the use of NAA as transducer signal in optical sensors. In this work, we investigated how the pre-treatment, the number of steps of anodizing, the anodizing electrolyte mode and temperature affect electrochemical characteristics, morphological and optical mainly NAA. As a result, it was noticeable that the realization of electropolishing is necessary for both the NAA with good regularity as to make it possible to obtain a spectrum with the Fabry-Pérot interference. If the fabrication of NAA is done in two steps, it is possible to obtain reflectance spectra and luminescence fringed with better amplitudes, areas and heights. Regarding the anodizing mode, both the NAA anodized in galvanostatic how potentiostatic showed similar morphologies and spectra with fringes, but the interferences were better defined when the galvanostatic mode was performed. Regarding the temperature, it was noticeable that the change of this parameter leads influences the porous oxide thickness. The spectrum of the luminescence and reflectance increasing the electrolyte temperature caused an increase in interference. However, the range and resolution of interference decreased with increasing temperature. The oxide thicknesses were estimated by energy variation (?E), graph slope between order and 1/? and fast Fourier transform (FFT) techniques. The ratio of film thickness and pore diameter (L/dp) was performed to validate the NAA films with better waveguides property. Moreover, the surface composition analysis of NAA films anodized in phosphoric acid, oxalic acid and mixtures thereof by backscattering spectroscopy Rutherford (RBS) was performed. From simulations it was possible to note that the amount of carbon in the porous oxide structure is practically zero, which may indicate that the origin of the luminescence is related to the presence of more centers F. / Filmes de alumina anódica porosa (AAP) podem apresentar, espectros de reflectância e luminescência com interferências de Fabry-Pérot e propriedades de guias de onda. Esse fenômeno possibilita que a AAP possa ser utilizada como plataforma em sensores ópticos. Neste trabalho, foi investigado como o pré-tratamento, o número de etapas de anodização, o modo de anodização e a temperatura do eletrólito afetam características eletroquímicas, morfológicas e principalmente ópticas da AAP. Como resultado, foi possível notar que a realização do eletropolimento é necessário para obter tanto a AAP com boa regularidade como para que seja possível obter um espectro com as interferências Fabry-Pérot. Se a fabricação da AAP for feita em duas etapas, é possível obter espectros de reflectância e luminescência com franjas com melhores amplitudes, áreas e alturas. Com relação ao modo de anodização, tanto as AAPs anodizadas em modo galvanostático como potenciostático apresentaram morfologias semelhantes e espectros com franjas, mas as interferências foram melhor definidas quando o modo galvanostático foi realizado. Com relação à temperatura, foi possível notar que a mudança desse parâmetro ocasiona influencia na espessura do óxido poroso. Quanto aos espectros de luminescência e reflectância, o aumento da temperatura do eletrólito ocasionou um aumento no número de interferências. Entretanto, a amplitude e a resolução das interferências diminuíram com o aumento da temperatura. A espessura do filme poroso foi estimada pelas técnicas de variação de energia (?E), coeficiente angular do gráfico entre ordem da interferência e 1/? e através da transformada rápida de Fourier (FFT). E foi utilizada a razão entre a espessura do filme e diâmetro do poro (Esp/Dp) para averiguar os filmes de AAP com guias de onda que pudessem ser utilizadas como substratos para sensores ópticos. Além disso, foi realizada a análise de composição superficial dos filmes de AAP anodizados em ácido fosfórico, oxálico e mistura destes ácidos pela técnica de espectroscopia de retroespalhamento de Rutherford (RBS). A partir das simulações realizadas foi possível notar que a quantidade que carbono na estrutura do oxido poroso é praticamente nula, o que pode indicar que a origem da luminescência está relacionada à presença dos centros F.

In this work we focused on the application of physical activity, which aimed to reduce the negative impact of physical deprivation and associated functional and structural changes in the musculoskeletal system. The principal criterion was the diagnosis of the organ systems of the locomotor system, focusing on the muscular system. The subsequent application of appropriate forms of exercise intervention was designed to mitigate the effects of the aging process and functional changes in the body of the senior individual. Finally, we wanted to assess the impact of changes in body composition in its own self- sufficiency and independence of older people and the quality of life of older people in terms of physical and psychosocial aspects. The most significant is the loss of muscle mass, sarcopenia development, increase fat mass with frequent reductions in body weight. The focus of our work and its specific purpose is to clarify the influence of the applied physical interventions. To assess changes in body composition are needed for our work used the method of multi Bioanalysis. Results in body composition in older adults have been evaluated and intra-individual measured data were compared with the general senior population. Kinesiology testing shortened muscle groups was carried out repeatedly to reduce...