Introdução - Estudos de avaliação do estado nutricional mostram que indivíduos idosos apresentam risco nutricional, que pode estar associado à capacidade cognitiva, sexo e idade. Objetivo - Verificar a associação do estado nutricional com capacidade cognitiva, sexo e idade em idosos residentes na cidade de Maringá/PR. Métodos - O estudo foi de associação, transversal, de base domiciliar, com coleta de dados primários, desenvolvido com idosos ( 60 anos ou mais) da Pastoral da Pessoa Idosa (PPI) da paróquia Santo Antônio de Pádua da cidade de Maringá/PR. As variáveis analisadas foram: capacidade cognitiva, estado nutricional, sexo e idade. A capacidade cognitiva foi avaliada por meio do miniexame do estado mental (MEEM) e o estado nutricional, segundo o indicador nutricional área muscular do braço (AMB). Para verificar a associação entre os agrupamentos foi utilizado o teste qui-quadrado (2) e o teste exato de Fisher. A diferença entre as variáveis e os agrupamentos foi verificada por meio dos testes de Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados - Participaram da pesquisa 214 idosos (69,2 por cento mulheres). Quanto ao estado nutricional, 48,6 por cento apresentaram estado nutricional adequado. As mulheres e o grupo etário dos idosos 80 anos apresentaram maior proporção de idosos com estado nutricional adequado (52,7 por cento e 53,7 por cento, respectivamente). Associação estatisticamente significativa foi observada somente entre estado nutricional e sexo. Em relação à capacidade cognitiva, 65,4 por cento dos idosos apresentaram distúrbio cognitivo (DC) (72,9 por cento do sexo feminino). Os idosos sem DC apresentaram maior proporção de idosos com estado nutricional adequado (52,7 por cento), quando comparados aos idosos com DC (46,4 por cento). As mulheres sem DC apresentaram maior proporção de idosos com estado nutricional adequado (56,5 por cento) em relação às mulheres com DC (51,0 por cento), e aos homens com (34,2 por cento) e sem DC (46,4 por cento). O grupo etário 80 anos dos idosos sem DC apresentou maior proporção de idosos com estado nutricional adequado. A análise estatística mostrou não haver associação estatisticamente significativa entre o estado nutricional dos idosos, com e sem DC, com capacidade cognitiva, sexo e grupo etário. Conclusão - Os idosos estudados apresentaram risco nutricional, no entanto o estado nutricional associou-se apenas com sexo. Associação que não se repetiu quando os idosos foram divididos, segundo capacidade cognitiva / Association of nutritional status with cognitive ability, gender and age in elderly residents in the city of Maringá / PR. [thesis]. São Paulo (BR): Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo; 2009. Introduction Studies evaluating the nutritional state show that elderly individuals present nutritional risk that can be associated to cognitive capacity, sex and age. Objective Verify the association of the nutritional state with the cognitive capacity, sex and age in elderly people living in the city of Maringa/PR. Methods It was an associating, transversal and domicile based study, with primary data collection, developed with elderly people ( 60 years old or more) from Pastoral da Pessoa Idosa (PPI) at the parish Santo Antonio de Padua in the city of Maringa/PR. The variables analyzed were: cognitive capacity, nutritional state, sex and age. The cognitive capacity was evaluated through the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) and the nutritional state according to the nutritional indicator arm muscle area (AMA). To verify the association between the groupings, a Chisquare (2) and the Exact Text of Fisher were used. The difference between the variables and the groupings were verified by the tests Wilcoxon-Mann- Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis. Results 214 elderly people participated in the research (69.2 per cent women). Considering the nutritional state, 48.6 per cent presented adequate nutritional state. The women and the 80 years old group presented more proportion of elderly people with adequate nutritional state (52.7 per cent and 53.7 per cent, respectively). Association statistically meaningful was observed only between the nutritional state and sex. In relation to the cognitive capacity, 65.4 per cent of the elderly people presented cognitive disturb (CD) (72.9 per cent female gender). Elders without CD presented more proportion of elderly people with adequate nutritional state (52.7 per cent), when compared with elderly people with CD (46.4 per cent). The women without CD presented more proportion of elderly people with adequate nutritional state (56.5 per cent) in relation to the women with CD (51.0 per cent), and to men with (34.2 per cent) and without CD (46.4 per cent). The 80 year old group of elderly people without CD presented more proportion of elderly people with adequate nutritional state. The statistical analysis showed no meaningful association between the nutritional state of elderly people, with and without CD, with cognitive capacity, sex, and age group. Conclusion the elderly people studied presented nutritional risk; nevertheless, the nutritional state is associated only to sex. This association did not repeat when the elderly people were divided according to their cognitive capacity

Introdução - Estudos de avaliação do estado nutricional mostram que indivíduos idosos apresentam risco nutricional, que pode estar associado à capacidade cognitiva, sexo e idade. Objetivo - Verificar a associação do estado nutricional com capacidade cognitiva, sexo e idade em idosos residentes na cidade de Maringá/PR. Métodos - O estudo foi de associação, transversal, de base domiciliar, com coleta de dados primários, desenvolvido com idosos ( 60 anos ou mais) da Pastoral da Pessoa Idosa (PPI) da paróquia Santo Antônio de Pádua da cidade de Maringá/PR. As variáveis analisadas foram: capacidade cognitiva, estado nutricional, sexo e idade. A capacidade cognitiva foi avaliada por meio do miniexame do estado mental (MEEM) e o estado nutricional, segundo o indicador nutricional área muscular do braço (AMB). Para verificar a associação entre os agrupamentos foi utilizado o teste qui-quadrado (2) e o teste exato de Fisher. A diferença entre as variáveis e os agrupamentos foi verificada por meio dos testes de Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados - Participaram da pesquisa 214 idosos (69,2 por cento mulheres). Quanto ao estado nutricional, 48,6 por cento apresentaram estado nutricional adequado. As mulheres e o grupo etário dos idosos 80 anos apresentaram maior proporção de idosos com estado nutricional adequado (52,7 por cento e 53,7 por cento, respectivamente). Associação estatisticamente significativa foi observada somente entre estado nutricional e sexo. Em relação à capacidade cognitiva, 65,4 por cento dos idosos apresentaram distúrbio cognitivo (DC) (72,9 por cento do sexo feminino). Os idosos sem DC apresentaram maior proporção de idosos com estado nutricional adequado (52,7 por cento), quando comparados aos idosos com DC (46,4 por cento). As mulheres sem DC apresentaram maior proporção de idosos com estado nutricional adequado (56,5 por cento) em relação às mulheres com DC (51,0 por cento), e aos homens com (34,2 por cento) e sem DC (46,4 por cento). O grupo etário 80 anos dos idosos sem DC apresentou maior proporção de idosos com estado nutricional adequado. A análise estatística mostrou não haver associação estatisticamente significativa entre o estado nutricional dos idosos, com e sem DC, com capacidade cognitiva, sexo e grupo etário. Conclusão - Os idosos estudados apresentaram risco nutricional, no entanto o estado nutricional associou-se apenas com sexo. Associação que não se repetiu quando os idosos foram divididos, segundo capacidade cognitiva / Association of nutritional status with cognitive ability, gender and age in elderly residents in the city of Maringá / PR. [thesis]. São Paulo (BR): Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo; 2009. Introduction Studies evaluating the nutritional state show that elderly individuals present nutritional risk that can be associated to cognitive capacity, sex and age. Objective Verify the association of the nutritional state with the cognitive capacity, sex and age in elderly people living in the city of Maringa/PR. Methods It was an associating, transversal and domicile based study, with primary data collection, developed with elderly people ( 60 years old or more) from Pastoral da Pessoa Idosa (PPI) at the parish Santo Antonio de Padua in the city of Maringa/PR. The variables analyzed were: cognitive capacity, nutritional state, sex and age. The cognitive capacity was evaluated through the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) and the nutritional state according to the nutritional indicator arm muscle area (AMA). To verify the association between the groupings, a Chisquare (2) and the Exact Text of Fisher were used. The difference between the variables and the groupings were verified by the tests Wilcoxon-Mann- Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis. Results 214 elderly people participated in the research (69.2 per cent women). Considering the nutritional state, 48.6 per cent presented adequate nutritional state. The women and the 80 years old group presented more proportion of elderly people with adequate nutritional state (52.7 per cent and 53.7 per cent, respectively). Association statistically meaningful was observed only between the nutritional state and sex. In relation to the cognitive capacity, 65.4 per cent of the elderly people presented cognitive disturb (CD) (72.9 per cent female gender). Elders without CD presented more proportion of elderly people with adequate nutritional state (52.7 per cent), when compared with elderly people with CD (46.4 per cent). The women without CD presented more proportion of elderly people with adequate nutritional state (56.5 per cent) in relation to the women with CD (51.0 per cent), and to men with (34.2 per cent) and without CD (46.4 per cent). The 80 year old group of elderly people without CD presented more proportion of elderly people with adequate nutritional state. The statistical analysis showed no meaningful association between the nutritional state of elderly people, with and without CD, with cognitive capacity, sex, and age group. Conclusion the elderly people studied presented nutritional risk; nevertheless, the nutritional state is associated only to sex. This association did not repeat when the elderly people were divided according to their cognitive capacity

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-03-12Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:57:21Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pizzighini_rb_me_botfm.pdf: 1444878 bytes, checksum: 8d13340eb2a43c77f7313f282d74f3e3 (MD5) / Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo / To evaluate the independence level as well as psychosocial and health-related aspects of elders attended to by the primary health care network in Lins and to indentify factors associated with the presence of aggravations in these domains. This is a cross-sectional epidemiological study involving a random sample selected among 6,766 older individuals registered in the city’s primary health care units in 2008. Socioeconomic (schooling, family income, social class) and demographic (gender, age, marital status, and household arrangement) data were collected. They were used to characterize the sample and their association with the elders’ health parameters. The situation of dependence to perform basic and instrumental activities of daily living was evaluated by the ADL (Katz, et al., 1983) and IADL (Lawton et al., 1969) scales, respectively. The following were also evaluated: cognitive capacity by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), categorized according to Bertollucci (1998), functional capacity by the Pheffer Questionnaire for Functional Evaluation (PQFE) (1982), presence of depression by GDS-15 (Yesavage, et al., 1983), self-perception of health (excellent, very good, fair, bad and very bad) and indicators of social support availability by applying a questionnaire validated for Brazil by Chor et al. (2001). Data collection, from September to December, was conducted by trained interviewers (five nurses and 109 community health agents) in the respondents’ homes, at a previously schedules time and in a place that would ensure the elders’ privacy. The following are noteworthy as the elders’ main characteristics: almost half of them were 60 to 69 years old (47.0%); 63.4% were females; 53.3% were married or had common-law partners; 18.6% lived alone; 21.9% were illiterate and 68.5% had attended school for up to three years; 90% were classified as belonging to socioeconomic ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Resumo:O objetivo é avaliar grau de independência, aspectos psicossociais e de saúde de idosos assistidos pela rede de atenção básica à saúde de Lins e identificar fatores associados à presença de agravos nestes domínios. Trata-se de estudo epidemiológico do tipo transversal, envolvendo amostra aleatória selecionada dentre os 6766 indivíduos idosos matriculados nas unidades básicas do município em 2008. Foram coletados dados socioeconômicos (escolaridade, renda familiar e classe econômica) e demográficos (sexo, idade, situação conjugal e arranjo domiciliar), utilizados para caracterização da amostra e pesquisa de associações entre estes e parâmetros de saúde dos idosos. A situação de dependência para atividades básicas e instrumentais de vida diária foi avaliada mediante as escalas AVD (Katz, et al.,1983) e AIVD (Lawton et al.,1969), respectivamente. Avaliaram-se ainda capacidade cognitiva pelo Mini-exame do Estado Mental, categorizado segundo Bertollucci (1998), capacidade funcional pelo questionário Pheffer (PFEFFER; KUROSAKI; HARRAH; CHANCE; FILOS, 1982), presença de depressão pela GDS-15 (Yesavage, et al.,1983), auto percepção de saúde (excelente, muito boa, boa, regular, ruim e muito ruim) e indicadores de disponibilidade de apoio social, aplicando-se questionário validado para o Brasil por Chor, Griep, Lopes e Faerstein (2001). A coleta de dados, de setembro a dezembro de 2008, foi realizada por entrevistadores treinados (cinco enfermeiras e 109 agentes comunitários de saúde), nos domicílios, em horário pré-agendado em local que salvaguardasse a privacidade dos idosos. Destacam-se como principais características dos idosos: quase metade tinha entre 60 e 69 anos (47,0%); 63,4% eram mulheres; 53,3% casados ou em união consensual; 18,6% viviam sós; 21,9% eram analfabetos e 68,5% tinham até três anos de estudo; 90% foram classificados como pertencentes ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: To evaluate the independence level as well as psychosocial and health-related aspects of elders attended to by the primary health care network in Lins and to indentify factors associated with the presence of aggravations in these domains. This is a cross-sectional epidemiological study involving a random sample selected among 6,766 older individuals registered in the city's primary health care units in 2008. Socioeconomic (schooling, family income, social class) and demographic (gender, age, marital status, and household arrangement) data were collected. They were used to characterize the sample and their association with the elders' health parameters. The situation of dependence to perform basic and instrumental activities of daily living was evaluated by the ADL (Katz, et al., 1983) and IADL (Lawton et al., 1969) scales, respectively. The following were also evaluated: cognitive capacity by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), categorized according to Bertollucci (1998), functional capacity by the Pheffer Questionnaire for Functional Evaluation (PQFE) (1982), presence of depression by GDS-15 (Yesavage, et al., 1983), self-perception of health (excellent, very good, fair, bad and very bad) and indicators of social support availability by applying a questionnaire validated for Brazil by Chor et al. (2001). Data collection, from September to December, was conducted by trained interviewers (five nurses and 109 community health agents) in the respondents' homes, at a previously schedules time and in a place that would ensure the elders' privacy. The following are noteworthy as the elders' main characteristics: almost half of them were 60 to 69 years old (47.0%); 63.4% were females; 53.3% were married or had common-law partners; 18.6% lived alone; 21.9% were illiterate and 68.5% had attended school for up to three years; 90% were classified as belonging to socioeconomic ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Maria Antonieta de Barros Leite Carvalhaes / Coorientador: José Eduardo Corrente / Banca: Tereza de Abreu Cerqueira / Banca: Rosalina Aparecida Partezani Rodrigues / Mestre

The current study applied classic cognitive capacity models to examine the effect of cognitive load on deception. The study also examined whether the manipulation of cognitive load would result in the magnification of differences between liars and truth-tellers. In the first study, 87 participants engaged in videotaped interviews while being either deceptive or truthful about a target event. Some participants engaged in a concurrent secondary task while being interviewed. Performance on the secondary task was measured. As expected, truth tellers performed better on secondary task items than liars as evidenced by higher accuracy rates. These results confirm the long held assumption that being deceptive is more cognitively demanding than being truthful. In the second part of the study, the videotaped interviews of both liars and truth-tellers were shown to 69 observers. After watching the interviews, observers were asked to make a veracity judgment for each participant. Observers made more accurate veracity judgments when viewing participants who engaged in a concurrent secondary task than when viewing those who did not. Observers also indicated that participants who engaged in a concurrent secondary task appeared to think harder than participants who did not. This study provides evidence that engaging in deception is more cognitively demanding than telling the truth. As hypothesized, having participants engage in a concurrent secondary task led to the magnification of differences between liars and truth tellers. This magnification of differences led to more accurate veracity rates in a second group of observers. The implications for deception detection are discussed.

Background: The impact of genetic polymorphisms on cognition is assumed to increase with age as losses of brain resources have to be compensated for. We investigate the relation of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) p.Val158Met polymorphism and cognitive capacity in the course of adult development, healthy aging and the development of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in two birth cohorts of subjects born between 1930 and 1932 or between 1950 and 1952. Methods: Thorough neuropsychological assessment was conducted in a total of 587 participants across three examination waves between 1993 and 2008. The COMT genotype was determined as a restriction fragment length polymorphism after PCR amplification and digestion with Nla III. Results: Significant effects of the COMT p.Val158Met polymorphism were identified for attention and cognitive flexibility in the younger but not the older cohort. Conclusion: These results confirm the importance of the COMT p.Val158Met genotype on tasks assessing attention and cognitive flexibility in midlife but not in healthy aging and the development of MCI. Our findings suggest that the influence of COMT changes as a function of age, decreasing from midlife to aging.

The present study investigated the criterion-based validity of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Cognitive Capacity Screening Examination (CCSE), and the Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination (NCSE) in a sample of older adults with suspected cognitive impairment. As cognitive screening tests, the MMSE, CCSE, and NCSE should predict performance relative to a more thorough testing procedure. In the present study, performance on the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery (HRNTB) was employed as the criterion measure. Scores on the General Neuropsychological Deficit Scale (G-NDS), a global performance measure computed from the HRNTB, served as the standard by which to judge the presence of cognitive impairment. The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of each screening test, as well as how well each screening test correlated with the G-NDS, were investigated. Results of this investigation found that, although the MMSE, CCSE, and NCSE were all significantly correlated with the G-NDS, only the NCSE demonstrated an appropriate balance between high sensitivity and specificity. When a rigorous neuropsychological evaluation was employed as the criterion standard, the NCSE accurately detected the presence of cognitive impairment: in 82% of the cases. The MMSE and CCSE, however, failed to detect cognitive deficits in approximately 80% of the cases. These findings strongly suggest that the MMSE and CCSE may have limited utility in the identification of cognitive impairment in older adults. The heightened sensitivity of the NCSE appears to be the result of several unigue features of the instrument, including a multidimensional scoring system and a graded series of increasingly difficult items within each ability area. Future studies need to examine the utility of the NCSE in other geriatric settings, as well as with more diverse populations suffering from a variety of organic mental syndromes.

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Dans ce travail, nous proposons d’interroger la notion d’innéité des facultés de l’esprit, dans l’histoire de la philosophie et dans le débat contemporain. Nous commençons par montrer que toute hypothèse concernant l’innéité des facultés de l’esprit – qu’elle soit innéiste ou empiriste – pose un problème explicatif que nous nommons le « problème de la tautologie ». C’est en dévoilant les présupposés épistémologiques de chaque hypothèse que nous révélons la présence de ce problème au sein du débat classique sur les idées innées, mais aussi au cœur du débat contemporain amorcé par les travaux en linguistique de Noam Chomsky. L’identification d’une faculté innée spécifique ou d’une capacité générale semble toujours découler de choix métaphysiques ou épistémologiques a priori. En ce sens elle n’est jamais justifiée de façon satisfaisante. C’est pourquoi, une position intermédiaire (constructiviste) apparaît plus convaincante. En outre, l’analyse des différentes définitions de l’innéité souligne la nécessité de renoncer non pas à la notion même d’innéité certains philosophes contemporains le pensent, mais à l’attribution d’un contenu a priori à l’innéité. Nous pensons que l’innéité est un terme épistémique auquel il est seulement possible d’attribuer de façon a priori un statut formel. L’innéité doit donc être redéfinie comme une condition du développement. Le terme condition permet en effet, d’une part, de souligner le statut épistémique de l’innéité qui est un terme relatif à une explication, celle du développement ; d’autre part, d’insister sur le fait que l’innéité n’est pas dénuée de consistance ontologique. Le développement cognitif n’aurait tout simplement pas lieu sans elle. Nous défendons ainsi l’idée qu’il est possible de minimiser le « problème de la tautologie » par une redéfinition de la notion d’innéité et par l’élaboration d’une méthodologie propre à établir l’innéité de certaines facultés de l’esprit sans la présupposer et qui prend en compte le développement cognitif. Pour finir, nous appliquons la méthodologie proposée à l’exemple de la faculté de langage et nous essayons de défendre une hypothèse précise concernant son innéité. / In this work, we examine the notion of innateness of faculties of mind, in the history of philosophy as well as in the contemporary debate. Firstly, we show that any hypothesis on innateness of faculties of mind – whether innatist or empiricist – raises an explanatory problem that we called “the tautology problem”. Identifying epistemological presuppositions of each hypothesis leads us to reveal the presence of this problem within both the classical debate on innate ideas and the contemporary debate on innate mind structure initiated by Chomsky’s linguistic work. Assumptions on domain-specific innate faculty or general capacity always seem to follow from a priori metaphysical or epistemological options. If so, they are not satisfactory justified. The constructivist position appears to be an intermediary relevant way, with conditions to be defined. Furthermore, analysis of different definitions of innateness reveals the necessity to renounce to attribute an a priori content to innateness (and not to renounce to the concept of innateness as some contemporary philosophers argue). We think that innateness is an epistemic term to which it is only possible to attribute a priori a formal status. We claim then that innateness must be redefined as condition of development because the term condition underlines on the one side the epistemic status of innateness, which is an explanatory-dependent term; on the other side its propensity to have an ontological plausibility: cognitive development does not occur without something innate. Thus, we advance that it is possible to minimize “the tautology problem” by redefining innateness and by elaborating a methodology capable of establishing innateness of some faculties of mind without presupposing, taking into account cognitive development. To conclude, we apply the advanced methodology to the example of the faculty of language and try to defend an assumption about its innateness.

Leadership in stressful and dangerous situations is vitally important in terms of lives, property, and national strategic objectives. But our understanding of effective leadership in these and other contexts is limited. Part of the problem is that interactionist theoretical perspectives are not reflected in contemporary leadership thinking. In addition, the impact of individual differences on leadership is often misrepresented or hidden by linear correlations and regressions conducted on continuous scores. This study employed new, innovative, indirect conditional reasoning measures to assess the personalities of 627 leaders entering the militaryâ s most challenging and stressful combat leader development course (the US Army Ranger School). These innovative measures predicted compelling differences in leadership, attrition, and in the peer evaluations made during the training. Analyses conducted on the continuous personality scores demonstrate that these findings are misrepresented or hidden by linear correlations and regressions. As an alternative, I present a configural scoring scheme, couched in a poker analogy, to explain how these individual differences combine to predict the odds of success for each of the 18 personality types studied.