All over the world researches of youth life, value orientation, attitudes are important because at that time main social person psyche changes happen, which results are important for all his further life.To learn in vocational schools, which has specific features due to meaning of vocational training, the young people gather from different regions (rural and urban). According to research, in vocational school most of pupils are from rural, so their behaviour, habits, interests and intercourse with urban pupils have its peculiarity. Although at present lithuanian scientists are interested in youth life, culture, but in their works there is still not much attention to vocational schools. There schools’ system is located in both urban and rural territory, that is why children identification is important (sex, age, social group ). From here comes the problem of our research. While trying to signify not conflict interaction among urban and rural pupils educational environment of vocational school, it is necessary to identify possibilities, which have influence on these cultures’ expression, which is multicultural. The goal of research is to do the survey of urban and rural cultural conflict possibilities in vocational school and provide the dimensions in preventive program. For realizing the goal, the work had these tasks, it is based theoretically urban and rural cultures conflict main point and preconditions for multicultural interaction in vocational school, to do an empirical... [to full text]

Tyrimo tikslas: pagrįsti konfliktų valdymo modelį valstybiniame ir privačiame sektoriuje. Tyrimo objektas: konfliktų valdymo modelis valstybiniame ir privačiame sektoriuje. Siekiant įgyvendinti darbo tikslą, iškelti šie uždaviniai: 1. Apibendrinti konflikto sampratą ir priežastis mokslinėje litertūroje; 2. Teorinės literatūros analizės pagrindu sukurti konfliktų valdymo modelį organizacijose; 3. Atskleisti konfliktų valdymo strategijas; 4. Pagrįsti sukurtą konfliktų valdymo modelį teoriškai; 5. Tyrimo pagrindu pagrįsti sukurtą konfliktų valdymo modelį valstybiniame ir privačiame sektoriuje. Hipotezės. H1. Konfliktų valdymo modelio pagrindimas organizacijose grindžiamas jei: - modelio kūrimas bus siejamas su konfliktų prevencija; - modelius kurs vadovai arba organizacijos darbuotojai; - kuriant modelius bus atsižvelgta į grupės ypatumus (amžių, darbo pobūdį, siekiamus tikslus) ir pastebėtos jos silpnosios vietos. - modelio pagrindinė sudedamoji dalis bus konflikto priežasties analizė. H2. Konfliktų valdymo modeliai skirtinguose sektoriuose turėtų turėti ir panašumų ir skirtumų, nes: - kiekviename konflikto sprendime turėtų vyrauti prielaida - atvirumas, tarpusavio pasitikėjimas ir pasirengimas bendradarbiauti, kuri yra skirtinga. - kilusius konfliktus linkę spręsti ne pagal iš anksto sudarytą konfliktų valdymo modelį. - konfliktų valdymo modelis grindžiamas priežasties ir pasekmės analize. Tyrimo metodai:  Mokslinės literatūros analizė buvo naudojama siekiant atskleisti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The objective of the research: to ground the model of controling conflicts in state and private sectors. The object of the research: the model of controling conflicts in state and private sectors. Seeking to put the objective of the thesis into life, these tasks were approached: - to generalize the conception of conflict and reasons in scientific literature; - to create the model of controling conflicts on the base of theoretical analysis of literature; - to reveal strategies of controling conflicts; - to ground created model of controling conflicts theoretically; - on the base of research to ground created model of controling conflicts in state and private sectors. Hypotheses. H1. Substantiation of the model controling conflicts is grounded if: - creation of the model will be linked with prevention of conflicts; - the model will be created by bosses or employers; - while creating models, peculiarities of the group (age, nature of work, achievable tasks) and observed weaknesses will be taken into account; - The main component of the model will be analysis of conflict reasons. H2. Models of controling conflicts in different sectors should have similarities and differencies, as: - in the solution of each conflict should the precondition prevail – frankness, mutual confidence and preparation for cooperation, which is different; - arrising conflicts are inclined to be solved not according beforehand made model of controling conflicts; - the model of controling conflicts are... [to full text]

Magistro darbe nagrinėjama problema – kaip dažnai besikartojantys ir nesprendžiami konfliktai turi įtakos darbo atmosferai bei produktyvumui, atsižvelgiant į susiklosčiusias situacijas išanalizuoti ir susisteminti įvairių autorių konfliktų valdymo ypatumai organizacijose. Praktinėje dalyje atliktas tyrimas, kokie yra konfliktų valdymo ir jų sprendimų būdai. Praktinėje dalyje atliekama surinktų anketinių duomenų analizė, apžvelgus tyrimo rezultatus, galima konstatuoti, kad statybinėje organizacijoje UAB „NCC titanas“ dažnai besikartojantys ir nesprendžiami konfliktai turi didžiulę neigiamą įtaką darbo atmosferai bei produktyvumui, įmonė neturi konfliktų valdymo patirties, o daugiausia konfliktuojama su vadovu arba atvirkščiai – vadovas konfliktuoja su darbuotojais. Interpretuojant gautus duomenis, pateikiamos išvados ir rekomendacijos. / Analyzed problem in master‘s work – how often repeated and indecisive conflicts has influence for work atmosphere and efficiency, according to occur situation to analyze and structure various artists conflict management features in organizations. In practical part studied investigation what are conflict management and their solution ways. In the practical part of the collected data by a profile analysis, summarizing the results, it can be stated that the constructional organization "NCC titanas" often repeated and indecisive conflicts has a significant negative impact on the working atmosphere and productivity, the company has no experience in conflict management and largely conflicting with the manager or vice versa - manager conflicts with a staff. Interpreting the findings, submitted conclusions and recommendations.

Conflicts in sports are quite often as well as in our lives. Sometimes they become even the main barrier for reaching high results. It often happens not only in professional sports but in physical training lessons as well, especially among teenagers, whose value system is yet not fully developed. It was noticed that very often conflicts, or to be more precise, the disability to solve them constructively, may disorganize not only the order in the lesson, but also destroy the effectiveness of the work. It will be tried to research the peculiarity of conflicts during physical training lessons among 13 – 14 year-old students (boys and girls); to identify the dominant conflict solving strategies in physical education classes. The research was held for two months (November – December), year 2004. Ninety-four 13-14 year-old schoolchildren (45 boys and 49 girls) from Kaunas Šilainiai secondary school, Kėdainiai Rytas secondary school, Akademija secondary school and Krakės Mikalojus Katkus secondary school were questioned. They were given the questionnaire (K. Tomas����s methods for defining the reactions to conflict situations) and while summarying the results the mathematical statistics was used. After generalizing the results we may state that among 13 – 14 year-old students (boys and girls) the most dominant are the conflicts with classmates (42 percent boys and 39 percent girls). It also should be mentioned that conflicts among groups existing in classes are quite often, too (36... [to full text]

Even if the treatment of cancer has developed over the last decades 50% of the patients still die of their cancer. The doctor's way of dealing with his and his patient's anxiety must surely be of significance for the treatment the patient receives. In the first part of the thesis earlier studies of physicians' stress and ways of coping are reported. There is a lack of systematic studies which show how doctors working with cancer patients adjust to this work. The aim of this investigation is to study cancer doctors' difficulties and coping strategies. The theoretical frame of the study embraces parts of psychoanalytical theory and coping models, emphasizing that both unconscious and conscious psychological processes play their part in the coping process. The second, empirical part of the study includes 23 physicians strategically selected out of a population of physicians who work with institutional care and who have daily contact with adult cancer patients. The main method of data collection has been a series of recorded interviews. The focus of the interview was the physician's perception of how he reacts, thinks, talks and acts in different phases of the cancer disease. To illustrate the defence strategies of the interviewers, the projective percept-genetic test, the "Defence Mechanism Test" (DMT) is used. The "Structural Analysis of Social Behaviour" (SASB) has been used to study the doctors' self image. The results indicate that the stated difficulties deeply affect the doctor as a human being. The statements reflect conflicting feelings and wishes in relation to authority, conflicting feelings and wishes in relation to frightening and injuring, conflicting feelings and wishes in relation to intimacy/distance. Thirty themes of coping strategies frequently recur and they have been grouped into seven categories. Most of the doctors "seek knowledge" and support from scientific literature. The majority of them state that attempting to "solve a problem" is their main strategy. Most of the doctors "seek support " as a part of their coping strategy. An interesting observation is that the doctors to a higher extent "seek a relation" to their patients rather than to their colleagues. Almost one third use "denial of the severity of a situation" as their main strategy. All the doctors consciously or unconsciously use "diverting strategies", i.e. undertake tasks which are devoid of contact with patients, such as research and administration or other activities which allow them to avoid the patient. One third use "projective manoeuvres" but this is never a main strategy. In the third part of the study the credibility of the results and their pedagogical and practical implications are discussed. / <p>Diss. Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1994</p> / digitalisering@umu

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Interpersonal conflict, a process involving perceptions of differences and opposition, is often an undesired but inevitable consequence of interaction between individuals. Multiple goals (internal representations of desired states) can be present in interpersonal conflict. Past studies identify four major categories of conflict-related goals: content goals, relationship goals, identity goals, and process goals; the last three may be classified together as social goals. Several hypotheses were tested in an online experiment in which adult members of evangelical churches (N = 276) imagined themselves in various church-related conflict situations. Participants were assigned to one of two conditions; in one condition, participants read scenarios where their content goals were achieved and in the other condition, participants read scenarios where their content goals were not achieved. Each participant read a series of three scenarios involving the different types of social goals. For each of the three scenarios, they imagined how satisfied they would be with two different outcomes. In the first outcome, in addition to achieving or not achieving their content goal (depending on the condition), they did not achieve the social goal that was made salient (e.g., the relationship is damaged or they lose face); in the second outcome, they achieved this social goal. In addition, participants completed individual difference measures of dominance, sociability, face threat sensitivity, and justice sensitivity. This study found support for the hypothesis that the achievement of each type of conflict-related goal leads to greater satisfaction with the conflict outcome than not achieving the goal. It also found support for the hypothesis that the achievement of two conflict-related goals (specifically, a content goal and a social goal) interact to lead to greater satisfaction with the conflict outcome beyond the main effects of achieving each goal individually. Additionally, this study tested hypotheses that individual differences (dominance, sociability, face threat sensitivity, and justice sensitivity) moderate the relationship between conflict-related goal achievement and conflict outcome satisfaction. Support was only found for the hypothesis that individuals higher in sociability report greater differences in satisfaction when their relationship goals are achieved (relative to not achieved) than those who score lower in sociability. The results imply that, when both a content goal and a social goal are present, disputants are especially satisfied when both goals are achieved. Exploratory analyses also indicated females, younger adults, and people with greater church involvement responded more strongly to achieving goals than males, older adults, and those with less church involvement. This information can be used by disputants, negotiators, and mediators who are concerned about maximizing joint outcomes.

På senare tid har fråga om jäv vid konkursförvaltaruppdrag uppkommit i samband med flera större konkurser. Konkursförvaltarnas uppgifter blir allt mer avancerade och idag tar förvaltarna många viktiga beslut i sin förvaltning. Det är givetvis väldigt viktigt att en konkursförvaltare är oberoende vid sin handläggning av en konkurs. Att någon i en maktposition med behörighet att ta beslut som kan påverka någon annan negativt om den i maktpositionen är jävig strider mot grundregeln för en objektiv och opartisk rättsskipning. Det stipuleras i lag att en konkursförvaltare inte får anta ett förvaltaruppdrag om han står i ett sådant förhållande till gäldenären, en borgenär eller någon annan att det är ägnat att rubba förtroendet för hans opartiskhet i konkursen. Utöver regleringen i lagen finns rekommendationer om god förvaltarsed. Oaktat bestämmelserna antar vissa konkursförvaltare uppdrag trots att en beaktansvärd risk för jäv föreligger. Systemet bygger på självgranskning och någon strängare påföljd saknas. Konkursförvaltarna följer inte alltid rekommendationerna, utseendeprocessen av förvaltarna är oreglerad och systemet med att en person kan föreslå en förvaltare leder ofta till att en osund relation uppstår. I förarbeten, utredningar och artiklar har jävsproblematiken diskuterats och det har under åren givits alternativ på förbättringar av systemet. Förslag som har uppkommit har exempelvis varit att en auktorisation av konkursförvaltarna ska införas, att en ny tillsynsmyndighet ska inrättas och/eller att en ny lag för konkursförvaltarna ska konstrueras. Genom införandet av en auktorisation skulle utseendeprocessen för det första bli reglerad samt skulle kunskapsnivån för förvaltarna förbättras och lättare kunna upprätthållas. Dessutom skulle en konkursförvaltare om han missköter sitt uppdrag kunna fråntas sin auktorisation, med rätt att överklaga beslutet. En ny tillsynsmyndighet skulle innebära att en specialiserad myndighet infördes. Myndigheten skulle kunna handha auktorisationen, utseendet av förvaltarna samt utöva tillsyn över förvaltarna. Ett sådant system används idag för revisorerna, där det är Revisorsnämnden som auktoriserar och granskar revisorerna. Eftersom dagens reglering i frågan om konkursförvaltarjäv är undermålig är resultatet av uppsatsens utredning att en reform är nödvändig.

Despite its name, Corporate Social Responsibility is not exclusively a concept for large corporations; however, previous studies have primarily focused on CSR within larger firms. As Small and Medium sized Enterprises both possess unique characteristics, and are important actors in the global economy, this is an area that deserves deeper research. As pressure from internal and external stakeholders are mounting, firms needs to ensure that they are following the current rules of the game. As such, firms put pressure on their suppliers, in order to protect their business. Consequently, a failure to cope with this pressure from the supplier’s part is a potential source for a conflict. Thus, the actual CSR standards used by a focal firm, has a direct link to a potential conflict within an offshoring relationship. Hence, this thesis aims to investigate how Swedish SMEs apply CSR policies and activities regarding social issues in their organisations, and how these policies and activities affect conflicts between Swedish SMEs, and their foreign suppliers. Three Swedish SMEs where interviewed, and their CSR activities, and conflict management were analysed. While all the three firms used CSR to a various degree, this research suggests that the nature and direction of the CSR activities are largely determined by the industry in which the firm operates. Furthermore, SMEs typically lack the power to enforce their CSR standards on their suppliers. However, SMEs can act in the roles of supervisors, in order to communicate that CSR is an important aspect within a relationship. The case companies also illustrated that clear goals of CSR activities within SMEs, connected to the actual business goals, aids in the establishment of CSR in small firms. Finally, none of the three case firms experienced any conflicts with their suppliers, based on social issues within CSR. Instead, this research suggests that SMEs avoid conflicts, by emphasising a careful selection of suppliers.

The Swedish state and educational system are secular, so to say they do not depend on the former protestant state church anymore. Many people in Sweden are also secular. Even so, in school teachers meet students with a religious faith. The purpose of this study is to examine how teachers without a religious belonging experience the encounter with religious students. The method used was semistructured interviews with five teachers in a upper secondary school in a multicultural suburb of Stockholm. In this school, most students have a religious faith and the majority are Muslims or Christians. The prevalent discourses about religion and secularism in Sweden today are found through the teachers speech about the teachers and the students living in two different worlds. The dichotomy is more clearly expressed by the less religious teachers. The meaning of the double assignment of the curriculum is interpreted differently by the different teachers and the teachers have experienced conflicts of values regarding the following subjects: freedom of speech, sexuality (including homosexuality and gender equality), antisemitism and intolerance. The teachers use discussions and debates to handle the conflicts. In their statements, the teachers place the conflicts of value in a public sphere, not in an individual, which means they do not hesitate to act against unscientific approaches and/or antidemocratic views. Thus, the conflicts of values can be used as tools to foster democracy, tolerance and human rights. The teachers believe that they have the assignment to change the students religiously anchored values, but not to influence them to become secular.