L’espace urbain s’avère être un système complexe grâce aux interactions entre les composants de chaque milieu. L’homme n’est qu’un des multiples éléments de ce système mais il assume, en même temps, une posture singulière face aux autres composantes du fait de sa capacité à imaginer le futur. Cette condition lui a permis, à travers des outils de projection, d’orienter les transformations des milieux qu’il habite en décidant d’y soutenir ou d’y nier ces interactions. Pendant le XXème siècle, l’espace urbain de la ville européenne a été transformé à travers des projets urbains incarnant une idée de liberté. A partir de ces projets, l’espace urbain paraît subir des dissociations entre les acteurs, entre les outils de projection et le territoire et, enfin, entre les espaces physiques. Les résultats de processus de dissociations semblent être des espaces-fissures capables de faire émerger des métamorphoses par adaptation des milieux. Si la figure de l’intermilieux représente ces régénérations métaphysiques et physiques de la ville, le dispositif intermilieux en décrit l’approche opérationnelle basée sur le partage et l’expérimentation du projet urbain ouvert. La ville de Milan représente un champ d’investigation passionnant à cet égard. L’enquête menée dans ce territoire, la confrontation avec les acteurs impliqués, l’observation directe des lieux et de leur condition spatiale ont permis de faire émerger la diversification des expérimentations. Si in-situ, le dispositif intermilieux s’adapte en produisant des projets urbains ouverts, une contamination vertueuse se réalise entre ces projets en générant des réseaux trans-situ, des constellations cartographiques. / Urban space proves to be a complex system thanks to the interactions between the various components of each environment. Man is only one of the many elements of this system, but at the same time he assumes a singular position against the other components because of his ability to imagine the future. This condition allows him, through projection tools, to guide the transformations of the environments he inhabits by deciding to support or deny these interactions. During the twentieth century, the urban space of the European city was transformed through urban projects embodying an idea of ​​freedom. From these projects, the urban space seems to undergo dissociations between the actors, between the projection tools and the territory and, finally, between the physical spaces. The results of dissociation processes seem to be fissured spaces capable of bringing about a metamorphosis through the adaptation of the environment. If the figure of the intermilieux represents these metaphysical and physical regenerations of the city, the intermilieux apparatus describes the operational approach based on the sharing and the experimentation of the open urban project. Milan is an exciting field of investigation in this respect. The survey conducted in this territory, the confrontation with the actors involved, and the direct observation of the places and their spatial condition, made it possible to bring out the diversification of the experiments. If in-situ, the intermilieux apparatus adapts itself by producing open urban projects, a virtuous contamination is realized between these projects and these transformations by generating trans-situ networks, the cartographic constellations.

Bakgrund och problematisering: Det har i dagens samhälle blivit allt vanligare att företaghyr in personal via bemanningsföretag. Detta medför positiva aspekter såsom exempelvis ökad flexibilitet men flexibilitetsstrategin kan även medföra negativa konsekvenser. Företagetkan bli svårhanterligt i och med den heterogenitet som skapas i arbetsstyrkan och det har ävenframkommit att denna heterogenitet kan påverka de sociala relationerna på arbetsplatsen. Dock är tidigare litteratur bristfällig gällande detta. Då sociala relationer är en avgörandefaktor till trivsel på arbetsplatsen och då det i sin tur gynnar företagets framgång, är dettarelevant att studera närmre. Samtidigt kan arbetsvillkoren tänkas ligga till grund för hur sociala relationer mellan inhyrda konsulter och ordinarie personal fungerar. För att få enr ättvis bild av detta bör både inhyrda och ordinaries perspektiv studeras. Eftersom ledarna kanha en inverkan på arbetsvillkoren och den sociala gemenskapen bör även deras perspektiv tas i beaktning. Syfte: Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka vilka konsekvenser en flexibilitetsstrategi får för arbetsvillkoren och de sociala relationerna mellan inhyrda konsulter och ordinarie arbetskraft. Metod: Uppsatsen bygger på en kvalitativ fallstudie med ett hermeneutistiskt förhållningssätt. 11 intervjuer har genomförts utifrån tre olika perspektiv: ledare, inhyrda och ordinarie. Tidigare litteratur och teori: Vi har valt att presentera vad som tidigare har studerats inomområdet med avseende på relevanta aspekter som rör studiens syfte. Fokus ligger därmed påstudier som berör arbetsvillkor och sociala relationer i organisationer som genom sin flexibilitetsstrategi använder sig av inhyrd arbetskraft. Teoriavsnittet bygger istället på tredelar: flexibilitetsstrategi, sociala relationer samt vad som kan tänkas påverka de sociala relationerna. Slutsats: Genom studien kan vi konstatera att en flexibilitetsstrategi får konsekvenser förbåde arbetsvillkor och sociala relationer mellan inhyrd och ordinarie arbetskraft. Strategin har resulterat i olika arbetsvillkor för anställningsgrupperna och dessa arbetsvillkor påverkar även i sin tur de sociala relationerna mellan dessa. Exempelvis skapar fallföretagets fysiskauppdelning mellan inhyrda och ordinarie bristfälliga relationer, ett “vi och dom” tänk, vissa fördomar och “småkonflikter” dem emellan. Dock verkade inte detta påverka anställningsgruppernas trivsel märkbart vilket vi anser beror på att de sociala behoven tillfredsställs på respektive våning. För att dock försöka undvika negativa följder som enfysisk uppdelning exempelvis för med sig har vi kommit fram till vissa åtgärder ledarna på fallföretaget bör arbeta ytterligare med, såsom information, introducering och me rgemensamma aktiviteter. / Background and problem: Today, it has become more common for the companies to hire staff from employment agencies. This brings positive aspects along, such as increasedflexibility, but can also cause negative consequences. The company can through the heterogeneity in the working force get difficult to manage and it has also been found that thesocial relationships can be affected of this. However, previous literatures are deficient inrelation to this. As social relations are an essential factor to work satisfaction, and that in turn affect the future of the company. This is relevant to study more closely. At the same time, theworking conditions can be the basis for how the social relations between temporary andregular workers get along. To get an accurate picture of this, both temporary and ordinary workers perspectives has been studied. Since even the leaders can have an impact on both the working conditions and the social relations, their perspective should also be taken into consideration. Aim: The purpose of this study is to explore what consequences a flexibility strategy will have on the working conditions and the social relations between temporary and regularworkers. Method: The thesis is based on a case study of quality type with a hermeneutic view. 11interviews have been conducted from three different perspectives, with leaders, temporary and regular workers. Previous research and theory: We have chosen to present previous research within thecurrent research field, which is considered to be relevant to the purpose of this study. Thestudy´s main focus is therefore related to conditions in the workplace and social relationshipswithin organizations, which use hired employees as a part of their flexibility strategy. The theoretical framework chapter is founded on three parts: flexibility strategy, social relationships, and what factors that could affect the social relationships. Results: We can through the study conclude that a flexible approach has implications for bothworking conditions and social relations between temporary and regular workers. The strategy has resulted in various working conditions for the employment groups, and those working conditions in turn, also affect the social relations between the employees. The physicalseparation the case company use, create for example, flawed relationships, an “us and them ”thinking, as well as certain prejudices and “small disputes” between them. However, this didnot appear to affect the employment groups significantly, which we believe, is because of thesocial relations are met on each floor. However, to try to avoid the negative a physical separation brings, we have come up with some ideas, which the leaders in the case companyfurther should work with, such as information, introduction and more activities for both employment groups.

Svenska resultat i PISA-undersökningar har varit en nedåtgående spiral de senaste åren och det är skilda åsikter om varför det varit en negativ utveckling. Men i senaste PISAundersökningen visade Sverige en uppåtgående kurva och många är nu optimistiska kring att trenden har vänt. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om eleverna kan utvecklas genom arbete med problemlösning med hjälp av olika lösningsstrategier, gruppkonstellationer och kommunikation. Undersökningen görs med hjälp av att intervjua aktiva och legitimerade lärare i mellanstadiet som undervisar kontinuerligt i matematik. De lärare som deltar arbetar i årskurs 5 och 6. Resultatet visar att lärarna har olika sätt att undervisa i problemlösning men att det i regel handlar om ett tillåtande klassrumsklimat. Generellt sett försöker många lärare basera sin undervisning på forskning inom fältet, men studien visar även på några avvikelser. / Swedish results in PISA have been a downward spiral in recent years, and there are many different opinions about the negative trend. However, in the latest PISA survey, Sweden had shown improvements and many people in Sweden are now optimistic about the trend being changed. The purpose of this study is to investigate if pupils can develop by working with problem solving combined with different solution strategies, group constellations and communication. The study is conducted by interviewing active middle school teachers with teacher diplomas. The teachers teach continuously in mathematics and work in grade 5 and 6. The results show that teachers have different ways of teaching problem solving, but that the classroom environment is generally permissive. In general, several of the teacher try to base their teaching on research within the field. However, the study also shows some discrepancies.

Orientador: Jaime Portugheis / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T20:11:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cunha_DanielCarvalhoda_D.pdf: 2995961 bytes, checksum: 3bbce0e569994999c363151f6510cef1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Em varios sistemas de transmissão passa-faixa, uma recepção coerente satisfatória é dificil de ser alcancada. Para alguns destes sistemas, é comum supor que a rotaçãoo de fase introduzida pelo canal é constante durante um bloco de L simbolos e que ela varia de maneira independente de bloco a bloco. Este canal é denominado canal não-coerente de bloco. Investigamos a capacidade de um canal não-coerente de bloco utilizando a modulação M-APSK (do inglês, M-ary Amplitude Phase Shift Keying). Apresentamos a caracterização da distribuição de entrada que atinge a capacidade e obtivemos limitantes superiores e inferiores para a mesma. Adicionalmente, desenvolvemos um algoritmo que simultaneamente fornece a distribuição de entrada e os parametros da modulação M-APSK que maximizam a informação mutua com recepção coerente. A investigação da capacidade mostrou que o aumento de L faz a capacidade não-coerente convergir para a coerente. Alem disso, o uso de codificação diferencial torna a convergência mais rapida. Motivados por este comportamento, apresentamos um esquema de codificação eficiente em faixa. Este esquema é formado pela concatenação serial de um codigo LDPC (do ingles, Low-Density Parity Check ), um entrela¸cador e um codificador diferencial. Para o esquema apresentado, o receptor iterativo é descrito por um grafo-fator. Os desempenhos do esquema com diferentes tamanhos de codigos LDPC são comparados / Abstract: Coherent reception is not possible for many bandpass transmission systems. In some of these systems, it is commonly assumed that the unknown carrier phase rotation is constant over a block of L symbols and it is independent from block to block. This channel is denominated blockwise noncoherent channel. The blockwise noncoherent channel capacity using M-ary Amplitude and Phase Shift Keying (M-APSK) modulation is investigated. The characterization of the input distribution achieving capacity is presented. Upper and lower bounds to this capacity are derived. In addition, an algorithm for simultaneously computing the input distribution and the M-APSK constellation parameters which maximizes the mutual information with coherent reception is developed. The investigation of the capacity showed that as L increases, the noncoherent capacity converges to the coherent one. Besides that, the use of differential encoding makes this convergence faster. Motivated by this fact, a bandwidth efficient coding scheme is presented. This scheme is composed of a serial concatenation of a Low-Density Parity Check (LDPC) code, an interleaver, and a differential encoder. For this scheme, the iterative receiver is described by a factor graph. The scheme performances for different lengths of LDPC codes are compared. / Doutorado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

Syftet med denna studien var att utforska den möjliga användningen av digitala inköpslistor i enfamiljekonstellation. Detta genomfördes genom kvalitativa metoder och insamlad empiri från dagböcker,intervjuer, observationer och en fokusgrupp. I studien deltog fyra medlemmar i en familj. Resultatet harsedan analyserats med hjälp av tidigare forskning och en del av analysen har omvandlats till tabeller.Resultatet visade att det finns ett behov av digitala inköpslistor i en familjekonstellation och funktionersom behöver uppfylla behoven. Studien avslutas genom att ge fem övergripande guidelines till design. / The purpose of this study was to explore the possible use of digital shopping lists in a family constellation.This was accomplished through qualitative methods and collected empirical data from diaries, interviews,observations and a focus group. The study involved four family members. The result has then beenanalyzed using previous research and parts of the analysis has been transformed into tables. The resultshowed that there is a need for digital shopping lists in a family constellation and features that need tomeet the needs of the family. The study concludes by giving five overall guidelines for design.

Magister Administrationis - MAdmin / The research investigation explores the topic from the point of view of intergovernmental institutions and the regional (departmental) decision-making process in Santa Cruz- Bolivia. The purpose was to determine if these institutions influence the decision-making process of actors in the area of road infrastructure. The topic is explored from the viewpoint of Actor-Centered Institutionalism from Scharpf. It states that the solutions to solve social problems can be explained as the outcome of interactions among intentional actors, but that these interactions are structured and outcomes are influenced by the characteristics of the institutional setting in which they occur. For that purpose, the study identifies the actor constellations participating in the process, their modes of interaction and the constraints they face as a result of the institutional setting. The research starts by distinguishing the formal, informal and fiscal lOR institutions and determine their importance; for this purpose, the classification by Agranoff is used. Afterwards, the investigation portrays the decision-making process in the area and analyzes the final decisions of actors as a result of the institutions shaping them. It is argued that mostly fiscal arrangements are shaping the decision-making process in the area. The formal and informal arrangements are determining the actor constellations participating in the process and how they interact, as well as which institutional constraints they face. It is concluded that there are missing channels of intergovernmental cooperation between the national and the departmental level, and it generates misunderstandings and uncertainty. The channels of cooperation between the department and the provinces exist, but training and technical advice is needed to enhance actors' capacities at this level. The mini-thesis concludes with the policy implications derived from the dynamics at the regional level and identifying other factors influencing the decision-making process.

In this study, I will examine how child labour occurred and changed at Transjö glass factory between 1880-1930. The study is based on how family constellations, class differences amongst parents and the need affected the existence of child labour. It is the families with child labourers that will be examined to discover how child labour occurred and what might have been the reasons for it. There was a strong difference between the superior child labourers for whom the work was apprentice based and the inferior child labourers who worked to contribute to the family economy. The conclusions that have emerged are that family constellations, family needs, glass factory needs, and class difference between employees all are parts that contribute to and help explain how child labour could occur in a glass factory.

Satellite wind vector data is integral to atmospheric models and forecasts. Currently, the limited refresh rate of global wind vector measurement systems makes it difficult to observe diurnal variation of mesoscale processes. Using advancements in the underlying subsystem technologies, new satellite wind scatterometers may be possible that increase temporal resolution, among other performance metrics. I propose a method for parametrically modeling the extreme performance range of a complex system. I use this method to develop a model of the space of possible satellite wind scatterometer designs. I validate the model using point designs of heritage scatterometers. Finally, I present two example concepts for constellations of cooperative satellite wind scatterometers capable of measuring global ocean surface vector winds every hour for the same total cost as a single heritage scatterometer.

La demande constante de capacité et la saturation prévue de la fibre monomode ont conduit récemment à des avances technologiques qui ont complètement changé le paysage des télécommunications à fibre optique. Le progrès le plus important était la mise en œuvre d'une détection cohérente à l'aide d'électronique rapide. Cela a permis pas seulement l'utilisation de formats de modulation qui promettent une utilisation plus efficace de la bande passante, mais aussi l’utilisation des algorithmes adaptés pour combattre la dégradation du signal optique due à la propagation. Cette thèse a commencé un peu après le début de cette « ère du cohérent » et son principal objectif était de revoir les effets physiques de la propagation dans des systèmes de transmission terrestres, utilisant le format de modulation QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying). Le manuscrit est divisé en deux parties. La première partie est consacrée à une étude sur les séquences des données qui doivent être utilisés dans les simulations numériques, lorsqu’un format de modulation avancée est impliqué. La propagation, et en particulier l'interaction entre la dispersion chromatique et les non-linéarités, introduisent une interférence inter-symbole (ISI). Vu que cet ISI dépend de l’enchainement des données transmises, il est évident que le choix de la séquence a une influence sur la qualité estimée du canal. Etant donné que des séquences aléatoires infinies ne sont pas pratiquement réalisables, nous utilisons souvent des séquences « pseudo-aléatoires » (PR), i.e. des séquences déterministes de longueur finie, avec des statistiques équilibrés, qui semblent être aléatoires. Dans la première partie, nous décrivons la méthode de génération de séquences PR avec M. niveaux (M> 2) et nous détaillons leurs propriétés. En outre, nous proposons des outils numériques pour caractériser les séquences non pseudo-aléatoires qu’on utilise souvent dans des simulations, ou parfois aussi dans des expériences au laboratoire. Enfin, nous présentons les résultats de simulations qui permettent de quantifier la nécessité d'utiliser des séquences PR en fonction des paramètres du système. Après avoir établi les séquences finies "les plus adaptées", dans la seconde partie du manuscrit, nous nous concentrons sur l'étude de la propagation, dans le contexte d'un système de transmission QPSK et en supposant une gestion de dispersion et un type de fibre variables. Plus précisément, nous étudions numériquement les statistiques de signaux dégradés dus à l'interaction de la dispersion chromatique avec les effets non linéaires, en négligeant tout effet de polarisation ou inter-canaux, aussi que le bruit des amplificateurs. Dans ce contexte, nous étions intéressés à déterminer si certaines lois empiriques développées pour les systèmes OOK, sont valable dans le cas d'une modulation QPSK, tels que le critère de la phase non-linéaire cumulée (ΦNL) ou des lois qui permettent une optimisation de la gestion de dispersion. Ensuite, nous révélons l'importance de la rotation de la constellation du signal initial, comme un paramètre qui peut fournir des informations pour la post-optimisation de notre système. Nous discutons également autour du fait que la forme de la constellation dépend de la gestion de dispersion et concernant les constellations nous concluons qu'il y en a généralement 3 types, avec: (1) une variance de phase supérieure à la variance d'amplitude (2) une variance d'amplitude supérieure à la variance de phase et (3) avec le signal ayant une constellation qui ressemble à la constellation d’un signal sous l'influence d'un bruit blanc gaussien additif. Enfin, nous fournissons une explication phénoménologique des formes des constellations révélant le fait que des sous-séquences différentes conduisent à un « type » différent de dégradation et nous utilisons ces informations pour définir un paramètre qui quantifie le bénéfice potentiel d'un algorithme de correction du type MAP(Maximum A Posteriori Probability) / The constant demand for capacity increase, together with the foreseen saturation of the single-mode optical fiber, paved the way to technological breakthroughs that have completely changed the landscape of fiber-optic telecommunications. The most important advance was, undeniably, the practical implementation of a coherent detection with the help of high-speed electronics. This has, first, enabled the use of advanced modulation formats that allowed for a more efficient use of the fiber bandwidth, compared to the classical On-Off Keying, while adapted algorithms could not be used in order to mitigate the optical signal degradation. This thesis began a little after the advent of coherent detection and its main objective was to revisit the propagation effects in optical transmission systems using "Quadrature phase shift keying" (QPSK) modulation in the context of terrestrial systems, i.e. for transmission distances of up to about 2000 km. The manuscript is divided into two parts. The first part is dedicated to a study on the data sequences that need to be used in numerical simulations, when advanced modulation is involved. Fiber propagation, and in particular the interplay between chromatic dispersion and nonlinearities, usually introduce a nonlinear inter-symbol interference (ISI) to the transmitted signal. Since this ISI depends on the actual transmitted data pattern, it is obvious that the choice of the sequence used in our numerical simulations will have a direct influence on the estimated channel quality. Since, an infinite length, random sequence is impractical; we very commonly use pseudorandom" (PR) sequences, i.e. finite-length, deterministic sequences with balanced pattern statistics that seem to be random. In the first part we describe the method of generating M-level (with M>2) pseudorandom sequences and we detail their properties. In addition, we propose numerical tools to characterize the non-pseudorandom sequences that we use in numerical simulations, or we are sometimes forced to use in laboratory experiments. Finally, we present results of numerical simulations that quantify the necessity to use PR sequences as a function of our system parameters. After having established the “fairest possible” finite sequences, in the second part of the manuscript, we focus on the study of the nonlinear propagation, in the context of a transmission system using QPSK modulation and assuming a variable dispersion management and fiber type. Specifically, we numerically study the signal statistics due to the interplay of chromatic dispersion and nonlinear effects, neglecting all polarization or multi-wavelength effects and the amplifier noise. In this context, we were first interested in determining whether some empirical laws developed for OOK systems, can be also used in the case of QPSK modulation, such as the criterion of cumulative nonlinear phase (ΦNL) or laws that allow for a quick optimization of the dispersion management. Next we reveal the importance of a global phase rotation added to the initial signal constellation, as a parameter that can provide interesting information for the post-optimization of our system. We also discuss the fact that the constellation shape critically depends on the applied dispersion management, while there are generally 3 types of constellations, concerning the complex signal statistics: (1) the phase variance is higher than the amplitude variance (2) the amplitude variance is higher than the phase variance and (3) the received signal constellation resembles to a constellation of a signal under the influence of just an Additive White Gaussian Noise. Finally, we provide a phenomenological explanation of the constellations shapes revealing the fact that different data sub-sequences suffer from a different kind of signal degradation, while we also use this information to define a parameter that quantifies the potential benefit from a MAP (Maximum A Posteriori probability) correction algorithm

Constant development of new technologies in a rapidly changing and globalized world decreases product life cycles. Time-to-market is crucial for commercial success. This development requires resources to create new knowledge and skills within organizations and together in networks with other firms. Open innovation is an alternative for developing innovative products and services that takes advantage of external knowledge and give access to new market channels. Even though services is vital for economic growth and fits well with the open innovation model, there is little research on open service innovation. The purpose of the thesis is to extend knowledge on how service innovations emerge and evolve in open innovation nets in industrial networks. It also aims to follow the development from idea to a commercial service. The thesis describes organization for service innovations to emerge and develop in open service innovation nets. It also explains the actors involved and their different innovator roles in the development from idea to commercial services. The present research provide insights how the organization of the development work might differ between incremental and radical service innovation. there is a range of organizing templates (archetypes) that fit different types of development work. Where previous research on open service innovation has focused on radical service innovation present research suggests that open service innovation also can be a strategy for incremental service innovation. Present research shows how actors take on multiple innovator roles in the innovation process of open service innovation. The more radical changes, the more roles each actor takes on. Present research add a new innovator role to previous research, The Constitutional Monarch. The Constitutional Monarch has a central position in all archetypes, but as the name implies, has no decision power. The research also sheds light on how the hub firm deploys not one but a portfolio of network orchestration processes dependent on the archetype used for open service innovation. / The development of new technologies in a rapidly changing and globalized world decreases product life cycles, time to market is crucial. Firms can no longer rely solely on internal knowledge in new product-/service development. They require external resources to create new knowledge and skills within their organizations. Developing innovative products and services that takes advantage of external knowledge and give access to new market channels is labeled open innovation. Even though the open innovation model is well known and widely spread, there is little research on open service innovation. The aim of the thesis is to understand and describe how service innovations emerge and evolve in open innovation nets (groups) in industrial networks, and to follow the development from idea to a commercial service. The thesis describes organization for service innovations to emerge and develop in open service innovation nets. It also explains the actors involved and their different innovation roles in the development of service innovations in open service innovation nets. The present research provide insights how the organization of the development work might differ between incremental and radical service innovation. It suggests that open service innovation can be a strategy not only for radical but also for incremental service innovation. The thesis also present a new innovator role to add to existing research, The Constitutional Monarch. The Constitutional Monarch has a central position as third-party facilitator catalyzing the innovation process but has no decision power.