Idag lever vi i ett samhälle där vissa yrken och branscher av tradition betraktas som maskulina respektive feminina. En bransch som idag är tydligt maskulint kodad och manligt dominerad är den svenska skogsbranschen. För att förändra den maskulint kodade yrkeskulturen har föreningen NYKS, Nätverket för yrkesverksamma kvinnor och icke-binära i skogsbranschen bildats.  Syftet med följande uppsats är att undersöka hur NYKS-nätverket arbetar med att förändra den maskulint kodade yrkeskulturen inom skogsbranschen. Utifrån syftet har två frågeställningar skapats. De handlar om vilka upplevda föreställningar om yrkeskulturens genusordning inom skogsbranschen som NYKS-medlemmarna försöker förändra och om vilka yrkesidentiteter NYKS-nätverkets medlemmar konstruerar. NYKS reformarbete av yrkeskulturen betraktas teoretiskt som en pedagogisk process vilket syftar till att skapa medvetenhet om orättvisor och hinder samt forma nya identiteter och därigenom förändra yrkeskulturer. Genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med nätverkets medlemmar dras, efter kodning och tematisering av intervjuerna, slutsatserna att de har tydliga kulturella föreställningar om både kvinnor och män i branschen, vilka sätter den rådande genusordningen. De upplever att det får konsekvenser att sticka ut från normen och att mannen är norm. Efter att NYKS bildades har det dock börjat ske en förändring enligt medlemmarna. Förändringsarbetet som NYKS arbetar med sker genom att på olika sätt sprida deras tolkning av genusordningen där män och kvinnor har olika förutsättningar. Förändringen sker från gräsrotsnivå där bland annat språket är en viktig del för att både beskriva och ifrågasätta den nuvarande genusordningen. Ytterligare en slutsats är att NYKSnätverkets medlemmar förändrar sina yrkesidentiteter efter att ha blivit medvetna om strukturer och fått nya kunskaper genom fysiska och digitala träffar vilka har medfört ett transformativt lärande. Nätverkets medlemmar har nu format sin identitet utifrån ett systerskap och därigenom har även medlemmarnas yrkesidentitet blivit en könsidentitet. Tidigare forskning om genus och yrkeskultur har visat hur genusordningar reproduceras i olika branscher, där mannen blir norm. Däremot finns jämförelsevis lite kunskap om hur detta förändras och ifrågasätts.  Denna uppsats bidrar till kunskapen om hur genusordningar ifrågasätts och förändras genom att studera hur intresseföreningen NYKS bedriver reformarbete inom skogsbranschen. / Today we live in a world where some professions and industries are seen as masculine respective feminine. One industry which today is clearly masculine coded and male dominated is the Swedish forestry sector. To change the masculine coded occupational culture the association NYKS was founded. The NYKS acronym translates to “The network for professional women and non-binary in the forestry sector”. The purpose of this paper is to examine how NYKS is working to change the masculine coded occupational culture in the forestry sector. To achieve this purpose, I have tried answering two questions about which perceived notions about the occupational culture’s gender structure within the forestry sector that NYKS-members are trying to change and which occupational identities are the NYKSnetwork’s members trying to form. Their work to reform the occupational culture can theoretically be seen as a pedagogic process which aims to raise awareness about injustices and obstacles, and to form new occupational identities and thereby change the occupational culture. Through semi-structured interviews with the network’s members it is concluded, after coding and theming of the interviews, that they have distinct cultural notions about both women and men in the industry, which creates the current gender structure. They experience that there are consequences for breaking the norm and that the masculine is the norm. Since NYKS founding things have started change according to the members. The reform work that NYKS performs is by spreading their view of the gender structure where men and women have different preconditions. The change happens at the grass-root level where, among other things, language plays an important role both to describe but also to question the current gender structure. Another conclusion is that the members of the NYKS-network changed their occupational identities by becoming aware of these structures through physical and digital assemblies, which means the assemblies have led to a transformative learning. The members now form their identity based on a sisterhood and due to that the members occupational identity has also become a gender identity. Previous research on gender and occupational culture have shown how gender structures reproduce in different industries, where the masculine becomes the norm. There is however comparatively little knowledge of how these things change and are questioned. This paper aims to contribute to the knowledge of how gender structure is questioned and changed by studying how the interest organization NYKS performs reform work within the forestry sector.

A large body of research has documented evidence of climate change impact already occurring on different systems on earth, future impacts can be expected. Accordingly, research is urgently needed to analyze the potential impacts of climate change on forest ecosystems in order to contribute to better landscape planning and management. This thesis investigates how climate change affects landscape change, and how to use this understanding in the analysis of land-use and landscape planning and management to adapt to climate change impacts. In particular, this study examines how climate change may impact a managed forest in terms of timber availability, and the regional community that relies on it for its survival. <br /><br /> I hypothesized that the Boreal forest in north western Ontario will change in the short term (i. e. 60 years) in species composition and will produce less available timber as a result of human-induced climate change as modeled by different General Circulation Models plus harvesting, compared to a baseline climate. The study objectives were (a) to evaluate the degree of change in land cover (species composition) under forest harvesting and various climate change scenarios; (b) to analyze timber availability under different climate change scenarios, and harvesting; (c) to describe possible scenarios of land cover change as a result of climate change impact and harvesting to assist in policy-making related to land-use and landscape planning; and (d) to identify possible sources of both land-use conflicts and synergies as a result of changes in landscape composition caused by climate change. <br /><br /> The study area was the Dog-River Matawin forest in north western Ontario (? 8 x 104 ha). It is currently under harvesting. I used the Boreal Forest Landscape Dynamic Simulator (BFOLDS) fire model to simulate landscape change under different climate change scenarios (CCSRNIES A21, CGCM2 A22), which were then compared to simulations under a baseline climate scenario (1961-1990). I also developed an algorithm for the geographic information systems Arc View©, that selected useful stands, and simulated harvesting and regeneration rules after logging, processes not currently included in BFOLDS. The studied period covered 60 years to analyze impacts in the medium term in the landscape change. <br /><br /> Results obtained were the following. (1) There will be a shortage in timber availability under all scenarios including the baseline. The impacts of climate change will cause a deficit in timber availability much earlier under a warmer scenario with respect to the baseline. The combined impact of climate change and harvesting could diminish timber availability up to 35% compared to the baseline by year 2040 under the CCSRNIES A21 scenario mainly due to an increase in fires. Deficits will occur 10 years before in the same scenario compared to the baseline (by year 2035). (2) In both scenarios and the baseline, there will be a younger forest. In 60 years, there will not be mature forest to support ecological, social and economic processes, as the forest will only have young stands. (3) Results obtained indicated that species composition will not change importantly among the scenarios of climate change and the baseline every decade, but there will be a change in dominance along the 60 years of the simulation under each scenario including the baseline. Softwood increased in dominance and hardwood decreased in all scenarios. <br /><br /> The period length used in the simulation of 60 years appeared to be too short to reveal conspicuous changes in species composition. Increases observed in softwood over hardwood related to the increase in fires which promoted the establishment of species such as jack pine as well as the application of regeneration rules after logging. This finding did not agree with the hypothesis. Results of timber availability were consistent with what I expected. Warmest climate change scenarios (CCSRNIES A21) impacted both the amount of timber available (less availability every ten years) from the beginning of the simulation and the time when deficits occurred. <br /><br /> There are important economic, social and environmental implications of the results of this study, namely a future forest that would be young and would supply much less timber. For the forestry industry, production goals would be hindered in the medium term, falling short of industry demands. For a society that depends heavily upon the forest to survive, declining production can imply unemployment, thus affecting the welfare of the community. For the environment, such a young, fragmented forest could be unable to sustain important key species and ecological processes, leading to a loss of biodiversity, Land-use and landscape planning should be used to regulate how the land is used to minimize climate change impact. They should be further used as adaptation tools, to help in ameliorate those climate change impacts that do occur.

A large body of research has documented evidence of climate change impact already occurring on different systems on earth, future impacts can be expected. Accordingly, research is urgently needed to analyze the potential impacts of climate change on forest ecosystems in order to contribute to better landscape planning and management. This thesis investigates how climate change affects landscape change, and how to use this understanding in the analysis of land-use and landscape planning and management to adapt to climate change impacts. In particular, this study examines how climate change may impact a managed forest in terms of timber availability, and the regional community that relies on it for its survival. <br /><br /> I hypothesized that the Boreal forest in north western Ontario will change in the short term (i. e. 60 years) in species composition and will produce less available timber as a result of human-induced climate change as modeled by different General Circulation Models plus harvesting, compared to a baseline climate. The study objectives were (a) to evaluate the degree of change in land cover (species composition) under forest harvesting and various climate change scenarios; (b) to analyze timber availability under different climate change scenarios, and harvesting; (c) to describe possible scenarios of land cover change as a result of climate change impact and harvesting to assist in policy-making related to land-use and landscape planning; and (d) to identify possible sources of both land-use conflicts and synergies as a result of changes in landscape composition caused by climate change. <br /><br /> The study area was the Dog-River Matawin forest in north western Ontario (? 8 x 104 ha). It is currently under harvesting. I used the Boreal Forest Landscape Dynamic Simulator (BFOLDS) fire model to simulate landscape change under different climate change scenarios (CCSRNIES A21, CGCM2 A22), which were then compared to simulations under a baseline climate scenario (1961-1990). I also developed an algorithm for the geographic information systems Arc View©, that selected useful stands, and simulated harvesting and regeneration rules after logging, processes not currently included in BFOLDS. The studied period covered 60 years to analyze impacts in the medium term in the landscape change. <br /><br /> Results obtained were the following. (1) There will be a shortage in timber availability under all scenarios including the baseline. The impacts of climate change will cause a deficit in timber availability much earlier under a warmer scenario with respect to the baseline. The combined impact of climate change and harvesting could diminish timber availability up to 35% compared to the baseline by year 2040 under the CCSRNIES A21 scenario mainly due to an increase in fires. Deficits will occur 10 years before in the same scenario compared to the baseline (by year 2035). (2) In both scenarios and the baseline, there will be a younger forest. In 60 years, there will not be mature forest to support ecological, social and economic processes, as the forest will only have young stands. (3) Results obtained indicated that species composition will not change importantly among the scenarios of climate change and the baseline every decade, but there will be a change in dominance along the 60 years of the simulation under each scenario including the baseline. Softwood increased in dominance and hardwood decreased in all scenarios. <br /><br /> The period length used in the simulation of 60 years appeared to be too short to reveal conspicuous changes in species composition. Increases observed in softwood over hardwood related to the increase in fires which promoted the establishment of species such as jack pine as well as the application of regeneration rules after logging. This finding did not agree with the hypothesis. Results of timber availability were consistent with what I expected. Warmest climate change scenarios (CCSRNIES A21) impacted both the amount of timber available (less availability every ten years) from the beginning of the simulation and the time when deficits occurred. <br /><br /> There are important economic, social and environmental implications of the results of this study, namely a future forest that would be young and would supply much less timber. For the forestry industry, production goals would be hindered in the medium term, falling short of industry demands. For a society that depends heavily upon the forest to survive, declining production can imply unemployment, thus affecting the welfare of the community. For the environment, such a young, fragmented forest could be unable to sustain important key species and ecological processes, leading to a loss of biodiversity, Land-use and landscape planning should be used to regulate how the land is used to minimize climate change impact. They should be further used as adaptation tools, to help in ameliorate those climate change impacts that do occur.

<p>The environment has become an important part in people´s lives, and in today´s society stakeholders demands have increased upon companies when it comes to sustainability reports. How these sustainability reports are designed depends on whom it’s for, laws and regulations, and the companies own norms and values. The purpose of sustainability reports is to measure, monitor and compare a company´s enviromental impact. It’s not only about integrating economics, but also enviromental and social standards together to get both financial and competitive advantages.</p><p><em>Sustainable Value method</em> is a new model and is the first real method that can be used to evaluate a company´s resources, both financial, social and enviromental to a sustainable value.This model is used to compare the resource efficiency between companies.</p><p>In this thesis, a documentary study with an experimental approach has been made.Sustainability reports from six selected companies (in the engineering and forestry sector) have been investigated with respect to their accounting for carbon dioxide, and an experiment using the method “Sustainable Value Approach” was subsequently performed. The purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness of sustainability reports by using the <em>Sustainable Value methodology</em>. As a bonus, we determined how effective the six firms used their carbon resources, in monetary terms.</p><p>We found out, that all sustainability reports have been useful to make calculations under the <em>Sustainable Value methodology</em>. Only Atlas Copco gave a positive sustainable value (SV),which means that only Atlas Copco has generated higher returns with its carbon emissions compared to our benchmark had with the same emissions.</p> / <p>Miljön har blivit en viktig del i människans liv och i dagens samhälle har intressenternas krav på företagen ökat när det gäller miljöredovisningar. Hur dessa hållbarhetsredovisningar utformas beror på vilka intressenter de vänder sig till, lagar och regler samt egna normer och värderingar. Syftet med hållbarhetsredovisningar är att mäta, bevaka och jämföra ett företags miljöpåverkan. Det gäller att företagen kan integrera, inte bara ekonomi, utan också miljö och det sociala tillsammans för att få både ekonomiska fördelar och konkurrensfördelar.</p><p>Sustainable Value metoden är en ny modell och är den första riktiga metoden som kan användas för att värdera ett företags resurser, såväl ekonomiska som sociala och miljörelaterade till ett hållbart monetärt värde. Denna modell används för att kunna jämföra resurseffektivitet mellan företagen.</p><p>I arbetet har en dokumentstudie med experimentiell ansats gjorts. Hållbarhetsredovisningar från sex utvalda företag (inom verkstad- och skogsbranschen) har undersökts med avseende på redovisning av koldioxidutsläpp. Experiment med en metod <em>Sustainable Value –metoden </em>har därefter utförts. Studiens syfte har varit att undersöka hur användbara hållbarhetsredovisningar är vid en beräkning av Sustainable Value. Som bonus på arbetet får vi (genom <em>Sustainable Value –metoden</em>) reda på hur effektiva företagen är på att nyttja resursen koldioxid.</p><p>Vi kom fram till att samtliga hållbarhetsredovisningar varit användbara till att göra beräkningar enligt <em>Sustainable Value-metoden</em>. Endast Atlas Copco gav ett positivt hållbart värde (SV), vilket innebär att Atlas Copco har skapat högre avkastning med sina koldioxidutsläpp jämfört med vad vårt benchmark skulle gjort med samma utsläpp.</p>

The environment has become an important part in people´s lives, and in today´s society stakeholders demands have increased upon companies when it comes to sustainability reports. How these sustainability reports are designed depends on whom it’s for, laws and regulations, and the companies own norms and values. The purpose of sustainability reports is to measure, monitor and compare a company´s enviromental impact. It’s not only about integrating economics, but also enviromental and social standards together to get both financial and competitive advantages. Sustainable Value method is a new model and is the first real method that can be used to evaluate a company´s resources, both financial, social and enviromental to a sustainable value.This model is used to compare the resource efficiency between companies. In this thesis, a documentary study with an experimental approach has been made.Sustainability reports from six selected companies (in the engineering and forestry sector) have been investigated with respect to their accounting for carbon dioxide, and an experiment using the method “Sustainable Value Approach” was subsequently performed. The purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness of sustainability reports by using the Sustainable Value methodology. As a bonus, we determined how effective the six firms used their carbon resources, in monetary terms. We found out, that all sustainability reports have been useful to make calculations under the Sustainable Value methodology. Only Atlas Copco gave a positive sustainable value (SV),which means that only Atlas Copco has generated higher returns with its carbon emissions compared to our benchmark had with the same emissions. / Miljön har blivit en viktig del i människans liv och i dagens samhälle har intressenternas krav på företagen ökat när det gäller miljöredovisningar. Hur dessa hållbarhetsredovisningar utformas beror på vilka intressenter de vänder sig till, lagar och regler samt egna normer och värderingar. Syftet med hållbarhetsredovisningar är att mäta, bevaka och jämföra ett företags miljöpåverkan. Det gäller att företagen kan integrera, inte bara ekonomi, utan också miljö och det sociala tillsammans för att få både ekonomiska fördelar och konkurrensfördelar. Sustainable Value metoden är en ny modell och är den första riktiga metoden som kan användas för att värdera ett företags resurser, såväl ekonomiska som sociala och miljörelaterade till ett hållbart monetärt värde. Denna modell används för att kunna jämföra resurseffektivitet mellan företagen. I arbetet har en dokumentstudie med experimentiell ansats gjorts. Hållbarhetsredovisningar från sex utvalda företag (inom verkstad- och skogsbranschen) har undersökts med avseende på redovisning av koldioxidutsläpp. Experiment med en metod Sustainable Value –metoden har därefter utförts. Studiens syfte har varit att undersöka hur användbara hållbarhetsredovisningar är vid en beräkning av Sustainable Value. Som bonus på arbetet får vi (genom Sustainable Value –metoden) reda på hur effektiva företagen är på att nyttja resursen koldioxid. Vi kom fram till att samtliga hållbarhetsredovisningar varit användbara till att göra beräkningar enligt Sustainable Value-metoden. Endast Atlas Copco gav ett positivt hållbart värde (SV), vilket innebär att Atlas Copco har skapat högre avkastning med sina koldioxidutsläpp jämfört med vad vårt benchmark skulle gjort med samma utsläpp.

This essay aims to investigate the meaning of masculinity norms within the forestry sector in Sweden, and how these norms affect the gender equality within the industry. A qualitative research method was applied to highlight and investigate the research aim and questions. Six semi-structured interviews were conducted and furthermore analyzed with a discursive analysis method and a gender theoretical perspective. This study is a continuation of and has its starting point, where the project Jämställdhet i skogsbranschen, implemented by Länsstyrelsen in Västernorrland and other actors, left off. The fourth aim of that project became an object of focus for us and this essay as a whole. The results of this study implied that there are several masculinity norms within the Swedish forestry sector and that the norms influence both men and women. A hegemonic masculinity within the industry became apparent that affected women as well as men. Finally, the gender equality work within the sector could be affected by masculinity norms, that could be considered to prohibit existing and ongoing gender equality work.

In this dissertation the question of why people want to stay in the county-side has been analysed from an economic-historic perspective. The specific research question has been: Using which formal economic means of sustenance could those who remained in Ängersjö parish ensure their survival in the years 1950 to 1990? A number of different types of sources have been used, including income tax registers, data on migration, agricultural statistics, parish registers, interviews, and printed public statistics. The population of Ängersjö parish decreased through the entire period of investigation. In the early 1950s the population pyramid in Ängersjö resembled Sweden’s quite considerably. After this point, the tendencies towards depopulation grew stronger. By the early 1990s, the population had returned to the levels of the early 1800s, i.e. before the forest became valuable. This time, however, the proportion of older inhabitants was much larger. Most of the remaining households supported themselves through wage labour in the forestry sector, which essentially was a male preoccupation. At the margin, supplementary incomes, such as the renting of cottages and capital revenues, could add to household earnings, and contributions by women probably played an important part in that context. In addition, informal economic activities, such as berry-picking and the exchange of labour, could expand the means of support by a maximum of 20 percent. In spite of all these efforts, most of the remaining households earned less than an average Swedish industrial worker. The income differences could to some degree be compensated by lower housing and living costs, but many households probably enjoyed a lower material standard of living. Demonstrably, most of the remaining inhabitants of Ängersjö were willing to pay the economic price associated with the “feelings of freedom” or the upkeep of their ancestral home of which many inhabitants spoke. / Flexibilitet som tradition

The main objective of this study is to evaluate climate change mitigation strategies in the forestry and energy sectors in the SADC with emphasis on the DRC and the RSA. This study is evaluative and cross-sectional. Its results were got through interviews of 56 key informants using the interview guide, and four focus group discussions in the DRC based on the focus group guide. The non-probability sample, mainly the purposive sample and the snowballing sampling were used. After the data analysis, the following results were found: In terms of the strategies for fighting drivers of deforestation both in the DRC and in RSA, it was revealed that the DRC focuses more on the REDD+ projects and NGO activities while the RSA protects its small existing natural forests through Acts, laws, advanced research and establishment of commercial plantations. The results which are related to the contribution of REDD programmes and NGOs to climate change mitigation in the RSA and the DRC have revealed that there are no REDD programmes in the RSA for carbon stock. In the DRC, the NOVACEL REDD+ pilot project has a carbon stock of 60 000 tons which continues to grow with 8 tons of CO2 /ha/year; 210 tons/ha/year on the left side of the Congo River, and on the right side 195 tons/ha/year is generated by the Isangi Geographically Integrated REDD+ pilot project. The WCS Mambasa Forestry REDD+ pilot project has 230 tons/ha/year, while 16 000 tons of CO2/year are stocked under the Luki REDD+ pilot project. The Eco-Makala and Equatorial REDD+ pilot projects have not yet estimated their carbon stocks. Regarding the involvement of the civil society in activities of climate change mitigation in the DRC, people are more involved in REDD’s alternative activities which are funded by the projects. However, in the RSA, people are used as labour in commercial plantations. The RSA derives its major energy from coal (94%) but the DRC has a high potential in hydropower that can generate up to 100 000 MGW. On the use of remote sensing, both the DRC and the RSA employ remote sensing but the RSA has a Spatial Agency while the DRC does not / College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences / D. Litt. et Phil. (Environmental Science)