The purpose of the study was to examine the impact that hypertext and hypertext design on the cognitive process. The study used two identical computer based lessons. One set of lessons used a complete set of hypertext resources that supported all of the learning objectives throughout the lessons. The other set of lessons focused the hypertext resources by limiting them to the immediate learning objective.

O cenário contábil brasileiro reflete as diversas transformações tecnológicas que a sociedade vem passando, como o aumento expressivo do comércio e dos serviços eletrônicos e o surgimento de moedas totalmente digitais, o bitcoin. Essa sociedade demanda um novo profissional contábil, na vanguarda da tecnologia, focado no negócio da empresa, participando da gestão e provendo informações úteis para a tomada de decisão. Preparar esse Contador é tarefa que certamente recai sobre as instituições de ensino. Essas instituições precisam adaptar seu currículo para uma realidade diferente daquela que existia quando os programas de contabilidade, do Brasil, foram criados. Nesse cenário foi realizada uma pesquisa visando a inserção de tecnologia baseada em inteligência artificial, o sistema ALEKS, no ensino de Contabilidade. A questão de pesquisa foi avaliar em que medida a tecnologia da educação, baseada em Inteligência Artificial, pode auxiliar na aquisição de habilidades técnicas necessárias ao estudante de Ciências Contábeis. Para tanto foi realizado um quase-experimento com os estudantes da disciplina de Contabilidade Introdutória do curso de Bacharelado em Ciências Contábeis da Universidade de São Paulo, introduzindo o sistema ALEKS como ferramenta de suporte no ensino de Contabilidade básica. Apesar da adesão à pesquisa de 122 estudantes, somente 71 fizeram algum acesso ao sistema e apenas 16 estudantes utilizaram o sistema de forma satisfatória para que se pudesse captar algum benefício do uso do sistema. A hipótese nula foi mantida para os estudantes da turma T01 (p = 0,398, n = 8) do período diurno e para a turma T22 (p = 0,014, n = 5) do período noturno, tendo sido rejeitada para a turma T21 (p = 0,001, n = 3) do período noturno, significando que o sistema produz pequeno ou nenhum efeito sobre o desempenho dos estudantes na disciplina presencial. Grande destaque deve ser dado a baixa adesão dos estudantes ao uso do sistema. Uma pesquisa de adequação buscou capturar esse aspecto. Os estudantes elencaram a dificuldade com o idioma e com os termos técnicos, o não alinhamento do sistema com a disciplina presencial e a falta de tempo para realização de tarefas extraclasse como fatores impeditivos ou desmotivadores de acesso e uso do sistema ALEKS. Entende-se que a inserção de tecnologia baseada em inteligência artificial no ambiente educacional é positiva, devido a motivação incial e aos relatos dos estudantes com apoio a iniciativa. Essa inserção pode fomentar o processo educacional para estudantes, docentes e instituições. Um alinhamento do ALEKS à disciplina presencial certamente produziria resultados diferentes dos encontrados na presente pesquisa, permitindo maior confiabilidade aos achados. Mais pesquisas precisam ser produzidas no ambiente brasileiro, considerando não apenas os estudantes, mas considerando docentes, instituições e empresas. / The Brazilian accounting scenario reflects the many technological changes that society is facing, as a significant increase in trade and electronic services, and the emergence of fully digital currencies, such as bitcoin. This society demands a new accountant at the forefront of technology, focused on the company\'s business by participating in management and providing useful information for decision making. Helping to prepare this accountant is a task that surely lies with educational institutions. These institutions need to adapt syllabi to a different reality if compared to what existed when most accounting programs in Brazil were created. In this scenario, this research relies on a survey aimed at adoption of educational technology based on artificial intelligence (ALEKS), in an Accounting. The research question is to assess the extent to which technology education based on Artificial Intelligence can assist students to acquire the necessary Accounting technical skills. A quasi-experiment with students of Introduction to Accounting course at the undergraduate level at the University of São Paulo was developed, introducing ALEKS as a support tool in teaching basic accounting. Despite the large number of participants of the survey, 122 students, only 71 actually accessed the system and only 16 students used the system in a satisfactory manner, so to allow capturing some benefit of its use. The null hypothesis was sustained for students of cohort T01 (p = 0.398, n = 8) day period and the cohort T22 (p = 0.014, n = 5) of the evening. The hypothesis was rejected for cohort T21 (p = 0.001, n = 3) of the evening period, meaning that the system produces little or no effect on student performance. Attention should be given to poor adherence of students to use the system and an additional survey of adequacy sought to capture this aspect. Students list the difficulty with language and technical terms, the non-alignment of the system with the classroom discipline and lack of time to perform tasks such as extracurricular, or demotivating factors all impeding access and use of the ALEKS system. It is clear that the adoption of artificial intelligence-based technology in the educational environment is positive, because the initial motivation of students and feedbacks supporting the initiative. It can foster the educational process for students, teachers and institutions. An alignment of ALEKS with other classroom activities certainly would find different results from those found in the present research, increasing reliability of the findings. More research in this area needs to be conducted in the Brazilian environment, considering not only students, but also teachers, institutions and companies.

A educação mediada por computador tem sido amplamente utilizada em vários níveis educacionais em todo o mundo. Os rápidos avanços tecnológicos nas áreas de telecomunicação e computação têm incentivado esta estratégia de ensino. Neste trabalho testou-se a efetividade de um material didático envolvendo conceitos básicos de neurofisiologia, direcionado para alunos do ensino médio, com o objetivo de instruir e divulgar a ciência, através de animações interativas criadas na plataforma Flash (Adobe®) de programação e animação. Alunos de Ensino Médio e Ensino Superior expostos a esse material foram questionados em relação à aceitação e avaliados quanto à efetividade do programa. Além disso, um grupo focal envolvendo professores da rede pública do Ensino Médio participou de um debate para avaliar suas impressões sobre o programa e sua aceitabilidade. Os resultados mostraram que os alunos avaliados tiveram bom desempenho depois de estudarem por meio da utilização do programa, sugerindo que o mesmo foi eficiente na apresentação de conceitos de neurofisiologia. O programa foi utilizado por alunos do Ensino Médio nos anos de 2004 a 2006 e seu desempenho foi comparado ao de alunos de 2003, no qual foram ministradas somente aulas tradicionais. O desempenho dos alunos que utilizaram o programa foi superior em neurofisiologia quando comparado com seu próprio desempenho nos demais conteúdos de biologia. Além disso, as notas dos alunos em neurofisiologia foram superiores em 2004 e 2005 em relação às dos alunos de 2003. Os alunos do Ensino Superior que utilizaram o programa também obtiveram melhor desempenho nas suas avaliações semestrais nos conteúdos abordados no programa em relação aos alunos que tiveram somente aulas tradicionais. As impressões dos professores do Ensino Médio foram positivas quanto à utilização do programa como ferramenta de ensino. Os resultados em conjunto sugerem que o programa tem potencial para ensino de conceitos básicos de neurofisiologia para alunos de Ensino Médio e Superior. / Computer mediated education has been widely used in several educational levels around the world. The fast technological advances in telecommunication and computer science have encouraged this teaching strategy. In this work, the effectiveness of a didactic material involving basic concepts of neurophysiology, directed for college students, with the objective of instructing e disclose science through interactive animations created on Flash (Adobe®) programming platform. College and High School students exposed to this material were questioned in relation to acceptance and evaluated on the effectiveness of the program. Beyond that, a focus group involving teachers from public college schools participated on a debate to evaluate their impressions on the program and its acceptability. Results show that students evaluated had a good performance after studying through the program, suggesting that it was efficient on presenting neurophysiology concepts. The program was used by college students from year 2004 to 2006 and their performance was compared to students of 2003, when only traditional classes were taught. Performance of the students who used the program was superior in neurophysiology when compared to their own performance in other contents of biology. Beyond that, students grades on neurophysiology were superior in 2004 and 2005 in relation to the students grades in 2003. High School students that used the program also had better performance in their biannual evaluation tests on the contents addressed in the program in relation to the students who only had traditional classes. College teachers impressions about the use of the program as a teaching tool were positive. Together, these results suggest that the program has potential use in teaching basic neurophysiology concepts for College and High School students.

Thesis advisor: Ina V.S. Mullis / This dissertation describes the foundation for maintaining TIMSS’ 20 year trend measurements with the introduction of a new computer- and tablet-based mode of assessment delivery—eTIMSS. Because of the potential for mode effects on the psychometric behavior of the trend items that TIMSS relies on to maintain comparable scores between subsequent assessment cycles, development efforts for TIMSS 2019 began over three years in advance. This dissertation documents the development of eTIMSS over this period and features the methodology and results of the eTIMSS Pilot / Item Equivalence Study. The study was conducted in 25 countries and employed a within-subjects, counterbalanced design to determine the effect of the mode of administration on the trend items. Further analysis examined score-level mode effects in relation to students’ socioeconomic status, gender, and self-efficacy for using digital devices. Strategies are discussed for mitigating threats of construct irrelevant variance on students’ eTIMSS performance. The analysis by student subgroups, similar item discriminations, high cross-mode correlations, and equivalent rankings of country means provide support for the equivalence of the mathematics and science constructs between paperTIMSS and eTIMSS. However, the results revealed an overall mode effect on the TIMSS trend items, where items were more difficult for students in digital formats compared to paper. The effect was larger in mathematics than science. An approach is needed to account for the mode effects in maintaining trend measurements from previous cycles to TIMSS 2019. Each eTIMSS 2019 trend country will administer the paper trend booklets to an additional nationally representative bridge sample of students, and a common population equating approach will ensure the link between paperTIMSS and eTIMSS scores. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2018. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Educational Research, Measurement and Evaluation.

Information Communication Technologies (ICT) are taking pace with rapid development,with the strive to impart education among learners in a way that they become highly satisfied.With a help of different electronic tools in educational technology using media and makingright environments to enhance learning, develop creativity, stimulate communication, createchannels for collaboration, and hence, engaging in the continued development and applicationto knowledge and skills. Usage of technology spans across all academic areas with theincreasing popularity of information technology that is evolving rapidly towards bettermentwith increased capabilities every day. Educationalists are interested in knowing howtechnology would create a variation for the students in the classroom. The purpose of using ELearningis to create a learning platform with combination of the existing knowledge andInformation Communication Technologies (ICT). High growth in Information Technology thatis user friendly, accessible, and reliable at the same time providing improved ways incollaborating in a new approach possible. Students from different units would be able tocollaborate forming cross-unit teams and working on common or multiple assignmentshelping each other in different ways. Internet, video conferencing, and emails are wellestablished collaborative tools for exchange of information. Investigating that why there is aneed of technology in the education and which technologies would help in improving learningprocesses is the main purpose of this research. And also to find that what would be thenecessary infrastructure required to get facilitated by this technology. The research revolvesaround the theory of Computer Based Training (CBT) which refers to particular part of theinstructional development or educational media. / Program: Magisterutbildning i informatik

This thesis sought to lay the foundation for an application for tracking K-12 teacher activities. Its primary contribution is a descriptive model of K-12 activities. The work's starting point, the Faculty Activities System project, is an ETSU initiative that seeks to produce a tool for university-level academic accountabilities management. It was possible to adapt the FAS project's data model for K-12 activities. The resulting model was validated by experts in the field of education and teachers and administrators across Tennessee. A second strategy for model validation, using national and state legislation and expert recommendations, determined that the model did well at capturing teachers' professional growth and contributions to the school and community, but fell short at capturing student improvement, the learning environment, teaching strategies, portfolios, and self-assessment. The data model was realized as a multi-file XML schema, which was tested for well-formedness and validity using a sample data document.

The Usability Center training course is an instructional resource for BYU faculty, employees, and students to prepare them to effectively use the BYU Usability Center. This document describes the process and results of analyzing, designing, developing, implementing, and evaluating the Usability Center training course. By taking this course, participants learn the basics of planning, piloting, executing, and reporting their usability activities and the skills prerequisite to using BYU's Usability Center.

This dissertation study examined a broad question of whether computer-based grammar tutorials are effective and welcome tools to review grammar for language learners by investigating effects of three different modes of such tutorials on learners' knowledge and satisfaction. For this study, I developed experimental tutorials in three different modes (a static text with a voice-over narration, an animated text with a voice-over narration, and a recording of a real teacher) for two target structures of German grammar (regular verb conjugation and separable-prefix verbs). In total, there were more than 100 Elementary German students at two Midwestern universities, who participated in different stages of the study. The participants represented a mostly homogeneous group with characteristics that are common for college-level learners. There were two parallel experiments in this study that employed identical methods but focused on two different target structures. Thus, both experiments examined the effect of the three study tutorials on learners' knowledge and satisfaction, but Experiment 1 focused on the regular verb conjugation, whereas Experiment 2 focused on the separable-prefix verbs. For each experiment, the participants completed a pretest, worked with the assigned tutorial mode, completed a posttest, and filled out a number of questionnaires. The results of the analysis demonstrated that the study tutorials helped learners to significantly improve their knowledge of grammar; however, the mode of the tutorial did not make a difference. Likewise, all modes of tutorial received similar satisfaction ratings; however, additional qualitative analysis suggested that a considerable number of the participants preferred the animated mode. The findings of the study demonstrate that computer-based grammar tutorials can be effective and welcome tools to review grammar for language learners. Moreover, tutorials of this type can be a viable method of achieving the desired balance between the form- and meaning-focused activities in language classrooms. Also, such tutorials appeal to learners because they support more individualized learning.

The purpose of this study is to examine whether or not CBVI is an effective method in teaching students with intellectual disabilities the skills of locating grocery items in classroom settings and whether or not the acquired skills in classroom settings generalize to actual grocery stores. Four high school students with intellectual disabilities participated in the study. A multiple probe design across students was used to investigate the effectiveness of CBVI. A CBVI program containing video footages, photographs, and text was developed and used for teaching the skills to the students. Seventeen steps of locating grocery items were used as dependent variables across all conditions. Results indicate that CBVI is an effective and efficient means for teaching the skills of locating grocery items to students with intellectual disabilities and facilitates these students to generalize the acquired skills to actual grocery stores. All students acquired the skills during the CBVI intervention condition and generalized the skill to a grocery store depicted in the CBVI program and to a grocery store did not depicted in the CBVI program. Limitations and suggestions for future research were discussed.

A chief human characteristic is the desire and ability to change the world. Prior planning is crucial when those changes are complex and extensive, and require the cooperation of many people. To satisfy this need, many disciplines have developed specialized notations for representing the plans. Developers in one discipline, computer-based instruction, are burdened by the current need to use two separate notations. Instructional experts design the instruction and represent the design with a primary representation. The instruction described in a primary representation is easy to see, which makes the representation suitable for evaluation, communication, and enhancement. Programmers translate the primary representation into a computer program, which is able to run on a computer but is a secondary representation. The problem with this process is that the primary representation is equivocal or ambiguous. Equivocal representations are subject to multiple interpretations; it is also possible for programmers to introduce errors during translation. Alternatively, the computer program is unequivocal, but the instruction that is evident in the primary representation diffuses into the program, becoming obscure and difficult to use for further evaluation, communication, or enhancement. A representation that is both unequivocal and primary benefits computer-based instructional development by eliminating ambiguity and translation errors while preserving the instructional details for later use. A representation is unequivocal if it is computable, and it is primary if it is able to represent the dynamic behaviors of complex instruction and its use as a design language can be demonstrated in published literature. My research evaluated and compared two design languages, PEAnets (networks of processes, entities, and actions) and the Unified Modeling Language, as potential unequivocal primary representations. Two translators, one for each language, were developed as a part of this research, and four complex computer-based instructional examples were created and translated into operational computer-based instruction. The translators demonstrated that both representations are computable, and the examples demonstrated that both languages are sufficiently robust to represent complex computer-based instructional systems. Both languages have been used successfully for designing instruction or general computer systems. I concluded, based on these observations, that both languages qualify as unequivocal primary representations.