Across four self-contained essays, this dissertation seeks to identify which features make international organizations (IOs) effective peacemakers in modern civil wars. The first essay introduces an original dataset on the institutional design of 21 peace-brokering IOs between 1945 and 2010. The second essay contains a statistical study of 122 IO civil war mediation episodes, examining how variation in institutional design affects outcomes. The third essay presents an in-depth case study, comparing interventions by the Arab League and the United Nations in Syria in 2011 and 2012. The fourth essay is a statistical examination of how IO member state biases influence mediation effectiveness. Overall, this dissertation demonstrates that the performance of peace-brokering IOs cannot be accurately evaluated without taking institutional variation into account. IOs display considerable heterogeneity in de­sign and capabili­ties and this variation has implications for the nature and effectiveness of IO interventions. Quantitative evidence reveals that IOs with strongly centralized instruments for supporting mediation and, in particular, peacekeeping operations are more likely to end civil wars. Qualitative evidence shows that IOs with such capabilities can engage in interventions of greater scope and credibility, enhancing their ability to shape the calculations of civil war disputants. Combined, the studies suggest that although institutional capabilities are necessary for sustained intervention effectiveness, they are conditioned on other organizational attributes. IOs with high preference homogeneity can signal intervention durability, giving them an edge over IOs with divided memberships. IOs that contain member states that have pro­vided direct support to civil war disputants outperform IOs that lack such member states. / <p>This dissertation consists of four self-contained essays dealing with different aspects of conflict management by international organizations.</p><p>Essay 4 previously appeared in 2014 as “Leanings and dealings: Exploring bias and trade leverage in civil war mediation by international organizations” (<em>International Negotiation, 19</em>(2), 315–342).</p>

<p>The aim of this paper is to examine if the two latest Peace Plans in the Palestine-Israeli con-flict observes the sources of the conflict and presents measures in the purpose of solving them. The point of departure is William Azar’s theory of protracted social conflict (PSC). According to Azar, the internal sources of a PSC lies in three clusters of variables: the com-munal content of a society, the deprivation of human needs as an underlying source of PSC, and the role of the state in the deprivation or satisfaction of human needs. The study is de-signed as a multiple-case study where the units of analysis are the Roadmap to Peace and the Geneva Initiative. An analyze instrument, based on operationalization of Azar’s three clusters of internal sources of a PSC, is developed and used to analyze the Roadmap to peace and the Geneva Initiative. The conclusions are that the two Peace Plans observes and present meas-ures to solve the communal content of the conflict, but both Peace Plans are unsatisfactory in presenting measures aiming to solve problems related to the role of the state and human needs. Especially the acceptance need within the state is missing in the contents of the Peace Plans.</p>

This thesis applies securitisation theory to the Israeli-Palestinian case with a particular focus on the potential for desecuritisation processes arising from Israeli-Palestinian cooperation/coexistence efforts in peace education and water management. It aims to apply securitisation theory in general and the under-employed concept of desecuritisation in particular, to explore the limits and prospects as a theoretical framework. Concepts, arguments and assumptions associated with the securitisation theory of the Copenhagen School are considered. In this regard, the thesis makes a contribution to Security Studies through its application of securitisation theory and sheds light on a complex conflict situation. Based on an analytical framework that integrates the concept of desecuritisation with the concepts of peace-building and peace-making, the thesis pays attention to desecuritisation moves involving Israeli and Palestinian civil societies through peace education and water management. The thesis contributes to debates over the problems and prospects of reconciliation between Israelis and Palestinians, so making a significant empirical and theoretical contribution in the development of the concept of desecuritisation as a framework for analysing conflict resolution. The thesis develops an analytical framework that combines political level peace-making with civil society actors' peace-building efforts. These are seen as potential processes of desecuritisation; indeed, for desecuritisation to occur. The thesis argues that a combination of moves at both the political and societal levels is required. By contrast to securitisation processes which are mainly initiated by political andlor military elites with the moral consent of society (or 'audience' in Copenhagen School terms), processes of desecuritisation, especially in cases of protracted conflicts, go beyond the level of elites to involve society in cultural and structural peace-building programmes. Israeli-Palestinian peace education and water management cases are employed to illustrate this argument.

Je reconnais l’aide financière du Centre d’études ethniques des Universités montréalaises (CEETUM), du Ministère de l’Éducation – Aide Financières au Études (AFE), et ainsi que de l’Université de Montréal (Département de psychologie et Faculté des études supérieures) dans la réalisation de ce mémoire. / De plus en plus, les gens doivent apprendre à intégrer de nouvelles identités dans leur concept de soi, ce qui est souvent la source de conflits identitaires. Afin de réduire ces conflits identitaires, plusieurs chercheurs proposent que d’avoir des identités bien intégrées augmente le bien-être psychologique (Amiot, de la Sablonnière, Terry & Smith, 2007; Benet-Martinez & Haritatos, 2005; de la Sablonnière, Amiot, Sadykova, Cardenas, & Gorborukova, 2010). Jusqu’à ce jour, aucune stratégie favorisant cette intégration identitaire à été suggérée. Parallèlement, diverses études sur l’écriture démontrent qu’écrire aide à organiser et structurer les idées tout en augmentant le bien-être psychologique (Lyubomirsky, Sousa & Dickerhoof, 2006; Pennebaker & Graybeal,2001; Pennebaker & Seagal, 1999; Smyth, 1998). Notre hypothèse est que l'écriture faciliterait le processus d’intégration identitaire des identités conflictuelles dans le soi. Nos études 1 et 2 démontrent qu’écrire sur les conflits identitaires, comparativement à écrire sur un sujet neutre ou ne pas écrire, est associé à une augmentation de bien-être seulement chez les gens qui rapportent un haut niveau d’intégration identitaire. Nos études 3 et 4 confirment qu’en offrant plusieurs sessions d’écriture tout en adaptant les directives de rédaction, les participants augmentent leur niveau d’intégration identitaire et de bien-être indépendamment de leur niveau initial d’intégration identitaire. Des analyses de contenu sur les textes d’écriture des participants ont été étudiées afin d’approfondir notre compréhension. / More and more, people must learn to integrate new identities in their self-concept, which is often the source of identity conflicts. To reduce these identity conflicts, previous research suggests that high levels of identity integration increases psychological wellbeing (Amiot, de la Sablonnière, Terry & Smith, 2007; Benet-Martinez & Haritatos,2005; de la Sablonnière, Amiot, Sadykova, Cardenas, & Gorborukova, 2010). So far, no strategy to promote identity integration was suggested. In parallel, the action of writing about a negative experience demonstrates that writing helps organize and structure ideas while enhancing psychological well-being (Lyubomirsky, Sousa & Dickerhoof, 2006; Pennebaker & Graybeal, 2001; Pennebaker & Seagal, 1999; Smyth, 1998). Thus, we hypothesize that writing will facilitate the integration of conflicting identities into the self. Studies 1 and 2 reveal that writing about identity conflicts, as compared to writing about a neutral topic or no writing, is associated with superior levels of psychological well-being only for participants scoring high on identity integration. Studies 3 and 4 confirm that several writing sessions using clearer writing instructions helped participants to increase both levels of identity integration and psychological well-being regardless of the initial level of identity integration. Analyses of participants’ written content were performed to deepen our understanding.

La présente étude avait pour but de déterminer si un programme de prévention de la violence par l’entraînement aux habiletés en résolution de conflits et en médiation pouvait avoir une incidence sur la motivation scolaire et le sentiment d’appartenance à l’école. De par ses trois missions fondamentales (instruire, qualifier et socialiser), l’école québécoise est pour l’élève à la fois un milieu de vie et un milieu d’apprentissage. Toutefois, des problèmes de comportement et de motivation à apprendre peuvent freiner la réussite de certains jeunes. Pour remédier à la situation, des programmes visant à améliorer le comportement des élèves et à prévenir la violence à l’école ont été mis sur pied et évalués, indiquant une amélioration de certains comportements. Quelques études ont aussi noté une corrélation entre ces programmes et la motivation à apprendre. Sachant que l’adoption de buts de maîtrise et le sentiment d’appartenance à l’école sont des variables qui agissent positivement sur la motivation à apprendre, il est pertinent de se demander si un tel programme peut avoir une incidence sur ces variables. Des analyses secondaires de données issues du Rapport final d’évaluation des impacts du programme Vers le pacifique pour les quatre années de sa mise en œuvre (Bowen, 2006) ont été effectuées afin de vérifier si le programme Vers le Pacifique avait un impact sur les buts de maîtrise et le sentiment d’appartenance et déterminer quels comportements appris grâce au programme agissaient sur ces deux mêmes variables. De plus, le sexe des participants, ainsi que le niveau d’implantation du programme dans les écoles, ont été considérés dans les analyses. Les résultats aux analyses de variance ont révélé que le programme Vers le pacifique n’avait pas d’incidence sur les buts de maîtrise et le sentiment d’appartenance. Peu importe le groupe et le sexe, les buts de maîtrise et le sentiment d’appartenance ont diminué au deuxième temps de mesure. Toutefois, un des comportements appris grâce à Vers le pacifique, la gestion des émotions, agit positivement sur l’adoption de buts de maîtrise. À la lumière de ces résultats, qui cadrent avec certaines théories présentes dans la littérature, il est recommandé aux praticiens d’intégrer de manière plus explicite un volet motivationnel au programme Vers le pacifique, dans le but de contrer la diminution des buts de maîtrise et du sentiment d’appartenance et ainsi favoriser le développement de la motivation à apprendre et la réussite scolaire. / The object of the present study was to evaluate the impact of a conflict resolution and mediation training program on student’s motivation and sense of belonging to school. By its three fundamental missions (instruct, qualify and socialize), Quebec’school system serves as a living and a learning environement for its students. However, behaviour and/or school motivation problems can have a negative impact on some students’ achievement. Taking in consideration those problematic issues, schools have implemented programs in order to prevent violence and improve student’s behaviour. Different evaluations of these programs indicated an improvement of certain behaviours and a correlation with some aspects of school motivation. Considering that mastery-oriented goals and the sense of belonging to school are factors that contribute to school motivation, it is relevant to ask if such a program may have an impact on these variables. A secondary analysis of data from Rapport final d’évaluation des impacts du programme Vers le pacifique pour les quatre années de sa mise en œuvre (Bowen, 2006) was conducted in order to verify if the program Vers le pacifique had an impact on mastery-oriented goals and the sense of belonging to school, and to determine which specific students’ behaviours developped through this program had an impact on these two factors. Furthermore, sex and level of implementation of the program in the school were taken in consideration for these analysis. Multivariate and univariate analysis results reveal that Vers le pacifique program does not have a significant impact on mastery-oriented goals and sense of belonging. Both variables decreased over time, whatever the sex or level of implementation of the program. Yet, one of the behaviours developped through the program, emotion management, has a positive impact on students’ mastery-oriented goals. These results, consistent with some theories from the literature, lead to recommendations such as implementing a complementary motivationnal component to Vers le pacifique. Thereby, it might be possible to counteract the decrease over time of mastery-oriented goals and sense of belonging to school, while promoting school motivation and success.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Motivada pelos dados alarmantes da Organização Mundial de Saúde, do Mapa da Violência no Brasil sobre a violência juvenil contra a mulher e pelo constante questionamento do público sobre influências midiáticas no processo da violência na juventude, a presente pesquisa teve como objeto de estudo os conflitos interpessoais vividos pela protagonista da história em quadrinhos Miss Marvel: Nada Normal (Wilson & Alphona, 2015). O intuito da pesquisa foi observar como se dá a representação da figura feminina na protagonista da história em quadrinhos e como os conflitos são abordados HQ, analisando suas situações eliciadoras, afetos provocados, estratégias de resolução, desfechos e, consequentemente, o processamento cognitivo e a avaliação do conflito. Foram também objetivos propor questionamentos e contribuir para a criação de debate sobre como as mulheres são representadas em suas escolhas de estratégias de resolução de conflitos interpessoais. Metodologicamente, realizou-se pesquisa documental da história em quadrinhos em questão, observando a representação feminina da protagonista em seus conflitos, categorizando suas estratégias de resolução e analisando-as à luz das perspectivas da psicologia intercultural. Os resultados apontam para um número considerável de estratégias submissas, bem como para maior presença de estratégias assertivas em detrimento de estratégias agressivas, além da influência do gênero sobre os estilos de resolução. Concluiu-se que tais resultados vão ao encontro dos encontrados em pesquisas de campo que identificaram tal tendência de resolução de conflitos interpessoais entre jovens do gênero feminino. Faz-se necessária a realização de pesquisa empírica sobre a utilização de histórias em quadrinhos como instrumento para discussão dos estilos de resolução de conflitos, de maneiras mais assertivas e que visem a manutenção das relações e, ainda, a promoção da desnaturalização da violência contra a mulher / The object of study of this research concerns interpersonal conflicts faced by the lead character of the comic novel Miss Marvel: No Normal (Wilson & Alphona, 2014) and was motivated by alarming data from the World Health Organization, the Survey on Juvenile Violence against Women in Brazil and the constant questioning by the public of the media influence in violence processes. The aim of the research was to observe how the female figure of the lead character of the comic novel is represented, as well as how the conflicts are approached, analyzing eliciting situations, affections, strategies for resolution, outcomes and, consequently, the cognitive processing and the conflict assessment. It was also the object of the research to pose questions and contribute to the debate as to how women are represented in their choices of strategies of interpersonal conflict resolution. As to the method, a documental research of the comic novel at issue was carried out, observing the female representation of the lead character in her conflicts, categorizing her resolution strategies and analyzing them in light of intercultural psychology perspectives. The results point to a considerable number of submissive strategies, as well as to a larger presence of assertive strategies to the detriment of aggressive strategies, in addition to the gender influence on resolution styles. It was possible to conclude that such results are aligned with the ones acknowledged in field researches that identify such trend for interpersonal conflict resolution among female youth. It is necessary to carry out an empirical research on the use of comic novels as an instrument to discuss conflict resolution styles, in more assertive manners and that aim at the maintenance of relations, and yet the promotion of the denaturalization of violence against women

O presente trabalho versa sobre meios alternativos de solução de conflitos na Administração Pública. A dissertação teve por escopo propor diretrizes contributivas para a instituição e o funcionamento da Câmara de Prevenção e Resolução Administrativa de Conflitos do Estado do Tocantins, a ser implantada em atenção ao disposto no artigo 174 do Código de Processo Civil de 2015 e no artigo 32 da Lei de Mediação, considerando que o conjunto legislativo delineou os traços fundamentais das câmaras congêneres, a serem criadas no âmbito das Administrações Públicas, remetendo, porém, aos entes federativos a regulação do modo de composição, do funcionamento e demais especificidades. A escassez de parâmetros objetivos de regulamentação desafia as Administrações Públicas a tornarem efetivas as mencionadas câmaras. Assim, mediante pesquisa eminentemente bibliográfica e documental, foram investigados os fundamentos teóricos que embasam a utilização de mecanismos de consensualidade no âmbito da Administração Pública, especialmente a partir da consensualidade administrativa expressa na administração pública dialógica ou democrática, qualificada pela participação do administrado na formação da vontade administrativa, assim como manifestada no incremento da atividade contratual e na gestão por acordos, vertente na qual se incluiu os meios alternativos de solução de conflitos envolvendo a Administração Pública. A viabilidade e possibilidade jurídica da negociação na prevenção e solução de conflitos envolvendo órgãos e entidades da Administração Pública foram discutidas mediante a exposição dos argumentos que fundamentaram objeções à transação nas controvérsias de tal natureza, assim como foram estudadas a principiologia e as diretrizes que orientam a legislação recém-mencionada. Foi também investigada a Câmara de Conciliação e Arbitragem da Administração Federal, atrelada à Advocacia-Geral da União, por considerar que a experiência da União na gestão extrajudicial e consensual de seus próprios conflitos inspira os dispositivos legais. A partir deste percurso e da análise crítica da experiência concreta da União, foram apresentadas diretrizes contributivas para a instituição e o funcionamento da câmara local, vinculada à Procuradoria-Geral do Estado. / This paper discusses the alternative means of conflict resolution in Public Administration. Therefore, the purpose of the dissertation was to propose contributory guidelines for the institution and operation of the Chamber of Prevention and Administrative Resolution of Conflicts of the State of Tocantins, to be implemented in compliance with the provisions of article 174 of the Code of Civil Procedure of 2015 and article 32 of Law of Mediation, considering that the legislative set delineated the fundamental features of the congeners chambers, to be created within the scope of the Public Administrations, referring, however, to the federative entities, the regulation of the way of composition, functioning and other specificities. The scarcity of objective parameters of regulations challenges Public Administrations to make the aforementioned chambers effective. Thus, through an eminently bibliographical and documentary research, the theoretical foundations underlying the use of consensuality mechanisms within the Public Administration were investigated, especially from the administrative consensuality expressed in the dialogical or democratic public administration, qualified by the participation of the administered in the formation of the Administrative will , as well as manifested in the increment of the contractual activity and management of agreements, which included the alternative means of conflict resolution involving the Public Administration. The viability and legal possibility of negotiation in the prevention and resolution of conflicts involving public administration entities were discussed through the explosion of the arguments that grounded the objections to the transaction in the controversies of this nature, therefore the principiology and principles guiding that oriented the Legislation mention before were also studied. The Chamber of Conciliation and Arbitration of the Federal Administration, linked to the Federal Attorney General's Office, was also investigated, considering that the Union's experience in the extrajudicial and consensual management of its own conflicts inspires legal provisions. From this path and the critical analysis of the concrete experience of the Union, it was presented contributory guidelines for the establishment and functioning of the local chamber, linked to the Attorney General's Office.

Através do Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento, o Brasil passou a receber diversos empreendimentos na área de infraestrutura. São muitos os projetos em fases de planejamento ou já em execução, em sua maioria localizados em regiões historicamente esquecidas pelo poder público. Os conflitos ocasionados por tais empreendimentos, envolvendo empresas e comunidades, caracterizam-se como sendo complexos, revelando desequilíbrios de poder e envolvimento de diversos atores. Tomando o conceito de conflito a partir das contribuições de Simmel, e entendendo que ele se manifesta também em aspecto latente, como na subjetividade e na formação de identidades, o conflito somente pode ser administrado por meio de métodos que consigam atuar em todos os seus níveis. O presente trabalho tem como objetivos centrais o de entender como o método da mediação pode contribuir para administrar os conflitos entre empresas e comunidades e investigar como estes conflitos estão sendo resolvidos, hoje, no Brasil. A metodologia utilizada foi qualitativa, por meio de exaustivas leituras de fontes primárias, secundárias e terciárias. Também foi feito o uso de entrevistas in loco e à distância, com lideranças e especialistas. Estudos e entrevistas in loco também foram utilizadas em dois casos: Usina Hidrelétrica de Belo Monte e Mina de Juruti. Os resultados obtidos versam sobre as possibilidades e resultados do uso da mediação em conflitos complexos envolvendo empresas e comunidades, criando paradigmas e indo além dos casos estudados aqui. Portanto, este trabalho conclui que, apesar do incentivo de uso de métodos alternativos (consensuais), os conflitos ainda são largamente resolvidos apenas pelas formas tradicionais da justiça brasileira. Como consequência, temos soluções de baixa qualidade para todas as partes envolvidas. A mediação, por sua vez, se mostra como um método bastante eficaz, com potencial de reconciliar e prevenir novos conflitos. Logo, ela deve ser institucionalmente incentivada e merece ser muito mais explorada para administrar os tipos de conflitos aqui estudados. / Through the Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento (Growth Acceleration Program), Brazil started developing several infrastructure projects. There are many initiatives at the planning stage and many are already implemented, mostly of them in regions historically forgotten by the government. The conflicts caused by these projects, which involves companies and communities, are characterized as being complex, revealing imbalances of power and the involvement of several actors. Considering Simmel\'s concept of conflict, and understanding that it manifests itself also in a latent aspect, such as subjectivity and the formation of identities, conflict can only be managed through methods that can deal with all of its several levels. The main objectives of this work is to understand how the mediation method can contribute to manage conflicts between companies and communities and to investigate how these conflicts are being solved today in Brazil. The methodology used was qualitative, through exhaustive readings of primary, secondary and tertiary sources. It was also used on-site and remotely interviews with leaders and specialists, besides case studies, such as Belo Monte Hydroelectric Plant and Juruti Mine. The results obtained are related to the possibilities and results of the use of mediation in complex conflicts involving companies and communities, creating paradigms and going beyond the examples used here. Therefore, this work concludes that, despite the growing incentive to use alternative (consensual) methods, conflicts are still largely solved only by the traditional system of Brazilian justice. As a consequence, we have low quality solutions for all parties involved. Mediation, in turn, has proven to be a very effective method with the potential to reconcile and prevent further conflicts. Hence, it should be institutionally encouraged and deserves to be much more explored to manage the type of conflicts studied here.

"Current approaches to design are often serial and iterative in nature, leading to poor quality of design and reduced productivity. Complex artifacts are designed by groups of experts, each with his/her own area of expertise. Hence design can be modeled as a cooperative multi-agent problem-solving task, where different agents possess different expertise and evaluation criteria. New techniques for Concurrent Design, which emphasize parallel interaction among design experts involved, are needed. During this concurrent design process, disagreements may arise among the expert agents as the design is being produced. The process by which these differences are resolve to arrive at a common set of design decisions is called Negotiation. The main issues associated with the negotiation process are, whether negotiation should be centralized or distributed, the language of communication and the negotiation strategy. The goals of this thesis are to study the work done by various researchers in this field, to do a comarative analysis of their work and to design and implement an approach to handle negotiation between expert agents in an existing Concurrent Engineering Design System."