Les conflits sont tellement fréquents en Afrique sub-saharienne depuis les indépendances qu'on en a malheureusement pris l'habitude. Cette fréquence semble conforter l'idée que les Africains sont dans l'incapacité congénitale à gérer leurs pays et leurs ressources. Très souvent également, on considère que les conflits africains procèdent de la "culture" africaine qui serait par définition violente et agressive . Si les conflits sont manifestement une entrave au développement, ils sont aussi le résultat de l'absence de développement en Afrique.L'objectif de cette thèse est de comprendre les fondements économiques des conflits armés en Afrique sub-saharienne. c'est-à-dire que nous allons partir à la recherche des causes économiques des conflits. Les principales variables observées sont, le PIB par tête, l'aide internationale, les matières premières exportables, la dette du gouvernement, l'investissement direct étranger, la population, l'alimentation et l'eau. Nous postulons que tout processus permettant d'améliorer le développement économique des pays de l'Afrique noire est un moyen pour éviter un commencement de conflits. / Conflicts are frequent in sub-saharan African countries since their independence and unfortunately people consider such situation to be normal. This frequency seems to reinforce the idea that Africans are naturally unable to manage their resources. African conflicts are also very often considered as a result of African culture, which is termed as a violent and agressuve. If conflicts are obviously an obstacle to development, they are also the consequence of undevelopment in Africa.The objective of the PhD is to understand the ceonomic basis of armed conflicts in sub-saharan Africa. In other words, we seek toidentify economic causes of conflicts. The main variables observed are GDP per capita, international aid, raw materials for export, government debt, foreign direct investment, population, food and water. We confirm that any process that helps improve economic development in sub-saharan African countries is a way to avoid new conflicts.

The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has been ravished by internal conflicts for the past two decades. These conflicts have come at a great cost to the people of the DRC, often resulting in a number of human rights atrocities. These atrocities range from the loss of life, resulted in internal displacement and creation of refugees’ communities, as well as the destruction of property and infrastructure , all contributing to prevailing conditions of poverty and deep societal divisions. While there are many underlying factors that fuel these conflicts, the key drivers of the conflict are linked to the unequal distribution of the DRC’s national resources and the mismanagement of public services. Intense frustration and a sense of helplessness to change the status quo have repeatedly manifested itself in a cycle of war and ethnic cleansing. In this regard, the pattern of conflicts has been the manifestation of the frustration of the Congolese people as a whole. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2010. / A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Prof. Nico Steytler at the Faculty of Law, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa. 2010. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

Selynn Yan Ting Lim Abstract The thesis endeavours to use the concept of relative deprivation to explain and account for the reasons behind the various manifestations of political and religious tension in Indonesia. From the most recent series of bombings in Surabaya in 2018, to the conflicts in the Maluku Islands back in 1999, it is undeniable that Indonesia is not immune to extremist activities or religious- political conflicts. The involvement of Political Entrepreneurs (PEs), such as giving a frame to people's perceived grievances, drive sentiments of being deprived in relative to other groups. Such feelings are especially made salient with the influence of social media. At the same time, the Indonesian government's advocacy of the wasatiyyah concept, which means middle-path Islam, appears to be its most effective tool in countering the trend of extremism in the society. However, such an interpretation of Islam is potentially at odds with the "right" form of Islam as practiced by the Muslims in Saudi Arabia. Faced with increasing pressure from Islamic hardliners in the society, the Indonesian state ideology - Pancasila - is under much threat as people are gradually becoming disillusioned with it.

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China is a country faced by deteriorating environment and severe pollution; therefore, technology transfer from Sweden has been one of the best choices for Chinese authorities and clean technology companies. The huge Chinese market also seems to be an alluring market for Swedish clean technology SMEs. However, conflicts often occur during technology transfer (TT) process. Theoretically, the TT process mainly involves the stages of assessment, agreement, implementation, evaluation and adjustment and repetition. Based on these stages, cases are chosen, interviews are carried out and results are analyzed in details with SWOT method. The new TT solution is proposed as recommendation. The conclusion shows in order to achieve a successful TT; each stage in the process should be carefully controlled. Hence, not only the technology donor s (Swedish SMEs) and receivers (Chinese buyers) should devote their efforts, all the other stakeholders such as technology consulting companies and government institutions should cooperate together, whichever fits their mutual interests.

The thesis' purpose is to analyse the evolution of Green Party between 2006 and 2010. Thesis is concentrated on the period when the party recorded under the leadership of M. Bursik its greatest electoral success and managed to not only exceed the electoral clause to enter the Chamber of Deputies, but also participate in forming a government together with the ODS and the KDU - CSL. Soon it became clear that the party was splitted in opinion and there was a struggle between realists, realizing that if they wanted to enforce their policies they would have to accept many compromises, and ecological radicals, who wanted to impose all or nothing. The thesis also describes the work of the Green Party in government and growing conflicts between members of Party, which resulted in the establishment of intra-party fraction "Democratic challenge" and consequent elimination of MPs O. Zubová and V. Jakubková of the Green Party parliamentary group. Particularly, intraparty conflicts and the inability of its President M. Bursik to unite the party meant a slow but steady decline in party preferences. This observation was confirmed by the electoral failures in regional elections and following elections to the European Parliament, after whichM. Bursik resigned. But finally even his successor O. Liška didn't manage...

Anotation The thesis' purpose is to analyse the evolution of Green Party between 2006 and 2010. Thesis is concentrated on the period when the party recorded under the leadership of M. Bursik its greatest electoral success and managed to not only exceed the electoral clause to enter the Chamber of Deputies, but also participate in forming a government together with the ODS and the KDU - CSL. Soon it became clear that the party was splitted in opinion and there was a struggle between realists, realizing that if they wanted to enforce their policies they would have to accept many compromises, and ecological radicals, who wanted to impose all or nothing. The thesis also describes the work of the Green Party in government and growing conflicts between members of Party, which resulted in the establishment of intra-party fraction "Democratic challenge" and consequent elimination of MPs O. Zubová and V. Jakubková of the Green Party parliamentary group. Particularly, intraparty conflicts and the inability of its President M. Bursik to unite the party meant a slow but steady decline in party preferences. This observation was confirmed by the electoral failures in regional elections and following elections to the European Parliament, after whichM. Bursik resigned. But finally even his successor O. Liška didn't manage...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop and test a conceptual model to examine the effects of work-family conflict, family-work conflict, and emotional exhaustion on job performance and turnover intentions. The paper also aims to investigate the role of gender as a moderator of the posited relationships. Design/methodology/approach – A sample of frontline hotel employees in Turkey serves as the study setting. Data were collected via self-administered questionnaires. A total of 723 usable responses were obtained. Findings – The results show that employees facing conflicts originating from their work (family) and family (work) roles become emotionally exhausted. These two forms of interrole conflicts are also significant predictors of frontline employees' turnover intentions. Gender moderates several of the relationships proposed in this paper. Practical implications – Turkish hotels will benefit from establishing a family-supportive work environment to lessen the detrimental impact of conflicts in the work-family interface on frontline employees' emotional exhaustion and job outcomes. A dual (i.e. gender-specific) approach appears to hold promise in managing frontline employees. Originality/value – When these results are compared to the results of studies conducted in western countries, a number of similarities become evident. These similarities broadly suggest that research findings derived from western countries are generalizable into a culturally different setting, and support the premise that as traditional gender roles continue to expand and change, a convergence of findings in work-family research takes place cross-culturally.

This paper deals with how eight Syriac adolescents and young adults have experienced Swedish religious education (RE) in secondary and upper secondary school about Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The study reveals that four of the eight respondents experienced tensions and conflicts between Syriac and Muslims students. Two of these respondents revealed experiences of witnessing Syriac students ostracising and subjecting Muslim students to offensive treatment (kränkande behandling). These tensions and conflicts must be understood in the light of the historical and yet ongoing conflicts in the Middle East and Turkey. For the Syriacs, these tensions culminated in Seyfo (the Assyrian genocide) in the midst of the First World War and the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. Furthermore, four respondents experienced a frustration that Seyfo was not addressed in neither RE nor history, while the Holocaust is an obligatory part of the Swedish syllabus. Seemingly, this fact furthered these respondents’ frustration. Therefore the respondents argued that Seyfo must be addressed in Swedish RE. The experiences of RE that adressed Judaism in part tell stories of how it triggered anti-Semitic speech, on part of Muslim students and one teacher. The RE on Christianity was partly experienced as having a liberal secular post-Christian perspective as its vantage point. The way Islam was taught was experienced as romanticised, and also proved at times to be essentialist in regards to its perspective.

This research critically examines the international protection of children education during the Syrian armed conflict since 2011. It identifies the reasons behind the failure of the international community in providing the necessary protection and its impacts on the Syrian children education. It analyzes the legal protection available to children education in situations of armed conflict in accordance with the international law. In order to evaluate the reluctance of the international community humanitarian intervention under the principle of Responsibility to Protect, this research used the textual analysis method and the realism and liberalism theories. Altogether, during the eight years of the ongoing Syrian conflict, children right to education have been violated throughout Syria, and millions have been out of schools, and many are at high risk to dropout. The research concludes that the vetoes in the Security Council and political and economic considerations among the superpowers have overcome the legal protection.