This study examines the role of three institutional factors (regulative; normative and cultural-cognitive pillars of institutions) in addressing agency problems of Australia. In the wake of the series of corporate collapses of current decade, director and executive remuneration was identified as one of the major causes behind these scandals. The Australian government and other related organisations made both regulative and non-regulative institutional reforms to manage this agency conflict. These reforms, encapsulated in Corporate Law Economic Reform Program (CLERP) Act 2004 demanded an increased level of disclosure of director and executive remuneration particularly, the disclosure of performance based salary. Subsequently, these amendments provided an opportunity through a non-binding vote to shareholders to participate in executive remuneration decisions. This study proposes a new synthesis of institutional and agency theories by examining how institutional interventions addresses agency conflicts in the Australian context. A conceptual model is developed to measure both the conjoined and distinctive institutional impact on the disclosure level of director and executive remuneration in Australia. To measure and quantify the aforementioned impact a mixed method research strategy was used. First, content analysis as an investigative tool was used to develop a disclosure index which determined the level of disclosure of director and executive remuneration from top 100 Australian listed entities. Second, a conceptual model, positing the relationships between independent and dependent variables was verified through an econometric analysis of collected data, performed through the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 15. The findings of this research reveal that there exists a significant difference between the levels of disclosure in the pre and post stages of the introduction of the CLERP Act 2004. This result highlights the significance of regulatory intervention in addressing agency conflicts. The study also indicates that regulative and normative pillars have a higher impact than the culture-cognitive pillar on disclosure practices of Australian firms. In light of these results, the new blend between agency and institutional theories highlight the role of different institutions, particularly the government, in stabilising the organisational practices for good governance and creating national competitive advantages.

Thesis (LL. M.)--Judge Advocate General's School, United States Army, 1991. / "April 1991." Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 82-100). Also issued in microfiche.

O objetivo da presente pesquisa é examinar qual a associação entre quatro diferentes tipos de conflitos de agência previamente estudados pela literatura de governança: entrincheiramento do gestor, consumo de perquisites, decisões de liquidez e tomada de risco. Para tanto, inicialmente detalharam-se a origem e as diferenças entre esses quatro conflitos estudados. A seguir, fez-se a revisão de diferentes mecanismos de governança corporativa potencialmente capazes de mitigar esses conflitos. Também se identificaram, ao nível do país, índices de proteção à riqueza e aos direitos dos investidores acionistas e credores que a literatura anterior comumente sugere serem capazes de mitigar esses conflitos. Ao todo, foram analisadas 7.994 firmas de 35 países entre os anos 2010 e 2013 (aproximadamente, 22.000 observações-ano). Ao longo do trabalho, cinco diferentes hipóteses de pesquisa foram discutidas e testadas. Resumidamente, encontraram-se evidências consistentes de que gestores entrincheirados mantêm maiores níveis de liquidez e que maiores níveis de liquidez estão associados com maior consumo de perquisites. Há evidências também de que o entrincheiramento do gestor, via alta concentração de propriedade acionária e via participação no conselho de administração, altera suas preferências de consumo de perquisites e de risco. Em geral, essa tese sugere que os conflitos de agência estão associados e que, especialmente, o entrincheiramento do gestor altera suas preferências em relação aos três outros conflitos. / The purpose of this research is to investigate what is the association between four agency con icts that are studied by previous corporate governance literature: managerial entrenchment, perquisites consumption, cash holdings and risk-taking. Initially, I detail the source and di erences between these agency con icts. Then, I discuss different types of governance mechanisms that are potential candidates to mitigate these con icts. Furthermore, I collect and discuss country-level investor protection indices that relate to the protection of shareholders' and the creditors' rights, and that help to mitigate these con icts. The nal sample contains 7.994 rms from 35 countries analyzed from 2010 until 2013 (almost 22.000 year-observations). I discuss and empirically test ve hypothesis. In a nutshell, there is consistent evidence that entrenched managers choose higher levels of cash holdings, and that cash holdings are positively associated with perquisites consumption. There is also evidence that managerial entrenchment, either via high managerial ownership concentration or via CEO duality, changes managers' preferences over the consumption of perquisites and risk-taking. In general, this thesis suggests that di erent agency con icts are associated and that entrenchment a ects managerial preferences over the three remaining conflicts.

The thesis aims to discuss effectiveness of the international conflict resolution in the region of the South Caucasus, analyzing the challenges to international efforts to solve the three conflict cases: the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh is among the frozen disputes in the region, the others Abkhazia and the South Ossetia are nominally independent states, however de facto occupied by Russia. It is the fact that three regional players Russia, Turkey and Iran and global players Russia, US, EU have different type of impacts to conflict settlements in the region which directly relate to their political and economic interests. Therefore, after two decades of mediation by powerful states provided no final resolution with numerous attempts at mediation, wherein the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) has taken the lead. The complicated and interdepended relations of states make this region highly sensitive area for war and peace in the world theatrical chessboard. Author also analyzes the effectiveness of conflict management between the parties by focusing on conflicts in the South Caucasus region mentioning their historical, political, security and ethnic dimensions, where international organizations, namely OSCE, UN, EU involve.

FELIX, Francisco Kennedy Leite. Território, poder e litígio: conflitos territoriais entre Parambu (CE) e Pimenteiras (PI). 2015. 164 f. Dissertação (mestrado em geografia)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2015. / Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-03-31T19:59:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_fklfelix.pdf: 21577941 bytes, checksum: 016b7c22671682b32176f0d064b1d793 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-05-18T21:23:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_fklfelix.pdf: 21577941 bytes, checksum: 016b7c22671682b32176f0d064b1d793 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-18T21:23:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_fklfelix.pdf: 21577941 bytes, checksum: 016b7c22671682b32176f0d064b1d793 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / The territorial configuration of Ceará will take place at first by the Portuguese colonization and the withdrawal of Indian territory for the livestock. And, in a second time from triggering a trade flow and services from the products obtained from cattle raising. Over the years many districts failed political emancipation, going to a municipality, taken often by political interests linked to landowners, which had no legal and judicial criteria for delimitation of borders, creating areas of dispute between the municipalities own state and municipalities with neighboring states. We have an example of Ceará the dispute area with other Northeastern states, that have occurred with the Rio Grande do Norte as the definition of the boundary of the Apodi plateau; and Piaui, as the definition of the limit of the Chapada Ibiapaba. That being last the object of study of this work, but precisely in the dispute area between the towns of Parambu (CE) and Pimenteiras (PI), located in the region of Inhamuns the state of Ceará. The creation and dissolution of municipalities for reasons mostly politicians, who did not take into account any legal basis, has made several litigation areas were created in the territory of these two states. Generating various conflicts that are reflected to this day, with the main actors involved squatters and landowners in the region. These conflicts eventually demonstrate the power relations in the field as well as its contradictions. The lack of a solution to these problems further increases the tension among residents, who suffer from the lack of public policies that meet their aspirations possession of the land and better quality of life. According to this scenario, the general objective is to analyze the territorial conflicts occurring the dispute area between Ceará and Piauí, highlighting the municipalities of Parambu and Pimenteiras. To achieve this goal we tried to discuss the geographical, historical, economic and political processes that led to litigation training in the territory under the influence of these municipalities; map the territorial spatiality of the communities involved in the litigation area; analyzing the intervention proposals of both governments in the search for resolution of this problem. Thus we seek to carry out a qualitative work, based on the dialectical method. The working procedures were organized around five areas: literature review, document search, visit the institutions that work with the topic, fieldwork, tabulation and analysis of data. We can see that the issues of this dispute area are political problems, mainly characterized by administrative disobedience, on both sides, which has in this area a source of votes of achievements through licit and illicit, requiring immediate intervention of the government to solve this question, since the population is totally unassisted their rights as citizens. / A configuração territorial do estado do Ceará ocorreu em um primeiro momento a partir da colonização portuguesa e da retirada do indígena do território destinado à pecuária. E, em um segundo momento, a partir do desencadeamento de um fluxo comercial e de serviços oriundos dos produtos obtidos a partir da criação do gado. Com o passar dos anos, diversos distritos conseguiram emancipação política, passando à categoria de município, tomada, muitas vezes, por interesses políticos ligados aos latifundiários, em que não se tinha nenhum critério legal e jurídico para a delimitação de fronteiras; criando assim, áreas de litígio entre municípios do próprio estado quanto com municípios de estados vizinhos. Temos como exemplo de área de litígio do Ceará com outros estados do Nordeste, os ocorridos com o Rio Grande do Norte quanto a definição do limite da chapada do Apodi; e com o Piauí, quanto a definição do limite da Chapada da Ibiapaba. Sendo esse último o objeto de estudo desse trabalho, na área de litígio entre os municípios de Parambu (CE) e Pimenteiras (PI). A criação e extinção de municípios por motivos, em sua maioria, políticos, que não levavam em consideração nenhuma base legal, fez com que fossem criadas diversas áreas de litígio no território destes dois estados. Sendo que isso gerou diversos conflitos que se refletem até os dias atuais, tendo como principais atores envolvidos os posseiros e os latifundiários da região. Esses conflitos acabam por demonstrar as relações de poder existentes no campo, bem como suas contradições. A falta de uma solução para esses problemas aumenta ainda mais o clima de tensão entre os moradores, que sofrem com a falta de políticas públicas que supram seus anseios de posse pela terra e melhor qualidade de vida. De acordo com essa conjuntura, o objetivo geral do trabalho é analisar os conflitos territoriais ocorrente da área de litígio entre Ceará e Piauí, com destaque para os municípios de Parambu e Pimenteiras. Para atingir esse objetivo, buscou-se discutir os processos geográficos, históricos, econômicos e políticos que levaram a formação de litígio no território sob influência desses municípios; mapear a espacialidade territorial das comunidades envolvidas na área de litígio e analisar as propostas de intervenção dos dois estados na busca pela resolução dessa problemática. Dessa forma, procuramos realizar um trabalho de natureza qualitativa, calcada no método dialético. Os procedimentos de trabalho se organizaram em torno de cinco eixos: revisão bibliográfica, pesquisa documental, visita a instituições que trabalham com o tema, pesquisa de campo, tabulação e análise dos dados. Podemos perceber que as questões dessa área de litígio são problemas políticos, caracterizada, principalmente, por desobediência administrativa, de ambas as partes, que tem nessa área uma fonte de conquistas de votos por meios lícitos e ilícitos, sendo necessária uma intervenção imediata do poder público para solucionar tal questão, uma vez que a população encontra-se totalmente desassistida dos seus direitos enquanto cidadãos.

O objetivo da presente pesquisa é examinar qual a associação entre quatro diferentes tipos de conflitos de agência previamente estudados pela literatura de governança: entrincheiramento do gestor, consumo de perquisites, decisões de liquidez e tomada de risco. Para tanto, inicialmente detalharam-se a origem e as diferenças entre esses quatro conflitos estudados. A seguir, fez-se a revisão de diferentes mecanismos de governança corporativa potencialmente capazes de mitigar esses conflitos. Também se identificaram, ao nível do país, índices de proteção à riqueza e aos direitos dos investidores acionistas e credores que a literatura anterior comumente sugere serem capazes de mitigar esses conflitos. Ao todo, foram analisadas 7.994 firmas de 35 países entre os anos 2010 e 2013 (aproximadamente, 22.000 observações-ano). Ao longo do trabalho, cinco diferentes hipóteses de pesquisa foram discutidas e testadas. Resumidamente, encontraram-se evidências consistentes de que gestores entrincheirados mantêm maiores níveis de liquidez e que maiores níveis de liquidez estão associados com maior consumo de perquisites. Há evidências também de que o entrincheiramento do gestor, via alta concentração de propriedade acionária e via participação no conselho de administração, altera suas preferências de consumo de perquisites e de risco. Em geral, essa tese sugere que os conflitos de agência estão associados e que, especialmente, o entrincheiramento do gestor altera suas preferências em relação aos três outros conflitos. / The purpose of this research is to investigate what is the association between four agency con icts that are studied by previous corporate governance literature: managerial entrenchment, perquisites consumption, cash holdings and risk-taking. Initially, I detail the source and di erences between these agency con icts. Then, I discuss different types of governance mechanisms that are potential candidates to mitigate these con icts. Furthermore, I collect and discuss country-level investor protection indices that relate to the protection of shareholders' and the creditors' rights, and that help to mitigate these con icts. The nal sample contains 7.994 rms from 35 countries analyzed from 2010 until 2013 (almost 22.000 year-observations). I discuss and empirically test ve hypothesis. In a nutshell, there is consistent evidence that entrenched managers choose higher levels of cash holdings, and that cash holdings are positively associated with perquisites consumption. There is also evidence that managerial entrenchment, either via high managerial ownership concentration or via CEO duality, changes managers' preferences over the consumption of perquisites and risk-taking. In general, this thesis suggests that di erent agency con icts are associated and that entrenchment a ects managerial preferences over the three remaining conflicts.

abstract: Empirical research has supported that higher behavioral engagement with and higher affective pride toward the LGBTQ+ community are associated with greater psychological well-being among Latinx sexual minorities (e.g., lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, etc.). Less is known, however, about predictors of sexual identity development among Latinx sexual minorities. This study explores how heterosexist discrimination may be related to the exploration and affirmation of one’s sexual minority identity. Conversely, conflicts in allegiance (CIA), that is, the experience of perceived incompatibility Latinx sexual minorities may experience between their racial-ethnic and sexual minority identities, was examined as a potential negative correlate. This study applies a rejection-identification model and identity development theories to test the associations between heterosexist discrimination, conflicts in allegiances and sexual identity constructs (LGBTQ+ behavioral engagement and affective pride). Among a sample of 366 Latinx sexual minorities, this study found both heterosexist discrimination and conflicts in allegiances were significant predictors of LGBTQ+ behavioral engagement and affective pride. Additionally, data supported two mediational models that tested relations between heterosexist discrimination, LGBTQ+ behavioral engagement, and affective pride. This study contributes to our understanding of sexual minority identity among Latinx individuals. These findings can assist helping professionals and community centers in promoting psychological well-being among Latinx sexual minority individuals by informing identity-affirming practices and interventions. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Counseling Psychology 2018

In many parts of Africa, large herbivores find their way into private lands, competing for forage with livestock and destroying crops. In Kenya, elephants (Loxodonta africana) pose a real threat to subsistence farmers at the interface between the elephants’ range and agricultural land. Conservation and land use strategies and policies in Kenya do not take into account the needs of the rural poor and tend to prioritise wildlife protection at the expense of the people. At the same time, rapid population growth has put protected areas under intense pressure through encroachment. Human-elephant conflict is only a microcosm of the wider ecological struggle for survival between humans and wildlife. In this study, data is analysed on the human-elephant conflict in the subsistence smallholder farming areas in south-western Laikipia. The study investigated the human-elephant conflict patterns and the various measures deployed by smallholder farmers to protect their crops from elephant incursions. The results show that: 1) Crop raiding is the most common form of HEC in Laikipia, 2) Farmers in Laikipia extensively deployed traditional techniques, 3) Contrary to the widely held inefficacy of these techniques, they were effective in the short term, 4) Most HEC incidents were not detected while in progress and 5) The Kenya Wildlife Service was unable to attend to many complaints despite nearly all the incidents being reported. Based on the interpretation of the results, two models for coping with human-elephant conflict are identified: 1) To strengthen the capacities (traditional conflict mitigation techniques) and the knowledge of the local people sharing their landscape with elephants to cope with human-elephant conflict and 2) The promotion of alternative livelihoods that consider wildlife compatible practices through a comprehensive land use and conservation policy review to integrate both human and wildlife needs.

In this interview, the authors explain about the importance and current panorama of the mining activity in Peru, that has generated great benefits for this country. Furthermore, they discussed the major internal and external problems facing the mining industry in the country, and the ways in which these problems have been resolved through new laws. Finally, they give importance to the changes occurring in the international panorama, and that affect the internal mining industry of each country. / En la presente entrevista, los autores explican sobre la importancia y el actual panorama de la actividad minera en el Perú, que ha generado grandes beneficios para el país. Asimismo, comentan los principales problemas internos y externos que enfrenta la industria minera en el país, y las formas en que estos se han ido resolviendo a través de nuevas leyes. Finalmente, se da importancia a los cambios que se dan en el panorama internacional y afectan a la industria minera interna de cada país.

In the various debates on globalization, it has often been understood as a process that empowers multinational capital vis-à-vis local communities and workers. This paper is an attempt to uncover some alternative effects of globalization, or more precisely, how globalization can also open political spaces for local communities to campaign and negotiate for their livelihoods. Through a case study of the conflicts around mining in Tambogrande, the paper shows how this community managed to stop a mining project that it considered destructive. The study explores the political strategies of narrative construction, and the way the opposition narrative was articulated across scales. The opposition narrative was strategically constructed to draw on the national identification with lemon-based dishes and the international strength of the democratization discourse. The Tambogrande case illustrates how a local community can be empowered by aspects of globalization that enables networking and rescaling of narratives. / En los diversos debates sobre globalización, este se ha entendido a menudo, como un proceso que fortalece el capital multinacional en comparación de las comunidades y trabajadores locales. El presente artículo intenta revelar algunos efectos alternativos de la globalización, o más exactamente, de cómo la globalización puede también abrir espacios políticos donde las comunidades locales accionen y negocien su sustento. A través de un estudio de caso sobre los conflictos alrededor del proyecto de explotación minera en Tambogrande, se aborda el como esta comunidad logró evitar un proyecto de explotación minera que consideraba destructivo.El estudio explora las estrategias políticas de la construcción de narrativas, y la manera en que la narrativa de la oposición al proyecto minero fue articulada a través de escalas. Esta narrativa fue construida estratégicamente sobre la base de su identificación con caracteres de identidad nacional como los platos típicos basados en limón y con el uso del prestigio internacional del discurso sobre democratización. El caso de Tambogrande ilustra cómo una comunidad local puede ser fortalecida por aspectos de la globalización que permiten el establecimiento de una red y el uso de narrativas a diversas escalas.