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El Valle Bonaerense del río Colorado (VBRC) está ubicado en el sur de la provincia de Buenos Aires. La actividad agropecuaria intensiva que prevalece es la siembra de cebolla (13.000 ha año-1), siendo la principal zona cebollera destinada a la exportación de Argentina. Se generan luego de la limpieza, clasificación y empaque de los bulbos, grandes volúmenes de residuos sólidos orgánicos (RSO) que quedan en el ambiente convirtiéndose en una fuente de contaminación. El tratamiento de los RSO para su utilización como combustible y fertilizante son prácticas de reciclaje comunes y constituyen una alternativa apropiada. El sistema de compostaje se utiliza con éxito en todo el mundo para tratar los residuos y está siendo adoptado ampliamente en nuestro país. Además, el aporte de MO proveniente de los RSO es fundamental en el manejo de la fertilidad de los suelos en sistemas agropecuarios bajo manejo agroecológico. Es necesario optimizar el reciclaje de los nutrientes de los compost considerando no solo criterios agronómicos sino también ambientales, por lo que es indispensable conocer la dinámica de su degradación post aplicación al suelo. Esta tesis tiene como objetivo acercar principios básicos para el manejo de los RSO en sistemas agropecuarios, en dónde la aplicación de las técnicas de compostaje son alternativas que los productores pueden adoptar y modificar de acuerdo a su escala productiva y a su ámbito territorial. Esta investigación comprende un desarrollo consecutivo de diferentes etapas que inicia desde la caracterización de los RSO, el desarrollo de herramientas tecnológicas para la elaboración de compost en sistema de pilas con volteo a campo, ensayos en condiciones controladas de mineralización post aplicación de enmiendas orgánicas al suelo y el análisis de algunas variables edáficas luego de la incorporación de compost de acuerdo a las necesidades de N de un cultivo de cebolla. En conclusión, a partir de los estudios realizados en esta tesis, fue posible determinar las condiciones para emplear el residuo de la producción de cebolla del VBRC como materia prima en co-compostaje con estiércol vacuno. Se logró establecer herramientas tecnologícas viables para el tratamiento de RSO y proveer de un bioinsumo de alta calidad para cubrir las necesidades nutricionales de un cultivo de cebolla bajo manejo agroecológico. / The Valle Bonaerense del Río Colorado (VBRC) is located in the south of Buenos Aires province. The prevailing intensive agricultural activity is the onion crop (13,000 ha year-1), being the most important onion-producing export-oriented region in Argentina. The production of onion in this region generates large volumes of organic solid waste (OSW) after the cleaning, classification and packing of the bulbs that remain in the environment, which become a source of contamination. The treatment of OSW for use as fuel and fertilizer are common recycling practices and constitute an appropriate alternative. The composting system is successfully used worldwide in order to treat the waste and it is being widely adopted in our country. In addition, the contribution of organic matter from the RSO is fundamental in the management of soil fertility in agricultural systems under agroecological management. It is fundamental to optimize the recycling of compost nutrients considering agronomic and environmental criteria, thus it is essential to know the dynamics of their degradation after applying them on the soil. The aim of this thesis is to approach basic principles for the management of OSW in agricultural systems, where the application of composting techniques are alternatives that farmers can adopt and modify according to their productive scale and territorial scope. This research includes a further development of different stages which start from the characterization of the OSW, the development of technological tools for the windrow composting system, laboratory tests of mineralization after organic amendment applications to the soil and the analysis of some edaphic variables after the incorporation of compost according to the fertilization requirements of N on an onion crop. In conclusion, from the studies carried out in this thesis, it was possible to determine the conditions to use the OSW of VBRC onion production as a raw material in co-composting with cattle manure. It was possible to establish viable technological tools for the treatment of OSW and to provide an organic fertilizer to supply the nutritional requirements of an onion crop under agroecological management.

Virginia is rapidly running out of landfill space. Recycling is seen as a way to alleviate some of the burden on our landfills. The Commonwealth of Virginia has mandated an ambitious recycling goal of 10% of our municipal solid waste (MSW) by 1991, 15% by 1993, and 25% by 1995. Yardwaste (debris such as leaves, grass clippings and shrub and tree prunings) comprises an estimated 15% to 20% of the municipal solid waste going into our landfills daily. Yardwaste can be recycled by collecting the material, piling it into large windrows, and allowing it to decompose by a controlled process called composting. The finished product can then be utilized as a soil amendment for use by nurseries, landscapers, farmers, local and state government landscaping projects, and by homeowners. The Virginia Cooperative Extension Service at Virginia Tech was authorized to perform a study on the feasibility of implementing a statewide yardwaste composting program for Virginia. The methods involved in the study included information acquisition via a literature review, site visits in other states to assess technologies and a series of surveys to determine potential uses and users of composted yardwaste in Virginia. The feasibility study was presented to the Virginia Department of Waste Management in November 1989 and presented as House Document No. 34 to the 1990 Session of the Virginia General Assembly. Several pieces of legislation, including three bills and one joint resolution, are currently pending concerning the results of the study. / Master of Science

Le compostage permet de valoriser des résidus organiques frais en une matière organique stabilisée, soit l’humus. Cette étude a optimisé le cocompostage des résidus de ferme et agroalimentaires, avec de la paille de soya ou des écorces et en a étudié les produits; le compost et le lixiviat. L’évolution du compost a été suivie dans le temps, et après tamisage. Le lixiviat à des teneurs en NEPE1KLou NEPL3KL (avec E = engrais minéral; L = engrais du lixiviat) a été comparé à la dose optimale d’engrais minéraux en NEPEKE, ou en absence de fertilisation pour le maïs sucré. Les composts tamisés étaient de qualité. Le plastique provenant des emballages et étiquetages a été mesuré en quantité. La paille de soya a produit un bon compost. Pour un sol amendé en compost à l’automne, les traitements de lixiviat ont donné le même rendement que les traitements non fertilisé ou fertilisé avec des engrais minéraux.

The primary soil limitations to crop yield in the Senegalese "Peanut Basin" include salinity, acidity, and fertility. Crop yield may be increased by use of soil amendments and salt-tolerant cultivars. Objectives of this research were to evaluate salt tolerance of various millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.) cultivars and compare effects of soil amendments on millet growth and yield in greenhouse and field studies. The research included two greenhouse experiments (i) comparing the salt tolerance of seven pearl millet cultivars (IBMV 8402, SOSAT C88, ICMV-IS 88102, IKMP1, IKMP2, IKMV 8201 and GAWANE) using five levels of electrical conductivity (0.3. 2.1, 4.2, 5.2 and 6.3 dS m-1) and (ii) assessing SOSAT C88 responses to various organic (compost and peanut shells) and inorganic (phosphogypsum; PG) amendments in manufactured saline soils (4.2 dSm-1); and (iii) a two-year (2014-2015) field experiment in Senegal evaluating the effects of local organic amendments (peanut shells and compost) on the responses of three millet cultivars (SOSAT C88, GAWANE and IBMV 8402) under low and high soil salinity. Cultivars SOSAT C88 and IBMV 8402 performed best in saline greenhouse media. The soil amendments that elicited the best millet plant responses in the greenhouse experiment were yard waste compost and peanut shells. Phosphogypsum exacerbated salinity effects by increasing electrical conductivity. In the field study, there were no differences among treatments. Cultivars IBMV 8402 and SOSAT C88 could be cultivated in saline soils amended with peanut shells. / Master of Science

Antibiotic resistance is a growing human health threat, making infections more difficult to treat and increasing fatalities from and cost of treatment of associated diseases. The rise of multidrug resistant pathogens threatens a return to the pre-antibiotic era where even the most common infections may be impossible to treat. It is estimated that the majority of global antibiotic use, and use in the U.S., is dedicated towards livestock, where they are used to promote growth, treat, or prevent disease. Given that exposure to antibiotics selects for antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARBs) and can stimulate the horizontal transfer of their associated antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), it is important to examine livestock operations as a reservoir of resistance. Correspondingly, there is growing interest in identifying how agricultural practices can limit the potential for spread of antibiotic resistance through the "farm to fork continuum," starting with antibiotic use practices, manure management and land application and ending with the spread of ARBs and ARGs present onto edible crops and serving as a route of exposure to consumers. This study focused specifically on the effect of composting on the prevalence of ARBs and ARGs in cattle manure. Three composting trials were performed: small-scale, heat-controlled, and large-scale. The small-scale composting trial compared dairy and beef manures, with or without antibiotic treatment (treated beef cattle received chlortetracycline, sulfamethazine, and tylosin while treated dairy cattle received cephapirin and pirlimycin), subject to either static or turned composting. The heat-controlled composting trial examined only dairy manure, with or without antibiotic treatment, subject to static composting, but using external heat tape applied to the composting tumblers to extend the duration of the thermophilic (>55°C) temperature range. The large-scale composting trial examined dairy manure, with or without antibiotic treatment, subject to static composting at a much larger scale that is more realistic to typical farm practices. Samples were analyzed to assess phenotypic resistance using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method and by diluting and plating onto antibiotic-supplemented agar. Genetic markers of resistance were also assessed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to quantify sul1 and tet(W) ARGs; metagenomic DNA sequencing and analysis were also performed to assess and compare total ARG abundance and types across all samples. Results indicate that composting can enrich indicators of phenotypic and genetic resistance traits to certain antibiotics, but that most ARGs are successfully attenuated during composting, as evidenced by the metagenomic sequencing. Maintaining thermophilic composting temperatures for adequate time is necessary for the effective elimination of enteric bacteria. This study suggests that indicator bacteria that survive composting tend to be more resistant than those in the original raw manure; however, extending the thermophilic stage of composting, as was done in the heat-controlled trial, can reduce target indicator bacteria below detection limits. Of the two ARGs specifically quantified via qPCR, prior administration of antibiotics to cattle only had a significant impact on tet(W). There was not an obvious difference in the final antibiotic resistance profiles in the finished beef versus dairy manure composts according to metagenomics analysis. Based on these results, composting is promising as a method of attenuating ARGs, but further research is necessary to examine in depth all of the complex interactions that occur during the composting process to maximize performance. If not applied appropriately, e.g., if time and temperature guidelines are not enforced, then there is potential that composting could exacerbate the spread of certain types of antibiotic resistance. / Master of Science

The reduced efficacy of antibiotics in treating common infections is one of the most pressing health concerns of the 21st Century. Increasing evidence links the widespread use of antibiotics in livestock production to the transfer of bacteria carrying antibiotic resistance genes to the broader environment. It is therefore critical to understand the persistence and dissemination of resistance in agricultural soils to understand potential threats to consumers. The goal of this large-scale agricultural field experiment was to identify the effects of crop (lettuce, radish) and fertilizer type (inorganic, compost, raw manure) on the incidence and persistence of antibiotic-resistant fecal coliforms, a common family of fecal indicator bacteria used to track the environmental spread of antibiotic resistance. Soil samples were collected eight times over a 120-day period and analyzed for fecal coliforms utlizing a suite of MacConkey agars supplemented with different antibiotics (ceftazidime, clindamycin, erythromycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline). Given the number of samples with resistant fecal coliform concentrations below the limit of detection, analyses to identify the effects of soil treatment and crop relied on Zero-inflated Poisson Regressions. Antibiotic-resistant culturable fecal coliforms were recoverable from soils across all treatments immediately following application, though persistence throughout the experiment varied by antibiotic. Sulfamethoxazole- and tetracycline-resistant fecal coliforms were nondetectable after Day 1; this was expected, as the cattle supplying the manure amendments were not treated with these antibiotics or similar analogs. Clindamycin- and erythromycin-resistant fecal coliforms were nondetectable after 42 days but rebounded on Day 90 in the soil; both of these drugs were of the same antibiotic class as the ones used to treat the dairy cattle during the manure collection period. Ceftazidime-resistant fecal coliform levels were consistently high throughout the duration of the growing season. No statistical differences were observed between root and aboveground crops. Results suggest that soils amended with raw or composted dairy manure are at risk of contamination with antibiotic resistant fecal coliforms; however, composting decreased the antibiotic resistant fecal coliform levels of the macrolide (erythromycin) and lincosamide (clindamycin) antibiotic classes administered to the dairy cattle (cephapirin and pirlimycin). / Master of Science

L'objectif de cette recherche est d'évaluer l'impact de deux composts, l'un à base de fumier de bovin laitier et l'autre à base de fumier de volaille, sur quelques propriétés chimiques du sol, la croissance et les concentrations de quelques éléments nutritifs dans les feuilles et les fruits de la tomate (Solanum lycopersicum). À cette fin, des plants de tomate cv. Ontario 774 ont été transplantés dans un sol loameux acide de la série Grennsboro à raison de quatre plants par parcelle. Les parcelles ont reçu 450 ml de farine de viande et d'os à titre de démarreur. Les doses d'application des fumiers compostés étaient de 0 L, 25 L et 75 L par parcelle. De plus, la dose de 75 L a été reprise en trois applications de 25 L durant la période de croissance. Les résultats expérimentaux ont montré que l'addition des fumiers compostés au sol provoque l'augmentation des valeurs de pH du sol (6,0 à 6,7) ainsi que les teneurs en cations basiques échangeables, carbone organique, azote disponible et phosphore disponible du sol. De plus, les fumiers compostés ont eu un effet positif sur le rendement en fruits. Des corrélations significatives ont été obtenues entre le poids frais des fruits et les valeurs de quelques propriétés chimiques du sol et la concentration du K dans les fruits. La prépondérance de la concentration de K dans les feuilles et les fruits dans l'obtention de haut rendement de fruits a été démontrée. / The objective of this research is to evaluate the impact of two composts, one derived from dairy cow manure and the other from poultry manure, on some soil chemical properties and growth and concentrations of some nutriments in the leaves and fruits of the tomato (Solanum licopersicum). Tomato plants, cv. Ontario 774, were transplanted into a loamy soil at four plants per plot. All plots received 450 ml of mixed meat and bone flour as a starter. Three rates of composts were applied to the soil (0,25 L and 75 L). In addition, the 75 L rate was split into three applications of 25 L over the growing period. The results showed that the addition of composted manures increased the soil pH (6.0 to 6.7) and the contents of exchangeable basic cations, organic carbon, available nitrogen, and available phosphorus in amended soil samples. Moreover, the composted manures had a positive effect on fruit yield. Significant correlations were obtained between the fresh weight of fruits and some soil chemical properties and the concentration of K in the fruit. The higher concentration of K in leaves and fruits confirmed the fact that K promotes the production of high yield of fruits.

Two structural models which can be used to predict the buckling, post buckling and vibration behavior of flat and curved composite panels under thermomechanical loadings are developed in this work. Both models are based on higher-order transverse shear deformation theories of shallow shells that include the effects of geometric nonlinearities and initial geometric imperfections. Within the first model (Model I), the kinematic continuity at the contact surfaces between the contiguous layers and the free shear traction condition on the outer bounding surfaces are satisfied, whereas in the second model (Model II), in addition to these conditions, the static interlaminae continuity requirement is also fulfilled. Based on the two models, results which cover a variety of problems concerning the postbuckling behaviors of flat and curved composite panels are obtained and displayed. These problems include: i) buckling and postbuckling behavior of flat and curved laminated structures subjected to mechanical and thermal loadings; ii)frequency-load/temperature interaction in laminated structures in both pre-buckling and post buckling range; iii) the influence of a linear/nonlinear elastic foundation on static and dynamic post buckling behavior of flat/curved laminated structures exposed to mechanical and temperature fields; iv) implication of edge constraints upon the temperature/load carrying capacity and frequencyload/ temperature interaction of flat/curved structures; v) elaboration of a number of methodologies enabling one to attenuate the intensity of the snap-through buckling and even to suppress it as well as of appropriate ways enabling one to enhance the load/temperature carrying capacity of structures. / Ph. D.

Thesis (PhD(Agric))--Stellenbosch University, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The global movement in agriculture is towards more environmentally friendly, sustainable production practices, since the role of soil microbial functions in ensuring crop production and soil fertility has become more evident in agricultural systems. Furthermore, with the impeding phase-out of methyl bromide, apple replant disease (ARD) is becoming an increasingly important problem and biological management practises are needed. Since microbial activity is generally carbon-limited in agricultural soil, it is widely accepted that management practices providing a range of organic compounds on a regular basis will tend to maintain an active and diverse microbial population. It was hypothesised that the application of various biological amendments can affect soil microbial numbers and function, thereby having a positive effect on fruit tree growth and yield. The effect of continued applications of organic material, various microbial inoculants and biostimulants on tree performance were evaluated in conventional management systems. Field trials were established in a conventional pear orchard, potential apple replant disease sites, as well as an optimally managed, high density apple orchard under controlled fertigation. The use of compost, compost extracts, a Bacillus inoculant and humates were investigated intensively. Furthermore, to improve our understanding of soil biological systems a combination of simple, practical methods were used to evaluate the effect of biological amendments on soil microbial properties and effects were related to tree performance. Regular application of compost extract in combination with compost showed the most significant effect in improving tree performance in commercial pome fruit orchards under various conditions. In the pear orchard, cumulative yield over the first two seasons was improved by more than 50% compared to controls, while in the fertigated orchard yield was improved by 22%. Biological amendments also showed improved growth in orchards suffering from stunted growth symptoms typical of ARD. However, in severe ARD cases methyl bromide fumigation showed the most consistent effects. Other biological amendments which showed positive effects on yield were application of Bacillus inoculants (Biostart®) in combination with a labile C source and a low dosage humate product, as well as a combination of compost and humates. It was clear that a combination of labile organic matter and a diverse group of microorganisms showed most promise. Although for some specific treatments increased microbial numbers and activity may have resulted in improved tree performance, in general, changes in culture-based plate counts, soil enzyme activity and carbon utilisation profiles could not be used as an indicator of yield. It was suggested that improved synchronisation of nutrient release and plant uptake, as well as microbial phytohormone production, may play an important role in improving tree performance with application of biological amendments. More research is needed on the exact mechanisms through which compost extracts improve yield and studies on root growth proliferation, as well as effects in the rhizosphere are recommended. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Binne lanbouverband is daar tans wêreldwyd die neiging om die uitwerking van produksie-praktykte op die omgewing in ag te neem en sodoende meer verantwoordelik op te tree. Omdat die belangrike rol wat grondmikro-organisme funksionering in volhoubare verbouingspraktyke speel nou deeglik besef word, word meer volhoubare bestuurspraktyke bepleit. Hiermee saam, noodsaak aspekte soos die uitfasering van metielbromied vir die beheer van appelhervestigingsiekte, dat biologiese bestuurspraktyke meer aandag geniet. Daar word geredelik aanvaar dat gereelde toediening en aanvulling van organiese materiaal ‘n aktiewe, diverse mikrobe populasie in die grond tot gevolg sal hê. Die hipotese is gestel dat die toediening van ‘n verskeidenheid biologiese produkte grondmikrobe getalle en werking gunstig kan beïnvloed. Dit kan moontlik weer aanleiding gee tot positiewe reaskies wat die groei en drag van vrugtebome betref. In hierdie studie is die uitwerking van voortgesette toedienings van organiese materiaal, mikrobiese inokulante, asook biostimulante, op die prestasievermoë van vrugtebome ondersoek. Veldproewe is uitgelê in ‘n konvensionele peerboord, verskeie boorde met moontlike appelhervestigingsiekte probleme, asook ‘n hoëdigtheidsaanplanting appelboord onder optimale bestuur. ‘n Deeglike ondersoek is gedoen met betrekking tot die gebruik van kompos, komposekstrak, Bacillus-inokulante en humate. Eenvoudige, praktiese metodes is aangewend om vas te stel hoe biologiese toevoegings grondmikrobe eienskappe beïnvloed en of dit verband hou met veranderinge in boomprestasie. Die studie het aangetoon dat die gereelde toediening van komposekstrak saammet kompos, betekenisvolle verbetering in boomprestasie van kernvrugboorde teweeg bring onder verskeie omstandighede. Die kumulatiewe opbrengs van ‘n peerboord is oor twee seisoene met meer as 50% verhoog teenoor die kontrole. In ‘n optimaal bestuurde appelboord onder sproeibemesting, is opbrengs met 22% verhoog in vergelyking met die kontrole. Biologiese toevoegings het ook groei verbeter in boorde waar appelhervestigingsiekte bome se groei vertraag het. In die geval van ernstige appelhervestigingsimptome het metielbromied egter steeds die mees konstante positiewe uitwerking gehad. Ander biologiese toevoegings wat ‘n gunstige uitwerking op opbrengs getoon het, was ‘n kombinasie van Bacillus inokulante, ‘n lae dosis humaat en ‘n aktiewe koolstofbron, asook kompos in kombinasie met humate. Dit is duidelik dat ‘n kombinasie van ‘n maklik afbreekbare koolstofbron (soos kompos) tesame met ‘n diverse groep mikroorganismes mees belowend is vir gebruik in biologiese verbouingssisteme. Resultate toon dat veranderings in aantal organismes gemeet deur plaattellings, die aktiwiteit van grondensieme, en verbruikspotensiaal van verskillende koolstofbronne, nie as ‘n aanduiding van boomprestasie gebruik kan word nie. Daar is voorgestel dat verbeterde sinkronisasie van voedingselementvrystelling en plantopname, sowel as produksie van plantgroeihormone deur mikrobe, moontlik ‘n rol speel by boomreaksies op biologiese toevoegings. Meer navorsing wat verband hou met die meganisme waardeur komposekstrak opbrengs verbeter, is nodig. Verder word studies op fynwortelontwikkeling sowel as aspekte van die wortelrisosfeer aanbeveel.