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31	Processus sensoriels, cognitifs et comportementaux impliqués dans la perception des mélanges odorants alimentaires complexes chez le lapin nouveau-né et l'Homme / Sensory, cognitive and behavioural processes involved in complex odor mixture perception in the newborn rabbit and in humans Romagny, Sébastien 13 February 2015 (has links) A chaque inspiration, une grande variété de molécules volatiles présentes dans l’environnement stimulent nos récepteurs olfactifs. Pourtant, malgré la complexité chimique du milieu naturel, les organismes arrivent à se représenter leur univers en détectant des odorants seuls ou de mélanges d’odorants. Le traitement repose alors majoritairement sur deux modes : le mode analytique, qui permet d’extraire d’un mélange la qualité odorante de tout ou partie des composés, ou le mode synthétique qui permet la représentation du mélange de manière holistique. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons évalué l’influence de certaines caractéristiques physicochimiques des mélanges, du nombre d’éléments en mélange et du stade développemental de l’organisme dans la perception des mélanges chez le lapin et l’Homme. Les résultats confirment que la perception de configurations est commune aux deux modèles testés bien que les modalités de leur émergence soient en partie distinctes. Nos observations supportent l’idée que dans les mélanges, des odorants ou associations d’odorants pourraient porter des poids perceptifs induisant le traitement analytique, ou synthétique, respectivement. Ces poids peuvent être influencés par certaines caractéristiques physicochimiques des mélanges, notamment leur complexité, mais peuvent aussi être en partie modifiés par l’expérience et par le développement. Au final, ces travaux apportent des résultats originaux permettant de comprendre comment les organismes, à différentes périodes de leurs histoires individuelles, arrivent à extraire de l’environnement hautement complexe des odorants ou mélanges d’odorants biologiquement pertinents. / Within each breath, a large diversity of volatiles molecules of the surrounding reaches our olfactory receptors. Despite the chemical complexity of the natural environment, the organisms succeed to represent their world using single odorants or mixtures. The treatment is then based on two processes: the elemental mode, which allows extracting the odor quality of all or some of the elements, or the configural mode which allows the holistic representation of the mixture. In this doctoral thesis, we evaluated the influence of some physicochemical parameters, the number of odorants included in a mixture and the developmental stage of an organism in the perception of mixtures in the rabbit and the Human. The results confirm that the perception of configurations is shared by the two models even if the modality of their emergence can be distinct, at least in part. Our findings support the idea that in mixture, several elements or association of elements can carry a perceptual weight leading to the elemental, or configural perception, respectively. These weights can be influenced by several mixture physicochemical parameters, especially their complexity, but can also be partially modified by experience and development. Finally, these works brings original results allowing to better understand how an organism, at different period of its individual life, achieves the extraction of biologically relevant odorants or mixtures of odorants from the highly chemical environment. Olfaction Mélange Perception synthétique et analytique Limites perceptives Apprentissage Développement Psychophysique Comportement Lapin Homme Olfaction Odor mixture Configural and elemental perception Perceptual limits Learning Development Behavior Psychophysics Rabbit Human 570 612.8
32	探討藥物引發制約反應之神經行為機制林姿卿, Lin, Tzy Ching Unknown Date (has links) 本研究藉由測量制約場地偏好行為及制約活動量兩種制約反應，透過制約期及後測期對藥物配對刺激之操弄，探討制約刺激與酬賞性藥物配對之歷程及其相關之神經機制。本文所使用的為低劑量(1.5 mg/kg)之安非他命，採腹腔注射方式給藥。實驗一探討後測日呈現不同的藥物配對刺激組合對兩種制約反應之影響效果，實驗結果發現受試只對與藥物配對過的兩個以上元素刺激同時出現才能引發受試表現制約場地偏好，且受試對複合刺激的活動量皆顯著高於對單一元素刺激的活動量。實驗二在制約期分別將視覺刺激與觸覺刺激與藥物配對，後測期於藥物配對箱單獨呈現視覺刺激或兩者所組成的複合刺激，測量受試兩種制約反應。實驗結果發現視覺刺激與複合刺激皆能引發制約場地偏好，受試對複合刺激的活動量亦高於對視覺刺激的活動量。實驗三則是於制約前分別破壞受試之杏仁核、背側海馬或腹側海馬，並進行實驗二之制約實驗程序。結果發現破壞杏仁核顯著的減抑單一元素刺激所引發之制約場地偏好，但不影響複合刺激引發之制約場地偏好。破壞背側海馬及腹側海馬減抑複合刺激引發之制約場地偏好。但在制約活動量表現方面，這三個腦組織均未獲得較一致性的結果。總而言之，本研究得到制約刺激之連結強度確實可以透過制約場地偏好及制約活動量反映出差異，且結果支持Rescorla-Wagner元素理論對制約刺激與非制約刺激配對歷程之假設。由破壞杏仁核及海馬對受試表現制約場地偏好造成不等程度之影響，可見杏仁核與海馬所參與以藥物配對的制約之行為功能不同。關鍵字：心理藥物學，安非他命，制約場地偏好，制約活動，元素理論，整體理論，大白鼠 / By measuring of conditioned place preference (CPP) and conditioned locomotion, the present study manipulated various patterns of environment by composing three different contextual stimuli in the test chamber during different stages of conditioning to investigate behavioral processing and neural mechanisms underlying the association of conditioned stimulus and psychoactive drug. A relatively low dose of amphetamine (1.5 mg/kg) administered via intraperitoneal route was conducted as drug treatment throughout the study. In Experiment 1, the effects of CPP and conditioned locomotion were evaluated as different patterns of contextual stimuli composed in the test chamber presented during post-conditioning stage. The results showed CPP was significantly induced in the environment with context stimuli composed by at least two elements. And, the magnitude of conditioned locomotion induced by compound stimulus was higher than that induced by a single elemental stimulus. In Experiment 2, the effects of CPP and conditioned locomotion induced by a two-element compound stimulus were evaluated in the subjects received the drug pairing with both of each element stimulus in separate during the conditioning stage. The CPP was reliable induced by that compound stimulus. Although such CPP effect could also induced by an elemental stimulus specifically regarding to visual modality, it was not true for the other elemental stimulus manipulated on tactual modality. In Experiment 3, behavioral effects tested on the procedures of Experiment 2 were re-evaluated in the subjects received neurotoxic lesions in the amygdala, the dorsal hippocampus, or the ventral hippocampus before conditioning. While amygdaloid lesion significantly attenuated the CPP induced by elemental stimulus, such lesion did not inhibit the CPP induced by the compound stimulus. Lesions on those two hippocampal subareas disrupted the formation of CPP induced by compound stimulus. Regarding the conditioned locomotion, in contrast to what found on CPP, lesion treatment did not produce reliable effect induced by compound stimulus or elemental stimulus. In conclusion, the present findings on two conditioned responses measured support the assumption of Rescorla-Wagner Model on elemental theory. The lesion data indicate that amygdala and hippocampus are differentially involved in conditioned responses induced by psychoactive drug. Key words: psychopharmacology, amphetamine, conditioned place preference, conditioned locomotion, elemental theory, configural theory, rat. 心理藥物學安非他命制約場地偏好制約活動元素理論整體理論大白鼠 psychopharmacology amphetamine conditioned place preference conditioned locomotion elemental theory configural theory rat
33	Differential effects of script system acquisition and social immersion experience on face perception / Evidence from event-related brain potentials Ma, Xiaoli 19 January 2023 (has links) Informelle Berichte zeigten größere Amplituden der durch Gesichter ausgelösten N170 Komponente im Ereigniskorrelierten Potenzial (EKP) bei asiatischen als bei kaukasischen Probanden. Als mögliche Ursache vermutete ich unterschiedliche Erfahrungen mit logographischen bzw. alphabetischen Schriftsystemen (Schriftsystem-Hypothese) oder die verstärkte Exposition mit unbekannten Gesichtern während der Immersion in eine neue soziale oder ethnische Umgebung (soziale Immersions-Hypothese). Zur Überprüfung dieser Hypothesen führte ich zwei kulturvergleichende Studien mit Erwachsenen bzw. Kindern durch. In Studie 1 untersuchte ich einheimische Chinesen und nicht-chinesische Auswärtige in Hongkong und deutsche Einheimische und chinesische Auswärtige in Berlin. Die Auswärtigen an beiden Orten zeigten größere N170 Amplituden auf Gesichter als die Einheimischen. Außerdem zeigten Deutsche, die erst kurze Zeit in Berlin lebten ähnliche Amplituden wie langjährige Einheimische. Insgesamt unterstützt Studie 1 die soziale Immersions-Hypothese, dass die Immersion in eine neue ethnische Umgebung zu einer Vergrößerung der N170 führt. Studie 2 untersuchte die Schriftsystem-Hypothese bei chinesischen und deutschen Erstlesern am Ende der ersten oder zu Beginn des zweiten Schuljahres an ihrem jeweiligen Heimatort. Die Ergebnisse unterstützen die Schriftsystem-Hypothese, dass chinesische Kinder eine größere N170 auf Gesichter zeigen als deutsche. Insgesamt konnte die vorliegende Dissertation zwei neue Einfluss-Faktoren auf das Gesichterverarbeitungs-System nachweisen, das erworbene Schriftsystem (logographische versus alphabetisch) und die Erfahrung sozialer Immersion in eine neue ethnische Umgebung. Diese Effekte zu ganz unterschiedlichen Zeitpunkten der Entwicklung (Kindheit vs. junges Erwachsenen-Alter) zeigen, dass das Gesichterverarbeitungs-System über lange Zeit seine Plastizität behält. / Informal reports have shown larger face-elicited N170 component of event-related potential (ERP) in Asians than Caucasians participants. I proposed that different experience with logographic versus alphabetic scripts (script system hypothesis) or by exposure to abundant novel faces during the immersion into a new social and/or ethnic environment (social immersion hypothesis) as a possible cause. To test these hypotheses, I conducted two cross-cultural ERP studies with adults and Children. In Study 1, I examined Chinese locals and non-Chinese foreigners in Hongkong, and German locals and Chinese foreigners in Berlin. It turned out that the foreigners in both locations showed larger N170 amplitudes to faces than the locals. In addition, Germans who had only lived in Berlin for a short time showed similar face N170 amplitudes as long-term Berlin residents. In sum, Study 1 supports the social immersion hypothesis that immersing into a new ethnic environment drives an increase of face N170. Study 2 investigated the scripts system hypothesis in Chinese and German early readers assessed at the end of the first-grade or at the beginning of the second grade in their respective home towns. The findings support the script system hypothesis that Chinese children showed larger face N170 amplitudes than German children. Overall, the present thesis demonstrated two new influencing factors on the face processing system, the acquired script system (logographic vs. alphabetic) and the social immersion experience in a new ethnic environment. More specifically, learning to read a visually complex logographic Chinese script or immersing into an other-ethnic social environment facilitates early perceptual processing of faces. These effects acquired at different stages of development (early childhood versus young adulthood) show that the face processing system retains its plasticity over a long period of time. Gesichtswahrnehmung Wahrnehmungsexpertise konfigurale Verarbeitung holistische Verarbeitung Beziehungen der zweiter-Ordnung N170 EKPs Lesen Schriftsystem Chinesisch Deutsch soziale Immersion face perception perceptual expertise configural processing holistic processing second-order relations N170 ERPs reading script system Chinese German social immersion 150 Psychologie CP 2000 CP 4000 EG 9060 CV 3000 ddc:150 ddc:155
34	Implicit personality and leadership in stressful and dangerous situations: a first step Smith, Daniel R. 05 April 2012 (has links) Leadership in stressful and dangerous situations is vitally important in terms of lives, property, and national strategic objectives. But our understanding of effective leadership in these and other contexts is limited. Part of the problem is that interactionist theoretical perspectives are not reflected in contemporary leadership thinking. In addition, the impact of individual differences on leadership is often misrepresented or hidden by linear correlations and regressions conducted on continuous scores. This study employed new, innovative, indirect conditional reasoning measures to assess the personalities of 627 leaders entering the militaryâ s most challenging and stressful combat leader development course (the US Army Ranger School). These innovative measures predicted compelling differences in leadership, attrition, and in the peer evaluations made during the training. Analyses conducted on the continuous personality scores demonstrate that these findings are misrepresented or hidden by linear correlations and regressions. As an alternative, I present a configural scoring scheme, couched in a poker analogy, to explain how these individual differences combine to predict the odds of success for each of the 18 personality types studied. Achievement motive Achievement Psychology Personality measurement Personality Unconscious personality Subconscious Unconscious Motivation to lead Leader motivation Leader character Implicit personality Implicit motives Conditional reasoning Leadership Power Power motive Aggression Fear of failure Submissive Submissiveness Conflict avoidance Approach motive Avoidance motive Avoidant Danger Dangerous Stress Stressful Stressful situation Dangerous situation Lethal Military Ranger SEAL Special forces Green beret Delta force Combat Channeling Configural scoring Leader performance Peer evaluation Attrition Poker Cognitive capacity Rational Rationality Volition Will power Leadership Stress (Psychology) Personality Typology (Psychology)

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