This dissertation seeks to explore the principle of complementarity, its advantages and its success so far through the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) self-referral to the International Criminal Court (ICC). It seeks also to investigate whether there are loopholes in the principle of complementarity, especially with regard to referrals by the Security Council involving states that are not parties to the Rome Statute. In particular the dissertation seeks to explore whether states can use this principle to hamper the efforts of the ICC to bring justice to victims of the most serious crimes of international concern and to end impunity / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2008. / A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Dr Raymond Koen of the Faculty of Law, University of Western Cape, South Africa / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between the perceived leadership style, employee participation, and positive psychology functioning. Such functioning includes a sense of coherence, engagement in work and avoiding burnout. The Leader Behavior Descriptive Questionnaire, the Employee Participation Survey, the Orientation to Life Questionnaire the Utrecht Work Engagement Survey and Maslash Burnout Inventory General Survey were applied to a sample of 200 permanent employees of the manufacturing. The results indicate significant relationships between all the variables and the way in which employee participation is predicted by perceived leadership style, sense of coherence, and work engagement. Significant differences were found between perceived leadership style and educational levels, and functional department; employee participation and educational level, and functional department; sense of coherence and educational level; work engagement and age, and educational level; burnout and age, and educational level.The study has contributed valuable new knowledge that may be used to inform human resources practitioners and psychologist in the development and coaching of leaders and employees in manufacturing companies. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M. Admin (Industrial & Organisational Psychology)

This thesis explores the Mbuti Pygmies, a sub-group of the Pygmy peoples, one of the main ethnic groups of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The Mbuti Pygmies are settled mostly in the Ituri rainforest, and are, with regard to Christian mission, still unreached and unchurched. The oversight of the churches vis-à-vis these people is highlighted, through this thesis, as a challenge to Christian mission. This challenge is a result of the way Christian mission is understood and undertaken in DRC, namely in the selective and exclusive way of missioning, according to which some peoples are targeted and others forsaken. Churches in the DRC shy away from the Mbuti Pygmies probably because, on the one hand, these forest dwellers belong to the group of Pygmies whose existence as full human beings is enigmatic and very controversial. Because of the uniqueness of the Pygmy peoples in terms of physical features, culture, and way of life, on the other hand, the non-Pygmy peoples, including Christians, suffer from a kind of complex of superiority that creates in them a spirit of discrimination against the Mbuti Pygmies. As the Mbuti Pygmies are discriminated against even by Christians, it is very difficult for them to be taken into account within the mission agendas of the churches. This challenge to Christian mission is highlighted by two facts. Firstly, Christian mission is designed for all the nations to which the Mbuti Pygmies belong. Secondly, the churches, with their missional mandate to all the nations, shy away from the Mbuti Pygmies as if these people were outside the scope of Christian mission and, thus, unworthy of God’s grace and love.To remedy this challenge, with the aim of implementing Christian mission in the DRC, this study suggests a missional encounter as a way forward to addressing the Mbuti Pygmies. In practice, this may be implemented through the missionary conversion, the right perception of the Mbuti Pygmies as being fully made in the “image of God” and fully part of the “all nations”, promoting formal education among the Mbuti Pygmies, and sustaining the churches by an integrated theological education. / Christian Spirituality, Church History & Missiology / D. Th. (Missiology)

The main objective of this study is to evaluate climate change mitigation strategies in the forestry and energy sectors in the SADC with emphasis on the DRC and the RSA. This study is evaluative and cross-sectional. Its results were got through interviews of 56 key informants using the interview guide, and four focus group discussions in the DRC based on the focus group guide. The non-probability sample, mainly the purposive sample and the snowballing sampling were used. After the data analysis, the following results were found: In terms of the strategies for fighting drivers of deforestation both in the DRC and in RSA, it was revealed that the DRC focuses more on the REDD+ projects and NGO activities while the RSA protects its small existing natural forests through Acts, laws, advanced research and establishment of commercial plantations. The results which are related to the contribution of REDD programmes and NGOs to climate change mitigation in the RSA and the DRC have revealed that there are no REDD programmes in the RSA for carbon stock. In the DRC, the NOVACEL REDD+ pilot project has a carbon stock of 60 000 tons which continues to grow with 8 tons of CO2 /ha/year; 210 tons/ha/year on the left side of the Congo River, and on the right side 195 tons/ha/year is generated by the Isangi Geographically Integrated REDD+ pilot project. The WCS Mambasa Forestry REDD+ pilot project has 230 tons/ha/year, while 16 000 tons of CO2/year are stocked under the Luki REDD+ pilot project. The Eco-Makala and Equatorial REDD+ pilot projects have not yet estimated their carbon stocks. Regarding the involvement of the civil society in activities of climate change mitigation in the DRC, people are more involved in REDD’s alternative activities which are funded by the projects. However, in the RSA, people are used as labour in commercial plantations. The RSA derives its major energy from coal (94%) but the DRC has a high potential in hydropower that can generate up to 100 000 MGW. On the use of remote sensing, both the DRC and the RSA employ remote sensing but the RSA has a Spatial Agency while the DRC does not / College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences / D. Litt. et Phil. (Environmental Science)

The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between the perceived leadership style, employee participation, and positive psychology functioning. Such functioning includes a sense of coherence, engagement in work and avoiding burnout. The Leader Behavior Descriptive Questionnaire, the Employee Participation Survey, the Orientation to Life Questionnaire the Utrecht Work Engagement Survey and Maslash Burnout Inventory General Survey were applied to a sample of 200 permanent employees of the manufacturing. The results indicate significant relationships between all the variables and the way in which employee participation is predicted by perceived leadership style, sense of coherence, and work engagement. Significant differences were found between perceived leadership style and educational levels, and functional department; employee participation and educational level, and functional department; sense of coherence and educational level; work engagement and age, and educational level; burnout and age, and educational level.The study has contributed valuable new knowledge that may be used to inform human resources practitioners and psychologist in the development and coaching of leaders and employees in manufacturing companies. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M. Admin (Industrial & Organisational Psychology)

This thesis explores the Mbuti Pygmies, a sub-group of the Pygmy peoples, one of the main ethnic groups of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The Mbuti Pygmies are settled mostly in the Ituri rainforest, and are, with regard to Christian mission, still unreached and unchurched. The oversight of the churches vis-à-vis these people is highlighted, through this thesis, as a challenge to Christian mission. This challenge is a result of the way Christian mission is understood and undertaken in DRC, namely in the selective and exclusive way of missioning, according to which some peoples are targeted and others forsaken. Churches in the DRC shy away from the Mbuti Pygmies probably because, on the one hand, these forest dwellers belong to the group of Pygmies whose existence as full human beings is enigmatic and very controversial. Because of the uniqueness of the Pygmy peoples in terms of physical features, culture, and way of life, on the other hand, the non-Pygmy peoples, including Christians, suffer from a kind of complex of superiority that creates in them a spirit of discrimination against the Mbuti Pygmies. As the Mbuti Pygmies are discriminated against even by Christians, it is very difficult for them to be taken into account within the mission agendas of the churches. This challenge to Christian mission is highlighted by two facts. Firstly, Christian mission is designed for all the nations to which the Mbuti Pygmies belong. Secondly, the churches, with their missional mandate to all the nations, shy away from the Mbuti Pygmies as if these people were outside the scope of Christian mission and, thus, unworthy of God’s grace and love.To remedy this challenge, with the aim of implementing Christian mission in the DRC, this study suggests a missional encounter as a way forward to addressing the Mbuti Pygmies. In practice, this may be implemented through the missionary conversion, the right perception of the Mbuti Pygmies as being fully made in the “image of God” and fully part of the “all nations”, promoting formal education among the Mbuti Pygmies, and sustaining the churches by an integrated theological education. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D. Th. (Missiology)

The focus in this dissertation is on the rise of secessionism and its curtailment in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Theories pertaining to centre-periphery relations, as well as right-sizing the state, are used for this purpose. Factors such as the DRC’s vast territory and colonial policies affected the centre-periphery relations after independence. The weak ties between the centre and the peripheries were important factors in the attempts at secession that followed independence. In addition, the political and administrative centre (Kinshasa) was too weak to keep the restive peripheries in check. International military intervention, thus, played an important role in defeating attempts at secession. The strategies of President Mobutu in strengthening the centre, as well as the lack of secessionism in the DRC after the collapse of the centre towards the end of Mobutu’s presidency, receive attention. / Political Sciences / M.A. (Politics)

Doctorat en sciences sociales, politiques et économiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Pays en voie de développement, la République Démocratique du Congo est confrontée à des nombreux problèmes sociaux auxquels les pouvoirs publics tentent d’apporter des solutions sur base d’une échelle de priorités définies par des choix politiques. Parmi ces priorités sociales politiquement déterminées, la prison comme dernier maillon de la chaine pénale ne semble pas encore figurer en bonne place malgré des sporadiques déclarations d’intention généralement non suivies d’action concrète conséquente. Il est de la sorte évident de constater que les établissements pénitentiaires congolais en général et la prison centrale de la Kasapa en particulier se trouvent dans un état de dégradation depuis plusieurs décennies :délabrement des bâtiments carcéraux, mauvaises conditions matérielles de détention, mauvaises conditions de travail pour le personnel de garde en nombre manifestement insuffisant, etc. C’est dans ce contexte social particulier que nous avons essayé de saisir, par une approche qualitative inductive, comment l’unique prison de la ville de Lubumbashi arrive à s’adapter aux contraintes spécifiques de son environnement (interne et externe) pour remplir sa mission sécuritaire de garde (évitement des évasions et des troubles graves intramuros), et quelles sont les pratiques de survie et de débrouille que développent respectivement les détenus et le personnel de garde. La thèse s’articule autour de deux parties. La première pose le cadre méthodologique en explicitant les choix opérés ainsi que les questionnements réflexifs qui se sont imposés durant les phases d’immersion. La deuxième partie présente les différentes stratégies d’adaptation en lien avec différentes thématiques classiques telles que l’organisation sécuritaire et la gestion de la discipline, les conditions matérielles de détention, les visites et autres formes de contact avec le monde extérieur, le travail pénitentiaire, les activités socioéducatives et loisirs, etc. L’adaptation aux objectifs sécuritaires de la prison centrale de la Kasapa ainsi que les stratégies de survie et de débrouille se réalisent à travers les interactions sociales dans lesquelles sont impliquées les acteurs caractérisant par définition l’univers carcéral :les gardés et les gardiens. Les interactions sociales sécuritaires s’expriment notamment en termes de participation ou de collaboration de certains détenus à des tâches de surveillance de la population détenue. Ces détenus surveillants se dressant comme une sorte de troisième groupe social à cheval entre la population détenue et le personnel pénitentiaire. Les pratiques de survie et de débrouille prennent pour l’essentiel la forme des échanges de type économique et/ou social intramuros. Ces échanges impliquant tant les détenus que le personnel pénitentiaire, dépendent en grande partie des contacts que la prison (gardiens et gardés) a avec le monde extérieur qui est principalement représenté par les visiteurs des détenus. / Doctorat en Criminologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Le travail retrace l’évolution du métier de journaliste de presse écrite en République démocratique du Congo (RDC) et en Côte d’Ivoire, de la fin de la période coloniale à nos jours. Plus précisément, il s’attache à en comprendre l’émergence et la structuration progressive, à Léopoldville (devenue Kinshasa) et à Abidjan. L’objectif consiste à dégager les éléments qui ont modelé le métier dans les deux pays, pour mieux comprendre la forme qu’il emprunte aujourd’hui.<p>La recherche se fonde principalement sur l’exploitation d’une centaine d’entretiens menés pour la plupart à Kinshasa et à Abidjan, sur l’exploitation de corpus de presse et sur l’exploitation de ressources documentaires et bibliographiques. Elle adopte une perspective comparative visant à mettre en évidence les similitudes et les spécificités qui ont marqué l’évolution du journalisme de presse écrite en RDC et en Côte d’Ivoire.<p>Le travail se divise en quatre parties, dont les trois premières s’arrêtent sur des moments importants de la structuration de la profession. La première présente la façon dont les Congolais et les Ivoiriens se sont investis progressivement dans le journalisme de presse écrite, particulièrement à la fin de la période coloniale, dans un contexte de pluralisme limité. La deuxième étudie la pratique du journalisme et sa structuration, au Congo et en Côte d’Ivoire, durant le long règne des partis uniques. La troisième partie analyse la nouvelle forme que revêt la profession depuis la libéralisation politique et médiatique du début des années 1990. Pour chaque période, l’analyse comporte trois axes destinés à mettre en évidence les éléments utiles à la comparaison. Le premier permet de mettre au jour le système relationnel qui existe autour des journalistes congolais et ivoiriens de presse écrite, afin d’identifier les facteurs sociétaux qui influencent leur pratique. Le deuxième axe dévoile les dynamiques internes du groupe professionnel, dans les deux pays. Enfin, le troisième axe se construit autour des parcours individuels d’un certain nombre de journalistes, ce qui permet de cerner leurs motivations et leur perception du métier.<p>L’approche comparative constitue la quatrième partie de la recherche. Elle s’appuie sur le concept de « configuration » de Norbert Elias pour corréler les trois axes et les trois périodes décrits ci-dessus, pour penser l’émergence et l’évolution de la profession en termes de relations, d’interdépendances et de négociation.<p>L’imprécision des contours du groupe, des profils professionnels et des pratiques apparaît constitutive du journalisme de presse écrite, au Congo et en Côte d’Ivoire. La forme que revêt aujourd’hui la profession résulte d’une suite d’interdépendances, régulièrement renégociées, qui lie les journalistes aux autres acteurs au cours du temps./<p>The thesis traces the development of the profession of newspaper journalist in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Côte d’Ivoire, from the end of the colonial era until today. More precisely, it seeks to understand its emergence and structural development in Léopoldville (Kinshasa) and Abidjan. The objective is to identify the elements that fashioned the profession in both countries so as to better understand its current form.<p>The research rests chiefly on the use of about 100 interviews conducted for the most part in Kinshasa and Abidjan as well on the use of press corpuses and of documentary and bibliographic resources. The research takes a comparative approach that aims to highlight the similarities and specificities that have marked the evolution of newspaper journalism in the DRC and Côte d’Ivoire.<p>The thesis is divided into four parts, the first three of which concentrate on key moments in the profession’s structural growth. Part One outlines the way in which the Congolese and Ivorians gradually became involved in print journalism, in particular at the end of the colonial era, in a context where pluralism was limited. Part Two studies the practice of journalism and its structural elaboration, in the Congo and Côte d’Ivoire, under the long reign of the one-party systems. Part Three examines the new form assumed by the profession since the political and media liberalization of the early 1990s. For each period, the analysis relies on three axes destined to emphasize the elements that are useful for the comparison. The first axis makes it possible to reveal the network of relations existing around Congolese and Ivorian newspaper journalists in order to identify the societal factors influencing their practice. The second axis sheds light on the professional body’s internal dynamics in the two countries. Lastly, the third axis centres on the individual careers of a number of journalists, making it possible to grasp their professional motivations and their perception of the sector. <p>The comparative approach composes the fourth part of the thesis. It relies on Norbert Elias’s notion of ‘configuration’ to correlate the three axes and periods described above in order to examine the profession’s emergence and evolution in terms of relations, interdependencies and negotiations.<p>The vagueness of the group’s contours, of the professional profiles and of the practices appears constitutive of newspaper journalism in the Congo and Côte d’Ivoire. The profession’s current form is the result of a succession of interdependencies, regularly renegotiated, that has linked the journalists to other actors over the course of time.<p> / Doctorat en Information et communication / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished