O presente trabalho tem como objetivo discutir o papel do timbre no edifício teórico da Semiótica da Canção, entendida aqui como a vertente teórica da semiótica francesa desenvolvida principalmente por A. J. Greimas mas também por demais integrantes da assim chamada Escola de Paris voltada para o estudo da canção popular brasileira. Preconizada pelo semioticista Luiz Tatit, essa linha de estudos vem se consolidando gradativamente como um instrumental analítico especializado no estudo da canção popular tomada como uma unidade orgânica constituída pela integração entre letra e melodia. Após um primeiro período de formulação e consolidação das ferramentas analíticas que constituem a base do modelo, assistiu-se ao surgimento de diversos estudos que buscaram expandir seu escopo de abrangência em direção aos elementos não contemplados até o momento, como é o caso do timbre. Dentre estes, as teses de doutorado de Carmo Jr. (2007), Coelho (2007) e Dietrich (2008) assumem posição de destaque por levantar questionamentos primordiais para delimitar o estatuto semiótico do timbre enquanto elemento produtor de efeitos de sentido. As proposições apresentadas por estes autores foram submetidas a uma revisão crítica a fim de extrair os vetores teóricos e metodológicos que deverão orientar as investigações futuras sobre esse objeto. Desse confronto de perspectivas, elaboramos a hipótese de que o timbre se comporta como elemento pertinente ao domínio das semióticas conotativas, conforme o modelo de análise hierarquizada idealizado pelo linguista Louis Hjelmslev (2006). Essa abordagem visa elucidar os mecanismos pelos quais o timbre participa na construção de efeitos de sentido, embora ele possa ser descartado como dado variável e secundário até determinado estágio da descrição semiótica. Com esse objetivo em mente, foi realizado um levantamento da presença da conotação nos textos do semioticista A. J. Greimas a fim viii de determinar seu lugar de pertinência no edifício conceitual da teoria e delimitar com maior precisão as potencialidades analíticas desse conceito. As diretrizes teóricas e metodológicas traçadas até esse ponto foram aplicadas em dois momentos. No primeiro, foi analisado como a descrição verbal presente em manuais de instrumentação e orquestração registra de maneira implícita as cifras tensivas subjacentes ao timbre. No segundo, foi analisado o papel do timbre no álbum Música de Brinquedo da banda Pato Fu, observando especialmente quais efeitos de sentido eram produzidos pelas substituições tímbricas do arranjo desse álbum em comparação com o arranjo original. As análises permitem concluir que, enquanto fenômeno da ordem da conotação, o timbre pode criar fisionomias no âmbito do uso, ora pela instauração de assimetrias e irregularidades, ora pelas variações implicadas nas práticas de rearranjo musical. Em ambos os casos, verifica-se que o lugar privilegiado de pertinência do timbre está no campo do uso e da práxis enunciativa. Graças a essas distinções conceituais, a perspectiva linguística e discursiva pode trazer contribuições valiosas para compreender de maneira sistemática o timbre nos processos de significação. / This work aims to discuss the role of timbre (tone color) within the theoretical framework of the Semiotics of Songs, defined as a special field of French Semiotics developed mainly by A. J. Greimas but also by other members of the so-called Paris School of Semiotics and applied to the Brazilian popular song. Developed by the semiotician Luiz Tatit, this line of research is being consolidated as an analytical tool specialized at the study of popular music, this being understood as an organic unity made up of lyrics and melody. After the first phase of the theory, at which the basic analytical tools were formulated and enhanced, several researches sought the expansion of the theorys analytical scope towards issues not discussed until then, e.g. timbre. The doctoral theses of Carmo Jr. (2007), Coelho (2007) and Dietrich (2008) stand out among these studies as they raise essential issues to explain the semiotic role of timbre in the production of meaning effects. The propositions presented by these authors were critically reviewed in order to draw out the methodological and theoretical guidelines, which shall support this work as much as future research on this subject. From this confrontation of perspectives, one can draw the hypothesis that timbre belongs rather to the field of connotative semiotics, according to the analytic model of hierarchic levels outlined by the linguist Louis Hjelmslev (2006). This approach aims to explain how timbre plays a role at the meaning-effects construction, although it can be regarded as a secondary and variable element up to a certain extent of the semiotic description. In order to achieve this goal, the concept of connotation was researched in A. J. Greimas work in order to determine more precisely its role within the theoretical framework of semiotics as much as its analytical possibilities. The theoretical and methodological guidelines drawn out until this point were applied in two different scenarios. The first one analyzed how the verbal descriptions given by orchestration handbooks implicitly encode x tensive algorithms underlying timbre. The second one analyzed the role of timbre in the album Música de Brinquedo of the Brazilian pop band Pato Fu, especially regarding the meaning effects triggered by the timbre shifting in comparison to the songs original arrangement. The result of the analyses leads to the conclusion that, as a connotative phenomenon, timbre can generate physiognomies either by the emerging of irregularities and asymmetrical combinations, or by the variations created through the musical re-elaboration. In both cases, one can verify that privileged place of timbre lies in the domain of usage and enunciative praxis. Such conceptual distinctions show that the linguistic and discursive perspective can bring valuable contributions to a systematic understanding of timbre at meaning processes.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:14:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Conrado Valle de Queiroz Padilha.pdf: 1248123 bytes, checksum: 435251b3c257bfddbc814a2c733b95cc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The cardinal purpose of this work is to present the Barthesian concept of myth as per its definition in Mythologies. It is also an attempt to follow how it unfolds in the work of Roland Barthes through a small set of selected texts: Writing Degree Zero, Mythologies, Elements of Semiology, L obvie et l obtus, Roland Barthes by Roland Barthes, and Camera Lucida. This research implies in handling the concept of connotation, through which Barthes defines the myth as an ultra-signification message. We here play with the hypothesis of the concept of studium, belatedly introduced in Camera Lucida, as a reformulation of the myth in the photography field, since Barthes himself sees in it the same characteristic effect of the connotative phenomenon. In such a manner, the corpus of this research is given by the author s mentioned texts; for its convenient aspect, it is also added of the repertoire of images offered by the researcher Jacqueline Guittard and her Mythologies illustrées, which recaptures and expands the edition known so far; the images of Camera Lucida are also added to it. The relevance of this research is tied to the possibility offered by Barthes oeuvre to criticize the mass communications in a historic and semiotic perspective, always paying attention to the work of the signifier / O trabalho tem por objetivo primordial apresentar o conceito barthesiano de mito , conforme definido em Mitologias. Trata-se também de acompanhar seus desdobramentos na obra de Roland Barthes por meio de um pequeno conjunto de textos selecionados: O grau zero da escritura, Mitologias, Elementos de semiologia, O óbvio e o obtuso, Roland Barthes por Roland Barthes e A câmara clara. Tal busca demanda trabalhar com o conceito de conotação, através do qual Barthes define o mito enquanto uma mensagem de ultrassignificação. Jogamos com a hipótese de que o conceito de studium, tardiamente introduzido em A câmara clara, é a reformulação do mito no campo da fotografia, já que Barthes vê aí o mesmo efeito característico do fenômeno conotativo. Assim, o corpus da pesquisa é dado pelos referidos textos do autor. Pelo caráter oportuno, este corpus é acrescido do repertório de imagens fornecido pela pesquisadora Jacqueline Guittard em seu Mitologias ilustrado, que retoma e aumenta a edição até aqui conhecida; a isto acrescentam-se ainda as imagens de A câmara clara. A relevância da pesquisa liga-se à possibilidade que a obra de Barthes nos oferece de voltar às comunicações de massa uma crítica ao mesmo tempo semiótica e histórica, sempre atenta ao trabalho do significante

Cette thèse a pour but de construire le concept de « tendance » dans le champ des Sciences de l’Information et de la Communication. Notion fortement investie par les professionnels de la communication, les tendances sont absentes de notre discipline alors même qu’elles sont au cœur des processus de construction de l’identité et de médiation. Cette thèse construit donc ce concept en rapport avec la notion de dispositif et d’archétype. Elle introduit une perspective historique en étudiant comment cet archétype s’est exprimé depuis le XVIIème siècle jusqu’à nos jours. Enfin, elle étudie l’expression et l’utilisation de ces tendances dans notre société, ainsi que leur relation à la mode, au travers d’un support médiatique, le magazine Elle. / Summary: this work is about building the concept of trends with the help of other concepts found in the Information and Communication Sciences. Today, media and communication professionals all talk about trends, but they are quite silent in our universitary field of expertise, whereas they are helping individuals to define themselves (and each other) and to communicate. We are studying this concept and how it expresses itself in France from the XVIIth century to the XXth especially in the media, like the French magazine Elle, thanks to the concept of “mechanism” (dispositif; created by Michel Foucault) and archetype (created by Jung)

Sentiment Analysis has been researched in a variety of contexts but in this thesis, the focus is on sentiment analysis in Twitter, which poses its own unique challenges such as the use of slang, abbreviations, emoticons, hashtags, and user mentions. The 140-character restriction on the length of tweets can also lead to text that is difficult even for a human to determine its sentiment. Specifically, this study will analyze sentiment analysis of bilingual (U.S. English and Spanish language) Tweets. The hypothesis here is that Bilingual sentiment analysis is more accurate than sentiment analysis in a single language (English or Spanish) when analyzing bilingual tweets. In general, currently sentiment analysis in bilingual tweets is done against an English dictionary. For each of the test cases in this thesis’ experiment we will use the Python NLTK sentiment package. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2017. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

<p>This essay is about the relationship between the spatial reality and the imaginary reality in the auditory artwork The Missing Voice (case study b) by Janet Cardiff. The analysis is based on a semiotic model that differentiate between two types of signifieds; a denotative signified and a connotative signified. Those terms, with focus on connotation, is used in relation to sound and linguistic signs in the auditory reality of the artwork.</p><p>The first chapter “Den okroppsliga rösten” discusses the relationship between the several voices of fiction and the spatial reality in The Missing Voice (case study b). There are four versions of the voice of cardiff and two other masculine voices that reach out, through the auditory reality, to the participant of the artwork. The participant throws therefore between the spatial reality and the reality of fiction. </p><p>The second chapter “Den akustiska upplevelsen” discusses what happens when the aucoustic reality is in and out of sync with the spatial reality in The Missing Voice (case study b). When the two soundscapes, the real and the auditory, synchronize it’s difficult for the participant to separate between reality and fiction. Those recorded sounds originate from the spatial reality and therefore connotes this reality. Sometimes Cardiff refers to sounds that are invisible in the spatial reality, the soundscapes are then not in sync with each other, but still the sounds are so close to the spatial reality that they feel real.</p><p>The last chapter “Det imaginära rummet” is about the meeting between the real spatiality and the imaginäry. On many occations in the artwork the voice of Cardiff transforms the real room to a room from the past. Then her words connotations reinforces the experience of the presence of the imaginäry room in the real room.</p>

This essay is about the relationship between the spatial reality and the imaginary reality in the auditory artwork The Missing Voice (case study b) by Janet Cardiff. The analysis is based on a semiotic model that differentiate between two types of signifieds; a denotative signified and a connotative signified. Those terms, with focus on connotation, is used in relation to sound and linguistic signs in the auditory reality of the artwork. The first chapter “Den okroppsliga rösten” discusses the relationship between the several voices of fiction and the spatial reality in The Missing Voice (case study b). There are four versions of the voice of cardiff and two other masculine voices that reach out, through the auditory reality, to the participant of the artwork. The participant throws therefore between the spatial reality and the reality of fiction.  The second chapter “Den akustiska upplevelsen” discusses what happens when the aucoustic reality is in and out of sync with the spatial reality in The Missing Voice (case study b). When the two soundscapes, the real and the auditory, synchronize it’s difficult for the participant to separate between reality and fiction. Those recorded sounds originate from the spatial reality and therefore connotes this reality. Sometimes Cardiff refers to sounds that are invisible in the spatial reality, the soundscapes are then not in sync with each other, but still the sounds are so close to the spatial reality that they feel real. The last chapter “Det imaginära rummet” is about the meeting between the real spatiality and the imaginäry. On many occations in the artwork the voice of Cardiff transforms the real room to a room from the past. Then her words connotations reinforces the experience of the presence of the imaginäry room in the real room.

This thesis investigates the Flavian Amphitheatre, better known as the Colosseum, in its relation to setting, symbolic meaning and its afterlife. Crucial to the discussion is the ancient art of memory, through which the Colosseum&rsquo / s ambivalent role as a means of Imperial power is elucidated. Equally important, the buildings&rsquo / iconographic connotations are studied in terms of the architectural orders employed on the fa&ccedil / ade. The Colosseum&rsquo / s extended use and its later emblematic significance comprise the concluding discussion of the thesis.

En konsument blir ständigt påverkad av olika intryck i en butik där produkter slåss om uppmärksamhet och försöker att särskilja sig från konkurrenter. En produkt som trängs med flera andra på butikshyllan är tidskrifter, där antal titlar på den svenska marknaden har ökat med 40 procent de senaste tio åren.  Det har tidigare forskats kring vilka färger som sägs påverka människor i köpsituationer, så som att rött är en bra färg för att intressera en konsument, men detta betyder inte nödvändigtvis att det leder till ett köp. Vad är det då som intresserar konsumenten när det gäller färg? Vilka färger på ett tidskriftsomslag är det som intresserar en målgrupp mest respektive minst och varför är det så? Finns det ett samband mellan vilka färger som intresserar målgruppen och de färger som faktiskt leder till köp? Den här studien undersöker hur färg på tidskriftsomslag påverkar en konsument, både gällande associationer, känslor och köpbehov. Den tidskrift som varit i fokus för studien är Cosmopolitan, som befinner sig inom genren Livsstil för kvinnor, med målgruppen kvinnor mellan 20-30 år. Studien innefattar en litteraturöversikt för att få veta mer om hur färg påverkar en konsument och vilket uppmärksamhetsvärde en viss färg har. Vidare har skisser skapats som har varit grunden för diskussioner i de fokusgrupper som sattes ihop.Den analys som gjordes visar att målgruppen tyckte mest om följande färg och färgkombinationer på ett Cosmopolitanomslag: blå, gul, samt kalla och ljusa färger. De omslag som gjorde målgruppen mest intresserade av ett köp var följande färg och färgkombinationer: blå, blågula, gul, samt kalla och ljusa färger. Detta visar att studien fann ett samband mellan de färger som målgruppen tyckte bäst om och de färger som målgruppen även kunna tänka sig att köpa.De färger som målgruppen inte tyckte om var följande färg och färgkombinationer: röd, rödgrön, rödblå, grön, gulgrön och varma färger. De omslag som målgruppen var minst intresserade av att köpa var följande färg och färgkombinationer: röd, grön, rödblå, rödgrön och gulgrön. De omslag som målgruppen fann mest intressanta var följande färg och färgkombinationer: röd, rödblå, grön, gulgrön, samt varma och mörka omslaget. Vad som framgår är att användningen av rött på tidskriftsomslag fångar konsumentens intresse men att det inte skulle leda till köp, enligt fokusgrupperna för den här studien. Det är även tydligt att de färger som anses som mest intressanta inte är det målgruppen tycker om eller väljer att köpa. Likaså framgick det att målgruppen väljer det som känns bekant sedan innan. / A consumer is constantly influenced by the different impressions in a store where products compete for attention and try to differentiate themselves from competitors. A product that is crowded with several others on store shelves is magazines, and number of titles on the Swedish market have increased by 40 per cent over the past ten years.  Previous studies show how colors are said to influence people in different situations, that red, for example, is a good color to attract a consumer. This does not necessarily mean that it leads to a purchase. What is it that interests the consumer in terms of color? What colors on a magazine cover is of interest to an audience, most and least, and why is it so? Is there a connection between the colors that interest the target audience and the colors that actually lead to purchases?This study examines how the color of the magazine cover affects a consumer, both in terms of associations, emotions and buying needs. The magazine that has been in focus of the study is Cosmopolitan, targeting women aged 20-30 years, which is within the genre of Lifestyle for women. The study includes a literature review to learn more about how color affects a consumer’s attention and what value a certain color has. Furthermore, sketches had been created that has been the foundation of the focus groups who were assembled.The analysis made shows that the audience liked the following colors and color combinations on a Cosmopolitan cover: blue, yellow, cold and bright colors. The covers that made the audience most interested in a purchase had the following color and color combinations: blue, yellow, blue-yellow, cold and bright colors. This shows that the study found a correlation between the colors that audience liked best with the colors that the target group also could consider buying.The colors that audience did not like was the following colors and color combinations: black, red-green, blue-red, green, green-yellow and warm colors. The covers that the target group found least interesting to buy were the following colors and color combinations: red, green, blue-red, red-green and green-yellow. The covers that the target group found most interesting was the following colors and color combinations: red, blue-red, green, green-yellow, and warm and dark covers. What appears in the study is that the use of red on the magazine cover captures the consumer’s interest but it would not lead to purchase, according to the focus groups for this study. It is also clear that the colors that are considered to be most interesting is not in the target audience like or choose to buy. Another finding was that the target audience often choose what was most familiar to them.

Research shows that L2 learners' communicative problems are often pragmatic in nature. Pragmatic competence has been defined as the ability to recognize the force and the intended meaning of an utterance by making judgments about its appropriateness (Thomas 1983). Studies on interlanguage pragmatics have provided evidence that conversational strategies differ cross-linguistically and cross-culturally. Also, recent studies on the way native and nonnative speakers of English comprehend and understand conversational implicatures (Bouton 1988, 1989, 1990) have revealed that non-native speakers of English do not interpret implicatures the way native speakers do and that this is due to cultural differences.This study investigated the way native speakers of Arabic and (American) English interpret and comprehend implicatures. It was hypothesized that, as a part of their communicative competence, the Arab speakers' ability to interpret implicatures in English may be influenced by four variables: 1) overall proficiency level in English (measured by standardized ESL tests); 2) length of exposure to American culture; 3) level of motivation to learn English andattitudes toward Americans and American culture; and 4) strategic interference due to the differences in pragmatic functions between Arabic and English.136 subjects (61 Arabs and 75 Americans) participated in this study, which employed three empirical instruments: 1) an implicature questionnaire designed in the form of a multiple-choice test to test the native and nonnative subjects' comprehension of implicatures; 2) a motivation/attitudes questionnaire to measure the non-native subjects' motivational levels for learning English and their attitudes towards American culture and people; and 3) the Michigan Proficiency Test, a standardized test of grammar, vocabulary, and reading comprehension. In addition, a post-test interview was used to gather information from non-native speakers regarding the choices made on each implicature question.Statistical analyses of the results revealed significant differences between native and nonnative speakers in their comprehension and interpretation of implicatures. In a multiple-regression, length of stay was found to be a significant predictor of non-native speakers' comprehension of implicatures. / Department of English

Thesis (M.S.W.)--Smith College School for Social Work, Northampton, Mass., 2007 / Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of Master of Social Work. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 65-67).