Ce travail est une recherche consacrée à l'érosion entre le droit public et le droit privé ainsi qu'à son impact sur le fonctionnement de la dualité juridictionnelle. La première partie s'attache à la description de cette manifestation ainsi qu'à son principal effet : la multiplication des interconnexions entre les juges administratifs et judiciaires. Le rapprochement entre les deux ordres juridictionnels se caractérise par l'harmonisation des procès et par l'existence d'une cohérence jurisprudentielle concernant les contentieux communs. Pourtant, la seconde partie nous révèle l'existence d'une minorité de divergences ainsi qu’une complexité progressive des règles de répartition des compétences. Si aujourd'hui, la pertinence globale de la dualité juridictionnelle n'est pas menacée, elle nécessite toutefois d'être renouvelée pour résister, par la suite, à l'érosion toujours plus importante entre le droit public et le droit privé / This research deals about the confusion between the public and the private law as well as the impact on the mechanics of two different courts. The first part describes the erosion of both entities and its main effect : the growth of interconnections between the distinct judges. The development of relations between the judges is distinguished by the trial harmonisation and the coherence of court rulings. However the second part demonstrates the reality of points of contention between judges and the complexity of rules of competence. If today the preservation of two kinds of courts is not threatened it is required to renew it to better resist to the erosion development between the public and the private law

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Le syndrome confusionnel postopératoire (SCPO) chez la personne âgée (PA) est une complication fréquente et potentiellement grave. Sa prévention constitue donc un axe de travail essentiel dans une démarche globale et multidisciplinaire d’amélioration de la prise en soin des PA en chirurgie. Après une revue de la littérature, nous avons élaboré un programme multidisciplinaire de prévention du SCPO et sa méthodologie d’évaluation. Ce programme est actuellement en cours d’évaluation grâce à une étude interventionnelle, contrôlée, randomisée en stepped wedge (étude CONFUCIUS, financée par le Programme de Recherche en Qualité Hospitalière) au sein de trois services de chirurgie (orthopédie, digestif, urologie). À ce jour, 51 patients (âge moyen = 81,6 ans et 45% de femmes) ont été inclus. Le programme de prévention sera déployé à partir de novembre 2012 dans le service de chirurgie orthopédique en collaboration avec l’équipe mobile de gériatrie de l’établissement. Préalablement, nous avons évalué les connaissances et la perception des soignants relatives au SCPO grâce à une approche quantitative et qualitative. Celles-ci sont insuffisantes, tout particulièrement concernant les signes cliniques et le diagnostic. En effet, seuls 4% des soignants connaissaient la forme hypoactive et aucun l’outil diagnostique de référence, la Confusion Assessment Method. Une banalisation du SCPO a été mise en évidence, des croyances et des représentations persistent. Cela montre qu’il est nécessaire de lutter contre les idées reçues avant d’engager toute action de prévention. Nos travaux s’inscrivent dans une démarche globale et multidisciplinaire d’amélioration de la qualité et de la sécurité des soins en chirurgie et seront poursuivis, notamment par une étude permettant de déterminer le rôle prédictif des biomarqueurs du liquide céphalo-rachidien dans la survenue de SCPO et d’une démence 12 mois après l’intervention chirurgicale chez la PA / Postoperative delirium is common in elderly and is associated with a significant increase in mortality, complications, length of hospital stay and admission in long care facility. Although several interventions have proved their effectiveness to prevent it, the Cochrane advises an assessment of multifaceted intervention using rigorous methodology bases on randomized study design. After a review of literature, a multifaceted program of delirium prevention coordinated by a mobile geriatric team (MGT) was created. This program is currently being evaluated in a randomized, controlled, interventional, stepped wedge study (the CONFUCIUS study funding by the National French Program of Hospital Quality Research) within three surgical departments (orthopedics, gastroenterology, and urology). To date, 51 patients (mean age of 81.6 years; 45% female) have been included. The program will be rolled out from November 2012 in the department of orthopedic surgery in collaboration with the hospital’s MGT. Prior to the implementation of the prevention program, the knowledge base in older postoperative delirium. Only 4% of nursing staff knew the hypoactive form and none of nursing staff knew the Confusion Assessment Method. In addition, some stereotypes persist. This work is part of a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach to improving quality and safety in surgical care. It will be followed by a study aiming to determine the capacity of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in predicting the onset of POD and dementia 12 months after surgery

Cette thèse s’intéresse aux réseaux de confusion comme représentation compacte et structurée des hypothèses multiples produites par un moteur de reconnaissance de parole et transmises à un module de post-traitement applicatif. Les réseaux de confusion (CN pour Confusion Networks) sont générés à partir des graphes de mots et structurent l’information sous la forme d’une séquence de classes contenant des hypothèses de mots en concurrence. Le cas d’usage étudié dans ces travaux est celui des hypothèses de reconnaissance transmises à un module de compréhension de la parole dans le cadre d’une application de dialogue déployée par France Telecom. Deux problématiques inhérentes à ce contexte applicatif sont soulevées. De façon générale, un système de dialogue doit non seulement reconnaître un énoncé prononcé par un utilisateur, mais aussi l’interpréter afin de déduire sons sens. Du point de vue de l’utilisateur, les performances perçues sont plus proches de celles de la chaîne complète de compréhension que de celles de la reconnaissance vocale seule. Ce sont ces performances que nous cherchons à optimiser. Le cas plus particulier d’une application déployée implique de pouvoir traiter des données réelles et donc très variées. Un énoncé peut être plus ou moins bruité, dans le domaine ou hors-domaine, couvert par le modèle sémantique de l’application ou non, etc. Étant donnée cette grande variabilité, nous posons la question de savoir si le fait d’appliquer les mêmes traitements sur l’ensemble des données, comme c’est le cas dans les approches classiques, est une solution adaptée. Avec cette double perspective, cette thèse s’attache à la fois à enrichir l’algorithme de construction des CNs dans le but d’optimiser globalement le processus de compréhension et à proposer une stratégie adéquate d’utilisation des réseaux de confusion dans le contexte d’une application réelle. Après une analyse des propriétés de deux approches de construction des CNs sur un corpus de données réelles, l’algorithme retenu est celui du "pivot". Nous en proposons une version modifiée et adaptée au contexte applicatif en introduisant notamment un traitement différencié des mots du graphe qui privilégie les mots porteurs de sens. En réponse à la grande variabilité des énoncés à traiter dans une application déployée, nous proposons une stratégie de décision à plusieurs niveaux qui vise à mieux prendre en compte les spécificités des différents types d’énoncés. Nous montrons notamment qu’il est préférable de n’exploiter la richesse des sorties multiples que sur les énoncés réellement porteurs de sens. Cette stratégie permet à la fois d’optimiser les temps de calcul et d’améliorer globalement les performances du système / The work presented in this PhD deals with the confusion networks as a compact and structured representation of multiple aligned recognition hypotheses produced by a speech recognition system and used by different applications. The confusion networks (CN) are constructed from word graphs and structure information as a sequence of classes containing several competing word hypothesis. In this work we focus on the problem of robust understanding from spontaneous speech input in a dialogue application, using CNs as structured representation of recognition hypotheses for the spoken language understanding module. We use France Telecom spoken dialogue system for customer care. Two issues inherent to this context are tackled. A dialogue system does not only have to recognize what a user says but also to understand the meaning of his request and to act upon it. From the user’s point of view, system performance is more accurately represented by the performance of the understanding process than by speech recognition performance only. Our work aims at improving the performance of the understanding process. Using a real application implies being able to process real heterogeneous data. An utterance can be more or less noisy, in the domain or out of the domain of the application, covered or not by the semantic model of the application, etc. A question raised by the variability of the data is whether applying the same processes to the entire data set, as done in classical approaches, is a suitable solution. This work follows a double perspective : to improve the CN construction algorithm with the intention of optimizing the understanding process and to propose an adequate strategy for the use of CN in a real application. Following a detailed analysis of two CN construction algorithms on a test set collected using the France Telecom customer care service, we decided to use the "pivot" algorithm for our work. We present a modified and adapted version of this algorithm. The new algorithm introduces different processing techniques for the words which are important for the understanding process. As for the variability of the real data the application has to process, we present a new multiple level decision strategy aiming at applying different processing techniques for different utterance categories. We show that it is preferable to process multiple recognition hypotheses only on utterances having a valid interpretation. This strategy optimises computation time and yields better global performance

As organic fresh produce consumption has stagnated in Sweden in recent years, this study sheds light on this issue by examining factors influencing the institutional image of organic fresh produce and the confusion surrounding different kinds of eco-friendly fresh produce (eco-confusion). The influence of false facts belonging to the hedonic and utilitarian dimensions on eco-confusion and the institutional image was examined, followed by the influence of eco-confusion on the institutional image. Using the image attribution model andcentral core theory as a baseline, an expanded conceptual model was created based on anexisting qualitative study to fulfil the purpose of the research. For data collection, an online self-administered survey was distributed to consumers permanently residing in Sweden, gathering 201 valid responses. This study’s findings reveal that there is a significant influence of some of the false fact subdimensions on eco-confusion and that all four false fact subdimensions (symbolic, social, rational, sensorial) and eco-confusion significantly influencethe institutional image of organic fresh produce. The findings provide value for researchers,businesses, and society alike while also highlighting ethical considerations. Researchers can use the conceptual model developed based on the findings to further investigate eco-confusion and the image problem of organic fresh produce, organic fresh produce retailers can learn from this study and target Swedish consumers more effectively, and governments can use this paper as a reference to better educate consumers regarding eco-friendly food.

Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The origin of chaff dates as far back as WWII, acting as a passive EM countermeasure it was used to confuse enemy radar systems and is still in use today. The purpose of this study is, firstly, to build up a knowledge base for determining chaff parameters and secondly, to calculate the theoretical Radar Cross Section (RCS) of a chaff cloud. Initially dipole resonant properties are investigated relative to dipole physical dimensions. This is extended to the wideband spatial average RCS of a dipole with application to chaff clouds. A model is developed for calculating the theoretical RCS of a cloud typically produced by a single, multiband chaff cartridge. This model is developed on the principles of sparse clouds with negligible coupling; the dipole density for which the model is valid is determined through the statistical simulation of chaff clouds. To determine the effectiveness of chaff clouds, the E-field behaviour through a chaff cloud is investigated numerically. From simulation results a model is developed for estimating the position and drop in E-field strength. It is concluded that though it would be possible to hide a target behind a chaff cloud given ideal circumstances, it is not practical in reality. Given the presented results, recommendations are made for future work. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die oorsprong van kaf dateer so ver terug as WOII. Dit was gebruik as ‘n passiewe EM teenmaatreël teen vyandelike radar stelsels en is steeds vandag in gebruik. Die doel van hierdie studie is eerstens, om ‘n kennisbasis op te bou vir die bepaling van kaf parameters en tweedens, om die teoretiese RDS van kafwolke te bereken. Aanvanklik word die dipool resonante eienskappe ondersoek relatief tot die dipool dimensies. Die studie word uitgebrei tot die wyeband ruimte gemiddelde RDS van ‘n dipool met toepassing op kafwolke. ‘n Model word ontwikkel om die teoretiese RDS te bereken vir ‘n tipiese kafwolk geproduseer deur ‘n enkele, multi-band kafpakkie. Die model is gegrond op die beginsels van lae digte kafwolke met weglaatbare koppeling; die dipool digtheid waarvoor die model geldig is, is bepaal deur statistiese simulasie van kafwolke. Om die effektiwiteit van kafwolke te bepaal, word die E-veld gedrag deur kafwolke numeries ondersoek. Vanaf simulasie resultate word ‘n model ontwikkel om die ligging van, en daling in E-veld sterkte af te skat. Daar word tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat, alhoewel dit moontlik is om ‘n teiken agter ‘n kafwolk te versteek in ideale omstandighede, dit nie prakties is nie. Na aanleiding van die resultate verkry, is aanbevelings vir verdere werk gedoen.

The thesis examines the direct reference theory of proper names and natural kind terms as expounded by Saul Kripke, Hilary Putnam and others and finds that it has not succeeded in replacing some kind of description theory of the reference of such terms - although it does concede that the traditional Fregean theory is not quite correct. It is argued that the direct reference theory is mistaken on several counts. First of all it is question-begging. Secondly, it is guilty of a 'use/mention' confusion. And thirdly, and most importantly, it fails to deal with the notion of understanding. The notion of understanding is crucial to the present thesis - specifically, what is understood by a proper name or natural kind term. It is concluded that sense (expressed in the form of descriptions) is at least necessary for reference, which makes a significant difference to Kripke's claim that there are necessary a posteriori truths as well as contingent a priori truths. It is also argued that sense could be sufficient for reference, if it is accepted that it is speakers who effect reference. In this sense, sense determines reference. The thesis therefore not only argues against the account of reference given by the direct reference theorists, it also gives an account of how proper names and natural kind terms actually do function in natural language. As far as the epistemology of necessity is concerned the thesis concludes that Kripke (along with many others) has not succeeded in establishing the existence of the necessary a posteriori nor the contingent a priori from the theory of direct reference. Whether such truths can be established by some other means, or in principle, is not the concern of the thesis; although the point is made that, if a certain view of sense is accepted, then questions of necessity and a priority seem inappropriate.

Bakgrund: Postoperativ förvirring är en vanligt förekommande komplikation på postoperativa vårdavdelningar. Ökad kunskap om postoperativ förvirring och hur tillståndet kan förebyggas, upptäckas och behandlas kan förkorta vårdtider, minska andra allvarliga postoperativa komplikationer samt minska kostnaderna för sjukvården. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka vilka omvårdnadsstrategier och omvårdnadsåtgärder sjuksköterskor använder för att förebygga, upptäcka och behandla postoperativ förvirring och därmed minska onödigt lidande för patienterna på postoperativa avdelningar. Metod: Metoden var en kvalitativ intervjustudie med åtta sjuksköterskor på två postoperativa avdelningar på ett sjukhus i Mellansverige. En kvalitativ innehållsanalys användes för analysering av insamlade data. Resultat: Resultatet visade att sjuksköterskor hade olika omvårdnadsstrategier för omhändertagandet av patienter med risk för postoperativ förvirring samt med förvirrade patienter. Innehållsanalysen resulterade i sex kategorier; 1. Att se patienten, 2. Att förebygga, 3. Att upptäcka, 4. Att behandla, 5. Hinder för omvårdnad samt 6. Sjuksköterskans behov för att kunna ge omvårdnad. Slutsats: Resultatet visade att sjuksköterskor ansåg att tidigt upptäckt av postoperativ förvirring är viktigt eftersom förvirringen kan leda till vårdskador och andra komplikationer. En tydlig strategi för att screena riskpatienter och för att upptäcka och behandla förvirring saknades och inget bedömningsinstrument för att mäta graden av förvirring användes. Sjuksköterskor önskade mer resurser för att kunna upptäcka och behandla postoperativ förvirring samt att postoperativ förvirring fick större fokus på avdelningen. / Background: Postoperative confusion is a common complication in postoperative care units. Increased knowledge of prevention, detection and treatment of postoperative can shorten hospitalization for these patients and reduce other serious postoperative complications and costs to healthcare. Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate which nursing strategies and nursing measures nurses use to prevent, detect and treat postoperative confusion, and thereby reduce unnecessary suffering for patients in postoperative care unit. Method: The method used was a qualitative interview study including eight nurses at two postoperative care units at a hospital central Sweden. A qualitative content analysis was used for analysis of the collected data. Results: The results showed that nurses had different nursing strategies for the treatment of patients at risk for postoperative confusion and for confused patients. The content analysis resulted in six categories; 1. To see the patient , 2. To prevent, 3. To detect, 4. To treat, 5. Complications to nursing, and 6. Nurse’s needs to provide nursing. Conclusion: Nurses considered that early detection of postoperative confusion is important because confusion can lead to care injuries and other complications. A clear strategy for screening risk patients, detecting and treating of confusion was missing. No assessment tool was used för measuring the grade of confusion. Nurses wanted more resources to detect and treat postoperative confusion and more focus on postoperative confusion on care units.

O objetivo principal desta dissertação foi analisar, sob uma ótica intimista, o corpus poético do poeta português Joaquim José Cesário Verde(1855-1886). A idéia da escrita de si, da constituição do sujeito através da palavra escrita, remonta desde gregos e egípcios, ganhando força no final de Idade Média através das memórias, dos diários e dos livre de raison, e explodindo definitivamente enquanto gênero com as autobiografias. Analisando como o eu se constitui dentro do poema, e, conseqüentemente, as crises de consciência e do mundo, é possível observar como este mesmo eu caminha para um desconcerto, para a última e definitiva crise, que é o abandono da arte como forma de se conciliar consigo e com o mundo. / The principal objective of this dissertation analyzed, under an intimism optics , the poetic corpus of the Portuguese poet Joaquim José Cesário Verde (1855-1886). The idea of the writing of the self, of the constitution of the subject through the written word, remounts from Greeks and Egyptians, gaining strength in the end of Middle Ages through the memories, the diaries and of release of raison, and exploding definitely while type with the autobiographies. Analyzing as I it is constituted inside the poem, and, consequently, the crises of conscience and of the world, it is possible to notice how this one himself. I walks for a confusion, for the last and definite crisis, which is the desertion of the art like the form of being reconciled by you and by the world.