A presente dissertação tem por finalidade analisar a compatibilidade das medidas restritivas comerciais, constantes em diversos tratados multilaterais ambientais, com as normas que compõem um sistema que prevê o multilateralismo, a abertura e a equidade nas relações comerciais. Trata-se de um estudo que, a partir da análise de tratados internacionais, da jurisprudência e da revisão bibliográfica existente na área do comércio e meio ambiente, investiga os aspectos da fragmentação do direito internacional, reconhecendo a necessidade de coordenação entre os subsistemas normativos. Para tanto, serão percorridas teorias a respeito da potencialidade de conflito entre diferentes normas e jurisdições competentes, demonstrando que, através de métodos interpretativos e do recurso a princípios gerais do direito internacional, é possível encontrar a forma apropriada para harmonizá-los. Nesse espectro, ganha importância o exame do artigo XX do GATT 1994 e dos casos que ressaltam a aplicação desta norma que fornece exceções ao regime comercial, permitindo a execução de políticas governamentais que atendam à proteção dos recursos naturais. A toda evidência, conclui-se que as disposições dos tratados ambientais e comerciais interagem no cenário jurídico internacional, denunciando que o sistema de livre-comércio inclina-se a adaptar a agenda ambiental entre as suas preocupações, respondendo ao desafio de promover o equilíbrio entre as normas do direito internacional e a coerência entre esses diversos tratados. / The following dissertation aims to analyze the compatibility of trade restrictive measures introduced in various multilateral environmental agreements with trade rules, guided by open, non-discriminatory, equitable and predictable multilateral trading relations. This study relies on the agreements examination, case and literature review in the trade and environment area, researching aspects of the fragmentation of international law that recognize the need for coordination between normative self-contained regimes. Likewise, the thesis goes through relevant theories regarding the potential conflict between different norms and competent jurisdictions, demonstrating that it is possible to find the proper way to harmonize them by interpretive methods and general principles of international law. Furthermore, it is required to explore the role introduced under article XX of the GATT 1994 and the jurisprudence that highlight the application of this rule, which provides exceptions to the trade regime, allowing the enforcement of government policies that address the protection of natural resources. Thereby, this study concludes that the provisions of the multilateral environmental and trade treaties interact in the international legal arena, emphasizing that the free trade system is inclined to adapt the environmental agenda among their concerns, responding to the challenge of promoting the balance between the norms of international law and coherence between these various treaties.

A presente dissertação tem por finalidade analisar a compatibilidade das medidas restritivas comerciais, constantes em diversos tratados multilaterais ambientais, com as normas que compõem um sistema que prevê o multilateralismo, a abertura e a equidade nas relações comerciais. Trata-se de um estudo que, a partir da análise de tratados internacionais, da jurisprudência e da revisão bibliográfica existente na área do comércio e meio ambiente, investiga os aspectos da fragmentação do direito internacional, reconhecendo a necessidade de coordenação entre os subsistemas normativos. Para tanto, serão percorridas teorias a respeito da potencialidade de conflito entre diferentes normas e jurisdições competentes, demonstrando que, através de métodos interpretativos e do recurso a princípios gerais do direito internacional, é possível encontrar a forma apropriada para harmonizá-los. Nesse espectro, ganha importância o exame do artigo XX do GATT 1994 e dos casos que ressaltam a aplicação desta norma que fornece exceções ao regime comercial, permitindo a execução de políticas governamentais que atendam à proteção dos recursos naturais. A toda evidência, conclui-se que as disposições dos tratados ambientais e comerciais interagem no cenário jurídico internacional, denunciando que o sistema de livre-comércio inclina-se a adaptar a agenda ambiental entre as suas preocupações, respondendo ao desafio de promover o equilíbrio entre as normas do direito internacional e a coerência entre esses diversos tratados. / The following dissertation aims to analyze the compatibility of trade restrictive measures introduced in various multilateral environmental agreements with trade rules, guided by open, non-discriminatory, equitable and predictable multilateral trading relations. This study relies on the agreements examination, case and literature review in the trade and environment area, researching aspects of the fragmentation of international law that recognize the need for coordination between normative self-contained regimes. Likewise, the thesis goes through relevant theories regarding the potential conflict between different norms and competent jurisdictions, demonstrating that it is possible to find the proper way to harmonize them by interpretive methods and general principles of international law. Furthermore, it is required to explore the role introduced under article XX of the GATT 1994 and the jurisprudence that highlight the application of this rule, which provides exceptions to the trade regime, allowing the enforcement of government policies that address the protection of natural resources. Thereby, this study concludes that the provisions of the multilateral environmental and trade treaties interact in the international legal arena, emphasizing that the free trade system is inclined to adapt the environmental agenda among their concerns, responding to the challenge of promoting the balance between the norms of international law and coherence between these various treaties.

A presente dissertação tem por finalidade analisar a compatibilidade das medidas restritivas comerciais, constantes em diversos tratados multilaterais ambientais, com as normas que compõem um sistema que prevê o multilateralismo, a abertura e a equidade nas relações comerciais. Trata-se de um estudo que, a partir da análise de tratados internacionais, da jurisprudência e da revisão bibliográfica existente na área do comércio e meio ambiente, investiga os aspectos da fragmentação do direito internacional, reconhecendo a necessidade de coordenação entre os subsistemas normativos. Para tanto, serão percorridas teorias a respeito da potencialidade de conflito entre diferentes normas e jurisdições competentes, demonstrando que, através de métodos interpretativos e do recurso a princípios gerais do direito internacional, é possível encontrar a forma apropriada para harmonizá-los. Nesse espectro, ganha importância o exame do artigo XX do GATT 1994 e dos casos que ressaltam a aplicação desta norma que fornece exceções ao regime comercial, permitindo a execução de políticas governamentais que atendam à proteção dos recursos naturais. A toda evidência, conclui-se que as disposições dos tratados ambientais e comerciais interagem no cenário jurídico internacional, denunciando que o sistema de livre-comércio inclina-se a adaptar a agenda ambiental entre as suas preocupações, respondendo ao desafio de promover o equilíbrio entre as normas do direito internacional e a coerência entre esses diversos tratados. / The following dissertation aims to analyze the compatibility of trade restrictive measures introduced in various multilateral environmental agreements with trade rules, guided by open, non-discriminatory, equitable and predictable multilateral trading relations. This study relies on the agreements examination, case and literature review in the trade and environment area, researching aspects of the fragmentation of international law that recognize the need for coordination between normative self-contained regimes. Likewise, the thesis goes through relevant theories regarding the potential conflict between different norms and competent jurisdictions, demonstrating that it is possible to find the proper way to harmonize them by interpretive methods and general principles of international law. Furthermore, it is required to explore the role introduced under article XX of the GATT 1994 and the jurisprudence that highlight the application of this rule, which provides exceptions to the trade regime, allowing the enforcement of government policies that address the protection of natural resources. Thereby, this study concludes that the provisions of the multilateral environmental and trade treaties interact in the international legal arena, emphasizing that the free trade system is inclined to adapt the environmental agenda among their concerns, responding to the challenge of promoting the balance between the norms of international law and coherence between these various treaties.

This thesis examines the topic of conflict of norms in European Union (EU) law and the legal reasoning of the European Court of Justice (ECJ), arguing that the framework of conflict of norms provides conceptual insight into justification and the role of value choices in legal reasoning. After examining the theory of conflict of norms, which seems to have been relatively under-studied generally and especially in EU law, it examines three particular aspects of norm conflict resolution in the legal reasoning of the ECJ and EU law: conflict of interpretative norms, especially the opposition between conserving and innovative interpretation; conflicts of human rights norms, looking in particular at the idea of a hierarchy of rights and of specificationism in the articulation of rights; and conflicts of competence norms. It concludes that the scope exists for a fuller justification of the choice of norms in the legal reasoning of the ECJ and generally in EU law and offers a perspective on how the values articulated by the EU suggest particular approaches to norm conflict resolution by the ECJ in its decision-making in these fields, in particular, a greater resort to lex specialis and originalist or historical interpretation, in contrast to its current method.

The accession process of Albania into the European Union is defined by the gradual fulfilling of the Copenhagen criteria. With the aim of promoting democratization reforms in candidate countries and improvement in the Copenhagen political criteria, the European Union has exerted pressure into domestic political structures in Albania through a series of Europeanization Mechanisms. This dissertation uses qualitative analysis to examine the impact of the Europeanization Mechanisms in the democratization process of Albania after the signing of the Stabilization and Association agreement. The theoretical domain of the research falls within Europeanization and Quality Democracy theory. The data gathered in the form of document analysis and interviews serve to test the hypothesis of the direct relationship of Europeanization an input in democratization in the case of Albania. The results suggest that both the conception and practical application of the Europeanization mechanisms with regards to the democratization process are faced with a series of challenges. Democratization is a process that combines structures, policies, and norms. In their current formulation, Europeanization mechanisms are able to affect only the first two. In terms of practical application, extreme polarization of Albania's...

關於WTO協定間條文與條文間之適用關係，依據小組所建立的原則，即基於WTO協定係屬一體承諾之性質，WTO協定下之義務應屬累積的義務，會員在任何時點均應遵守所有的義務，除非有形式上的衝突存在。然而，整個WTO協定包括了馬爾喀什建立WTO協定、商品貿易多邊協定、服務貿易總協定、智財權等不同部門的協定，到決議文、瞭解書等，有多達六十多種不同的法律文件。這些法律文件是在不同時期及不同背景下，經由不同的談判者所協商而成，而談判者在談判當時，對於各項法律文件間之關係未必有所認知並進一步地為適當的安排，因此未預見的重複、漏洞或衝突，即有可能產生。對於WTO協定條文間錯綜複雜的關係，WTO實務在若干案件中雖有所著墨，但對於何時應屬累積適用及何時構成法律衝突而具有排除適用之效果，並無一致性的判斷標準存在，因此本文即希望透過將WTO協定間法律適用關係之類型化，進而歸納出應屬累積適用關係及排除適用關係的條文，並尋求體系化及一致性的的判斷標準。 / Because of the Uruguay Round negotiations brought about a 'single WTO package' at a very late stage of the negotiations, the WTO system itself has not clearly regulated the issue of the possible relationships between provisions in GATT 1994 and other Annex 1A Agreements or provisions in different Agreements. The only linkages set out in WTO law are one general rule of prevalence, in case of conflict (the General Interpretative Note to Annex 1A) and several cross-references in individual Agreements. The authors submit that panels and the Appellate Body have so far identified four relationships between provisions of the WTO Agreements, which can be characterized as conflict, express derogation, confirming, and complementarity. These relationships have different legal effects on the application of the provisions concerned. Although it is not excluded that over time more types of relationships will be identified and developed, it is useful to take stock of the case law setting out the possible linkages. While not purporting to be exhaustive, the present work is an attempt to analyze the cases that appear to be the most significant for clarifying the different relationships.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-04-11T11:51:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Manuela Cibim Kallajian.pdf: 1500984 bytes, checksum: 2125d7520ca65bfcf362dbd27df720a6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-11T11:51:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Manuela Cibim Kallajian.pdf: 1500984 bytes, checksum: 2125d7520ca65bfcf362dbd27df720a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-07 / The solution to the conflict between the right to privacy and the rights to information and freedom of expression is often sought by doctrine and jurisprudence. The present study presents a way to solve the conflict between such rights from the legal hermeneutics. For this purpose, the right to privacy, the right to information and the right to freedom of expression were analyzed separately, under the perspective of personality rights and fundamental rights, both in national and in comparative law. Common hypotheses have been suggested where the right to privacy conflicts with the rights to information and freedom of expression in order to examine how doctrine and case law address the issue by upraising the main weighting criteria used. After finding that it is an apparent conflict of norms, the solution to the deadlock is presented through the technique of weighting indicating the main criteria for weighing, which should serve as parameters for the judicial decision, always aiming at the principle of dignity of human person / A solução para o conflito entre o direito à privacidade e os direitos à informação e à liberdade de expressão é frequentemente buscada pela doutrina e pela jurisprudência. O presente estudo apresenta uma forma de solver o choque entre tais direitos a partir da hermenêutica jurídica. Para tanto, foram analisados o direito à privacidade, o direito à informação e o direito à liberdade de expressão separadamente, sob a perspectiva de direitos da personalidade e de direitos fundamentais, tanto no âmbito nacional quanto no direito comparado. Foram indicadas hipóteses comuns em que o direito à privacidade entra em conflito com os direitos à informação e à liberdade de expressão com o objetivo de analisar como a doutrina e a jurisprudência enfrentam a questão, levantando-se os principais critérios de ponderação utilizados. Após a conclusão de que se trata de um aparente conflito de normas, apresenta-se a solução para o impasse através da técnica da ponderação com a indicação dos principais critérios de sopesamento que devem servir de parâmetros para a decisão judicial, sempre com vistas ao princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana

L’ère est au débat sur l’expansion désordonnée et la fragmentation du droit international. Après avoir mis tant d’années à résoudre la question ontologique du droit international (existe-t-il ou n’existe-t-il pas ?), l’angoisse de l’internationaliste se poursuit sous de nouveaux auspices : survivra-t-il ou ne survivra-t-il pas à son expansion le parcellisant ? Longtemps délaissée, la question des conflits de normes occupe désormais une place de choix dans ces questionnements. Les conflits de normes, traditionnellement définis comme situation dans laquelle une ou plusieurs normes imposent des obligations qu’il est impossible de satisfaire simultanément, posent un certain nombre de défis au droit international contemporain : bien évidemment quant à leur méthodes de résolution mais également quant à la perception que l’on se fait du droit international dans son ensemble. La question des conflits de normes et celle de l’organisation du droit international (ou surtout la perception que l’on retient) sont consubstantielles. Le problème des conflits de normes n’est ni abordé ou résolu en droit international de la même manière selon que l’on envisage le droit international comme un ordre juridique dont la qualité principale est l’unité (ce qui renvoie à un système clos, rejetant les éléments extérieurs et la pluralité) ou que l’on envisage le droit international comme un système juridique dont la qualité principale est la cohérence et l’organisation (acceptant ainsi la diversité en son sein, notamment l’existence de sous-systèmes). / After years of discussion on the existence of international law, International law scholars are currently focalizing on a new subject: the disordered expansion and the fragmentation of international law. Indeed, conflicts of norms appear to be a new source of anxiety raising a new question: will international law survive? The question focuses on situations where two or more international norms impose international obligations that cannot be simultaneously complied with, which is without doubt a real challenge for modern international law. Trying to resolve that issue requires having a look on the conflict of norms resolution methods, but not only. A more theorical interrogation, that is how international law is thought as a whole, is raised by these situations. Our research shows in that aspect that very different solutions to the issue are conceivable, depending on the conception of international law as a traditional united hierarchized legal system or as a complex and pluralistic “ensemble”.

Le droit international de la bioéthique, construction récente affiliée au système des droits de l'homme, s'élabore au carrefour de plusieurs ordres normatifs et sollicite, du point de vue de sa mise en œuvre, l'intervention d'une multitude de systèmes de régulation et de systèmes juridiques. Dans le contexte d'une crise de la régulation et compte tenu de la complexification et de la fragmentation du droit international, cette thèse propose de reconstruire une ontologie unitaire de l'ordre juridique international à partir d'une critique de l'épistémologie positiviste et de la conception de la mécanique normative qu'elle suppose. La bioéthique qui se conçoit comme une discipline de questionnement critique des principes qui fondent l'action humaine, opère tel un révélateur des contradictions normatives qui agissent au cœur de la structure des systèmes et des ordres juridiques. Ainsi, à partir de l'étude des conflits de valeurs, des conflits de normes, des conflits de droits, des conflits de systèmes juridiques et compte tenu de l'analyse des méthodes de neutralisation et de résolution mise en œuvre, au sein des différents systèmes juridiques, pour les traiter, cette thèse démontre la nécessité de concevoir le droit international comme un système dynamique, composé de normes et d'institutions entretenant entre eux des rapports de légitimité et d'effectivité, dont l'évolution générale est caractérisée par la non-linéarité. Dans cette perspective, cette thèse invite à concevoir la constitutionnalisation du droit international comme un processus dialectique impliquant une multitude de systèmes juridiques et institutionnels. / Bioethics in the field of human rights is a recent corpus of the international law. Biolaw instruments' had been elaborated at the crossroads of several normative orders.Their implementation requires the mobilization of a multitude of regulation systems. In the context of a crisis of legal regulation and considering the complexity and fragmentation of international law, this thesis suggests reconstructing a unified ontology of international law based on a critical appreciation of positivist epistemology. Bioethics, conceived as a critical discipline used to question principles which orient and justify human actions, reveals normative contradictions embedded in the structure of legal systems. Based on the study of conflicts between ethical values or between fundamental rights, norms conflict, conflict between legal systems and after having analyzed the methods used by international institutions to neutralize or resolve such contradictions, this thesis demonstrate the necessity to conceive international legal order as a dynamic system composed with heterogeneous norms and institutions linked by legitimacy and effectivity relationships. The evolution of international law can be characterized by non linearity and constitutionalization of international legal order appears as a dialectical process which requires the intervention of multiple international institutions and legal sub-systems.

No description available.