Historical empathy (HE) is refers to deep inquiry in which academic and emotional responses to historical content are shaped through source analysis of the actions, motives, perspectives, and beliefs of people in the past. There are limited studies about whether students demonstrate HE through analysis of underrepresented historical figures. Additionally, studies are limited on how students’ social identities influence demonstration of HE. Consequently, there is a gap in the literature with regard to whether source analysis of underrepresented historical figures, as well as students’ social identities, impact demonstration of HE and critical race consciousness (CRC). Elizabeth Jennings is an example of an underrepresented historical figure. She was an African American teacher who was forcibly ejected from a streetcar due to her race in 1854. Jennings sued the streetcar company and won. Although Jennings set an important precedent for African Americans to use the legal system to challenge antebellum segregation ordinances, she remains a relatively obscure historical figure. The purpose of this study was to examine whether or not an instructional unit about Elizabeth Jennings called “The Elizabeth Jennings Project” (EJP) promotes conditions conducive for student demonstration of HE and/or CRC. A case study of one middle and two high school classes was conducted at one private, non-secular school in an urban area of the Northeast. Instructional methods that best promoted HE included in-class discussion and debate. Students provided insights about their social identities during focus group sessions with regard to how the EJP fostered HE and CRC.

Social connection is an essential human need. Personal connections exist at a variety of depths and within different types of relationships. Small daily choices determine the strength of those connections and their impact on our well-being as individuals and as a community. Modern society and technology have altered the speed and channels of connection, increasing communication but decreasing meaningful connection. It is critical to understand how the methods of communication affect the depth of connections. Through a series of participatory graphic design projects, I analyze the strengths and weaknesses of one-on-one, small group and community connections within an established taxonomy of the levels of connection, to identify the factors that contribute to strong social relationships.

L'assemblage des éléments de structures en bois de dimensions standard comme des poutres massives ou composites s'effectue très fréquemment avec des ancrages métalliques cloués. Ces éléments en tôle pliée formés à froid peuvent être mis sur le marché Européens lorsqu'un ATE est obtenu à partir des recommandations de l'ETAG 015. Le développement ainsi que la caractérisation de la résistance de ces ancrages s'effectue jusqu'à présent dans la société CULLEN Building Products par des essais longs et coûteux. En alternative à cette démarche, ce travail présente une démarche permettant de modéliser le comportement de ces assemblages par la méthode des éléments finis. En premier lieu une étude est conduite sur les types d'aciers utilisés et sur l'influence de la phase de formage sur la résistance de l'ancrage. Il est alors montré qu'il n'est pas nécessaire d'intégrer l'état d'écrouissage produit par le pliage et que la modélisation peut débuter à partir de la géométrie finale à l'aide d'éléments coques. En second lieu une modélisation simplifiée du comportement des pointes est proposée. Les paramètres nécessaires à sa mise en oeuvre sont identifiés. Le modèle est mis en oeuvre pour simuler le comportement d'un assemblage tôle sur bois à une seule pointe. Les résultats sont confrontés à des résultats expérimentaux. La modélisation de l'ancrage étant forcément tridimensionnelle, une modélisation non linéaire du bois 3D est proposée en idéalisant le bois comme une structure. Cette structure est composée de cube de mousse (crushable foam) associé à des poutres élasto plastique qui donne à cet édifice son caractère fortement orthotrope. Ce modèle structurale du bois est mis en oeuvre pour modéliser le cisaillement de barreaux de bois, de la compression transversale sur appuis de poutre, des essais d'enfoncement de broches et un assemblage traditionnel par embrèvement. Ces modélisations permettent de montrer les capacités du modèle à décrire les comportements et de définir ses limites. Dans une dernière partie, l'ancrage, les pointes et le bois sont rassemblés pour constitué trois modèles d'ancrages caractéristiques les plus complexes de la production CULLEN. Les résultats obtenus sont confrontés à des résultats expérimentaux conduits en laboratoire. Enfin les modélisations sont utilisés pour expliquer le comportement interne des ancrages au cours du chargement jusqu'à l'atteinte de la rupture / The assembly of various elements of timber structures of standard dimensions such as timber beams or composite beams is often achieved by nailed steel connectors. These folded steel elements obtained by cold forming can be launched on the European market once an ETA is delivered regarding the recommendations of the ETAG 015. Up to now, the development and the characterisation of the strength of these connectors have been done within the company: CULLEN Building Products by lengthy and costly experimental tests. As an alternative to this procedure, this work presents an approach which enables modelling the behaviour of these connections by the finite element method. In the first place the influence of the type of steel used and the forming process on the strength of these hangers was studied. It is shown that it is not necessary to take into account the hardening produced by the forming of the steel so that the modelling can be achieved from the final geometry by shell elements. Secondly a simplified model of the behaviour of the nails is proposed. The parameters necessary for its implementation are identified. The model is then used to simulate the behaviour of the connection of a steel plate to timber by a single nail. These results are then confronted with the experimental results. As the model is necessarily 3 dimensional, a 3D non linear model is proposed for the timber by considering it as a structure. This structure is composed of cubes of crushable foam which are associated with elasto-plastic beams to give this structure its highly orthotropic behaviour. This structural model of wood is implemented to model the shear of timber bars, transversal compression where beams are supported, embedment tests of steel dowels and a traditional bird's mouth assembly. These various models show the capacities of this structural model to describe timber's complex behaviours; they also define the limits of this modelling. In the last section, the hanger, the nails and the timber are assembled in order to constitute the models for three characteristic and complex hangers of CULLEN's production. The results obtained are confronted with the experimental results. Finally, the models are used to explain the internal behaviour of these hangers at various loads up to their failure

Multiplicative reasoning permeates many mathematical topics, for example fractions and functions. Hence there is consensus on the importance of acquiring multiplicative reasoning. Multiplication is typically introduced as repeated addition, but when it is extended to include multi-digits and decimals a more general view of multiplication is required. There are conflicting reports in previous research concerning students’ understandings of multiplication. For example, repeated addition has been suggested both to support students’ understanding of calculations and as a hindrance to students’ conceptualisation of the two-dimensionality of multiplication. The relative difficulty of commutativity and distributivity is also debated, and there is a possible conflict in how multiplicative reasoning is described and assessed. These inconsistencies are addressed in a study with the aim of understanding more about students’ understandings of multiplication when it is expanded to comprise multi-digits and decimals. Understanding is perceived as connections between representations of different types of knowledge, linked together by reasoning. Especially connections between three components of multiplication were investigated; models for multiplication, calculations and arithmetical properties. Explicit reasoning made the connections observable and externalised mental representations. Twenty-two students were recurrently interviewed during five semesters in grades five to seven to find answers to the overarching research question: What do students’ responses to different forms of multiplicative tasks in the domain of multi-digits and decimals reveal about their understandings of multiplication? The students were invited to solve different forms of tasks during clinical interviews, both individually and in pairs. The tasks involved story telling to given multiplications, explicit explanations of multiplication, calculation problems including explanations and justifications for the calculations and evaluation of suggested calculation strategies. Additionally the students were given written word problems to solve. The students’ understandings of multiplication were robustly rooted in repeated addition or equally sized groups. This was beneficial for their understandings of calculations and distributivity, but hindered them from fluent use of commutativity and to conceptualise decimal multiplication. The robustness of their views might be explained by the introduction to multiplication, which typically is by repeated addition and modelled by equally sized groups. The robustness is discussed in relation to previous research and the dilemma that more general models for multiplication, such as rectangular area, are harder to conceptualise than models that are only susceptible to natural numbers. The study indicated that to evaluate and explain others’ calculation strategies elicited more reasoning and deeper mathematical thinking compared to evaluating and explaining calculations conducted by the students themselves. Furthermore, the different forms of tasks revealed various lines of reasoning and to get a richly composed picture of students’ multiplicative reasoning and understandings of multiplication, a wide variety of forms of tasks is suggested. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>

My research study aimed to explore the pedagogic shifts between working with concrete to more abstract conceptions of number. By using a case study approach focused on a grade 2 (G2) Foundation Phase (FP) teacher who retained her class into grade 3 (G3), I gathered data on her teaching over two years (2012-13) in the context of the ‘Lesson Starters Project’ (LSP). In addition, the teacher also participated in another project within the Wits Maths Connect Primary project (WMC-P) which was focused on developing content knowledge related to primary mathematics during 2013. Whilst content knowledge course assessment indicated gains through this year, the teacher’s results indicated gaps in mathematical content knowledge - a feature that literature has highlighted as quite common amongst primary teachers in South Africa and internationally. My focus in this study is on the extent to which this teacher in the LSP professional development project specialised content and modes of representation and showed connections between these aspects. The findings showed that there were varying degrees of specialisation of content and specialisation of representations. In other words, the teacher is seen to make the mathematics more sophisticated in conjunction with the use of a variety of representations or strategies. There was evidence that the degree of shifts towards more abstract strategies depended at least partially on the teacher’s beliefs about the abilities of different learners in her class.

Na puberdade ocorrem mudanças significativas na organização de circuitos neurais com ajuda da ação dos hormônios esteroidais, levando a dimorfismos sexuais relevantes para a promoção de comportamentos adultos. A porção ventrolateral do núcleo ventromedial do hipotálamo (VMHvl) é o sítio neural que mais exerce controle do comportamento sexual feminino a partir da ação dos hormônios ovarianos. Dentre os núcleos que o aferentam, destaca-se o núcleo medial da amígdala (MEA), transmitindo informações essenciais para iniciar tal comportamento. Investigamos a densidade das projeções do núcleo MEA para o VMHvl, em ratas ooforectomizadas pré-ppuberes e em ratas controle. Foi feita a ooforectomia em ratas Sprague-Dawley com 35 dias de idade. Ao atingirem idade de 90 dias, injetamos por iontoforese o traçador anterógrado Phaseolus vulgaris no MEA. Sugerimos uma diferença na densidade de projeções e varicosidades do MEA para o VMHvl entre os grupos. Aparentemente, os hormônios ovarianos contribuem na organização das conexões do MEA com estruturas do circuito do comportamento sexual feminino. / During puberty, significant changes occur to organize neural circuits, with steroid hormones action, leading to significant sexual dimorphism to promote adults behaviors. The ventrolateral portion of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMHvl) is the major neural site controlling this behavior with the ovarian hormones action. One of outputs to VMHvl, the medial amygdala nucleus (MEA) transmit essential information to start such behavior. We investigate the projections density of MEA to VMHvl, in ovariectomized rats at early puberty. We performed ovariectomy Sprague-Dawley rats with approximately 35 days of age, when they reach the age of 90 days, we perform unilateral iontophoretic injections of anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris in MEA. Our results suggest a possible difference in projections density of the MEA to VMHvl, between ovariectomized rats the onset of puberty and control. Apparently, ovarian hormones are important factors that contribute to the organization of MEA connections with structures of the circuit of female sexual behavior during puberty.

Este trabalho consiste numa revisão bibliográfica sobre ligações em estruturas de aço. Inicialmente são abordados os dispositivos de ligação, enfatizando os tipos e as características estruturais dos conectores, os processos de soldagem mais empregados nas estruturas de aço e suas implicações. A seguir são apresentados os aspectos mais importantes sobre o comportamento estrutural de parafusos e soldas e a avaliação da resistência com base na norma brasileira NBR 8800 e nas principais normas estrangeiras aplicáveis. Finalmente, são apresentados e discutidos os modelos teóricos clássicos usualmente empregados para a avaliação de solicitações em ligações parafusadas e soldadas. / This work gives a reference review on steel structure connections. First, connection designs are discussed, emphasizing the types of fasteners, their characteristics, the most common employed welding processes for steel structures and the technical implications. It is also presented the most important aspects regarding the structural behaviour of bolts, welds and the strength evaluation based on the Brazilian code NBR 8800, as well as on the main known foreign codes. Finally the classical theoretical analysis often adopted for the evaluation of welded and bolted connections are presented and discussed.

A utilização de perfis formados a frio na construção metálica no Brasil vem crescendo de forma significativa. Dentro deste mesmo contexto, atenções especiais estão sendo direcionadas às ligações utilizadas neste tipo de perfil, pelo fato de as chapas que as constituem resultarem cada vez mais esbeltas em função da significativa redução na sua espessura (elevada relação largura/espessura). Por esta razão, as ligações em perfis formados a frio têm sido estudadas por pesquisadores, tanto no contexto mundial como no Brasil. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo realizar estudos relacionados às ligações parafusadas em perfis formados a frio, com vistas a avaliar a resistência e o comportamento destas ligações por meio de modelagem numérica, simulando o comportamento estrutural com a utilização do código de cálculo ANSYS v.6.0, elaborado com base nos Métodos dos Elementos Finitos (MEF). No sentido de avaliar a eficiência e a confiabilidade dos modelos elaborados, os resultados numéricos obtidos foram comparados com resultados experimentais obtidos em ensaios, bem como, comparados com resultados numéricos obtidos utilizando-se outros padrões de modelagem. / The use of cold-formed steel members in the steel building in Brazil comes growing of significant form. Inside of the same context, special attentions are being directed to the connections used in the cold-formed steel members, or the fact of the sheets used to this kind of steel members result each time more thin. For this reason the connections in cold-formed steel members have been studied for researchers, as much in the worldwide context as in Brazil. The objective of this work is studies the bolted connections in cold-formed steel member to evaluate the resistance and the behavior of these connections by means of numerical modeling, simulating the structural behavior with the use of the code of calculation ANSYS v.6.0, elaborated based on Finite Element Methods. With the objective to evaluate the efficiency and the trustworthiness of the elaborated model, the numerical results where compare with experimental results gotten in assays, as well as, compared with numerical results gotten using other standards of modeling.

Neste trabalho, é desenvolvido um programa através do método dos deslocamentos, em que o mesmo leva em consideração a influência do efeito da semi-rigidez rotacional nas ligações formadas por dois parafusos sobre o comportamento mecânico da estrutura. Esta configuração de parafusos é devidamente escolhida em função de sua corrente aplicação em estruturas de madeira, principalmente em estruturas auxiliares ou de cobertura. Vários exemplos de estruturas típicas de cobertura são executados considerando-se as três formas que o presente programa analisa, evidenciando-se a importância do comportamento semi-rígido sobre as ligações. / In this work, a program is developed through the method of the displacements, in that the same get the worst of the influence of the effect of semi-rigidity rotational in the connections formed by two screws about the mechanical behaviour of the structure. This configuration of screws is chosen properly in function of your current application in wood structures, mainly in auxiliary structures or of covering. Several examples of typical structures of covering are executed being considered the three analysis forms in that the present program executes, being evidenced the importance of the semi-rigid behaviour about the connections.

O emprego de parafusos auto-atarraxantes em ligações metálicas, nos últimos anos, têm aumentado de forma significativa, principalmente como dispositivo de ligação entre componentes leves da construção metálica, como por exemplo, nas ligações entre telhas metálicas e terças. Tais ligações apresentam modos de falha diferentes dos observados para as ligações parafusadas convencionais, em função do tipo de parafuso e das reduzidas espessuras dos elementos conectados, definidos como \"pull-out\" e \"pull-over\". No Brasil, a carência de estudos específicos nesse tema foi uma das razões da omissão da recente norma brasileira de dimensionamento de estruturas de aço constituídas por perfis formados a frio - NBR 14762:2001, quanto a procedimentos específicos para o projeto de ligações com parafusos auto-atarraxantes. Nesse trabalho foi desenvolvido um estudo abrangente sobre as ligações metálicas com parafusos auto-atarraxantes, com ênfase na ligação telha-terça, onde são apresentados os procedimentos e as recomendações das principais normas estrangeiras, bem como os ensaios padronizados para caracterização dos parafusos e avaliação do comportamento estrutural e resistência de ligações. São apresentados também os resultados de uma investigação experimental, com base no ensaio padrão do AISI (1996) (American Iron and Steel Institute), em 27 corpos-de-prova com variação no diâmetro do parafuso e espessura dos componentes da ligação (terça e telha), com o objetivo principal de avaliar as expressões das AISI (2001b e 1996) para dimensionamento. Como conclusão, são relatadas as dificuldades associadas ao ensaio padrão, que apesar de sua concepção simples, conduz à elevada variabilidade nos resultados, indicando a necessidade da adoção de ensaios mais representativos e confiáveis. / The use of screws in steel connections has increased significantly in recent years, mainly as connecting devices between light-gage components in steel construction, as, for example, in joints between metal roofing and purlins. These connections exhibit different failure modes from those displayed by conventional bolted connections, due to the type of fastener and the reduced thicknesses of the connected elements, defined as pull-out and pull-over. In Brazil, the lack of specific studies of this theme was one of the reasons for the omission of specific procedures for the design of screw connections from the new edition of the brazilian code for cold-formed steel members - NBR 14762:2001. The work reported here involved a comprehensive study of steel connections using screws, with emphasis on the sheating-purlin connection. A presentation is made of the procedures and recommendations of the main foreign codes, as well as of standardized tests for characterizing screws and evaluating the structural behavior and strength of connections. Also presented are the results of an experimental investigation based on the standard test of the AISI (1996) (American Iron and Steel Institute) applied to 27 test specimens with varying screw diameters and connector component thicknesses (purlin and sheeting), whose main purpose was to evaluate the AISI\'s design equations (2001b e 1996). To conclude, a report is made of the difficulties associated with the standard test, which, despite its simple conception, leads to considerably variable results, indicating the need for the adoption of more representative and reliable tests.