No description available.

No description available.

Many soils are marginally suited for installation of on-site wastewater disposal systems. With soil limitations, additional wastewater treatment prior to soil application may allow for a reduction in soil depth. Undisturbed 20-cm-diameter soil columns (fine loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludult), in a factorial arrangement between depth of soil (15, 30, and 45 cm) and type of effluent (septic tank, constructed wetlands, and recirculating sand filter), were used in this study. Effluent (670 cm³/d) was applied 6 times daily. Additional treatment of septic tank effluent by a constructed wetland and a recirculating sand filter resulted in 30 and 70% higher average soil infiltration rates, 92 and 96% reduction in fecal coliforms, 34 and 44% reduction in total nitrogen, and a 60 and 94% reduction in BOD₅, respectively. Fecal coliforms were present only in soil leachate from the 15 and 30 cm soil depths receiving septic tank effluent and the 15 cm depth that received constructed wetland effluent. Average soil leachate NO₃⁻-N concentrations were 19, 10 and 14 mg/L from soil columns receiving septic tank, constructed wetland, and recirculating sand filter effluents, respectively. Soil leachate contained <5 mg/L TKN and 1.8 mg/L NH4⁺-N. Total nitrogen losses were 55, 73, and 66 for the septic tank, constructed wetland, and recirculating sand filter treatments, respectively. BOD₅ averaged less than 4 mg/L in the soil column leachate, despite a 10 fold difference among influent types. In comparing the 1993 and 1994 growing seasons, average plant tissue dry weight, percent nitrogen, and percent phosphorus were greater during the 1994 growing season. The results from this study indicate that additional treatment of septic tank effluent can be substituted for soil depth. / Master of Science

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Landscape Architecture

No description available.

L’objectif principal de ce projet est d’évaluer le potentiel d’un système de marais filtrants combinés pour le traitement d’un lixiviat contaminé aux agents de préservations du bois - l’arséniate de cuivre chromaté (ACC) et le pentachlorophénol (PCP) - en portant une attention particulière au rôle des plantes. Pour ce faire, une expérience en pot faisant varier la concentration d’exposition de quatre espèces de macrophyte (Typha angustifolia, Phalaris arundinacea, Phragmites australis americanus et Phragmites australis australis) a été effectuée. Le suivi de quatre marais filtrants à écoulement horizontal sous-surfacique, plantés d’une des quatre espèces de macrophyte et d’un bassin planté de saules (Salix Miyabeana SX67) a également été réalisé. La résistance des plantes au milieu contaminé, la capacité de bioaccumulation des macrophytes et les efficacités de traitement des différents systèmes ont été analysés. Nos résultats montrent que la concentration d’exposition n’influence pas la capacité des plantes à croître en milieu contaminé. Par contre, il existe une relation dose-réponse entre la concentration d’exposition et la capacité de bioaccumulation des macrophytes. Les quatre marais pilotes ont tous des efficacités de traitements supérieures à 55% en 2013 et 82% en 2014 pour les contaminants à l’étude. Le bassin de saule a la capacité théorique d’évapotranspirer jusqu’à 1200 L par jour. De plus, ses efficacités de traitements sont supérieures à 59% pour tous les composés à l’étude. L’utilisation de marais filtrants pour le traitement d’un lixiviat contaminé aux agents de préservations du bois est donc une alternative intéressante aux méthodes de traitement conventionnel. / The main objective of this project is to evaluate the capacity of a combined constructed wetland system to treat a leachate polluted with two wood preservatives-chromium copper arsenate (CCA) and pentachlorophenol (PCP)- according a particular importance to the role of plants. The effect of the exposure concentration on four macrophytes species (Typha angustifolia, Phalaris arundinacea, Phragmites australis americanus and Phragmites australis australis) was evaluated using a pot experiment. Four HSSF pilot constructed wetlands, planted with one of these plants species, were monitored. The role of an HSSF constructed wetland, planted with willow (Salix Miyabeana SX67), placed at the end of the treatment chain was also assessed. The plants growth and survival and their bioaccumulation capacity were measured, and the system treatment efficiencies were monitored. There was no effect of the concentration on plants growth but the higher exposure concentration resulted in a higher bioaccumulation in the roots of the four macrophytes. All four pilots CW showed treatment efficiencies superior to 55% in 2013 and to 82% in 2014 for the pollutants tested. The willows CW have the theorical capacity to evapotranspirate up to 1200 L of water. Its treatments efficiencies were over 59% for all the pollutants tested. A combined constructed wetland system is a good alternative to conventional methods to treat a leachate polluted with wood preservatives.

L’objectif de ce travail est la mise au point de filtres garnis de laitiers d’aciéries destinés au traitement du phosphore (P) des eaux usées au sein de petites installations. Deux types de laitiers on été testés: laitiers de four à arc électrique (EAF), et laitiers d'aciérie de conversion (BOF). Une approche intégrée a été suivie, avec investigations à différentes échelles: (i) Des expériences en flacons ont été réalisées pour établir les capacités de rétention du P de laitiers produits en Europe, et ainsi sélectionner les échantillons les plus adaptés pour l’élimination du P; (ii)Des expériences en colonnes ont été menées pour étudier l'effet de divers paramètres, notamment la taille et la composition du laitier, sur les performances hydrauliques et épuratoires des filtres; (iii) Enfin, des expériences sur terrain ont été conduites afin d’évaluer les performances hydrauliques et épuratoires de deux unités démonstration conçues pour le traitement du P au sein d’un marais artificiel. Les résultats expérimentaux ont indiqué que le principal mécanisme d'élimination du P est lié à la dissolution du CaO des laitiers, suivie de la précipitation de phosphate de Ca et recristallisation en hydroxyapatite (HAP). Après 100 semaines d'alimentation avec une solution de P (concentration moyenne de P totale 10,2 mgP/L), les colonnes remplies de laitiers de petite taille (BOF6-12 mm et EAF 5-16 mm) ont retenu >98% du P total en entrée, tandis que les colonnes remplies de laitiers de grande taille (BOF 20-50 mm et EAF 20-40) ont retenu 56et 86% du P total en entrée, respectivement. Il apparaît que, plus la taille des laitiers est petite, plus la surface spécifique disponible pour la dissolution du CaO et pour l’adsorption des phosphates de Ca est grande. Les expériences sur terrain ont confirmé que les laitiers sont efficaces pour le traitement du P de l'effluent d'un marais artificiel (concentration moyenne du P totale 8,3 mg P/L). Sur une période de 85 semaines d'opération, de laitiers EAF ont retenu le 36% du P total en entrée, tandis que les laitiers BOF ont retenu le 59% du P total en entrée.L’efficacité de rétention du P apparaît augmenter avec la température et le temps de rétention hydraulique (HRT),très probablement parce que l'augmentation de la température et du HRT a favorisé la dissolution de la CaO et la précipitation de phosphate de Ca. Toutefois, il a été constaté que HRT >3 jours peuvent produire des pH élevés (>9), à la suite d’une excessive dissolution de CaO.Cependant, les résultats des unités démonstration ont montré que, à HRT de 1-2 jours, les filtres produisent des pH élevés seulement pendant les 5 premières semaines de fonctionnement, puis les pH se stabilisent en dessous de 9. Enfin, une équation de dimensionnement sur la base des résultats expérimentaux a été proposée. / This thesis aimed at developing the use of electric arc furnace steel slag (EAF-slag) and basic oxygen furnace steel slag (BOF-slag) in filters designed to upgrade phosphorus (P) removal in small wastewater treatment plants. An integrated approach was followed, with investigation at different scales: (i) Batch experiments were performed to establish an overview of the P removal capacities of steel slag produced in Europe, and then to select the most suitable samples for P removal; (ii)Continuous flow column experiments were performed to investigate the effect of various parameters including slag size and composition, and column design on treatment and hydraulic performances of lab-scale slag filters; (iii)Finally, field experiments were performed to investigate hydraulic and treatment performances of demonstration scale slag filters designed to remove P from the effluent of a constructed wetland. The experimental results indicated that the major mechanism of P removal was related toCaO-slag dissolution followed by precipitation of Caphosphate and recrystallisation into hydroxyapatite (HAP).Over 100 weeks of continuous feeding of a synthetic Psolution (mean inlet total P 10.2 mg P/L), columns filled with small-size slag (6-12 mm BOF-slag; 5-16 mm EAFslag)removed >98% of inlet total P, whereas columnsfilled with big-size slag (20-50 mm BOF-slag and 20-40mm EAF-slag) removed 56 and 86% of inlet total P,respectively. Most probably, the smaller was the size ofslag, the greater was the specific surface for CaO-slagdissolution and adsorption of Ca phosphate precipitates.Field experiments confirmed that EAF-slag and BOF-slagare efficient substrate for P removal from the effluent of aconstructed wetland (mean inlet total P 8.3 mg P/L). Overa period of 85 weeks of operation, EAF-slag removed 36%of inlet total P, whereas BOF-slag removed 59% of inlettotal P. P removal efficiencies increased with increasing temperature and void hydraulic retention time (HRTv),most probably because the increase in temperature and HRTv affected the rate of CaO dissolution and Caphosphate precipitation. However, it was found that longHRTv (>3 days) may produce high pH of the effluents(>9), as the result of excessive CaO-slag dissolution. However, the results of field experiments demonstrated that at shorter HRTv (1-2 days), slag filters produced pH that were elevated only during the first 5 weeks of operation, and then stabilized below a pH of 9. Finally, a dimensioning equation based on the experimental results was proposed.

Master of Science / Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering / Stacy L. Hutchinson / Coal-fired generation accounts for 45% of the United States electricity and generates harmful emissions, such as sulfur dioxide. With the implementation of Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) systems, sulfur dioxide is removed as an air pollutant and becomes a water pollutant. Basic physical/chemical wastewater treatment can be used to treat FGD wastewater, but increased regulations of effluent water quality have created a need for better, more economical wastewater treatment systems, such as constructed wetlands. At Jeffrey Energy Center, north of St. Mary’s, KS, a pilot-scale constructed wetland treatment system (CWTS) was implemented to treat FGD wastewater before releasing the effluent into the Kansas River. The objectives of this study were to 1.) determine if a portable water quality meter could be used to assess water quality and track pollutant concentrations, 2.) develop a water balance of the CTWS, 3.) generate a water use coefficient for the CWTS, and 4.) create a mass balance on the pollutants of concern. Water quality measurements were taken with a HORIBA U-50 Series Multi Water Quality Checker and compared to analytical water tests provided by Continental Analytic Services, Inc. (CAS) (Salina, KS). The water balance was created by comparing inflows and outflows of data determined through flow meters and a Vantage Pro2™ weather station. Information from the on-site weather station was also used to compute the system water use coefficient. Water sampling was conducted from date to date at 10 locations within the CWTS. In general, there was little to no relationship between the HORIBA water quality measurements and the analytical water tests. Therefore, it was recommended that JEC continue to send water samples on a regular basis to an analytical testing laboratory to assess the CWTS function and track pollutants of concern. Because the water balance was conducted during system initiation, there was a great deal of fluctuation due to problems with the pumping system, issues with the upstream FGD treatment system, extreme weather events, and immature vegetation. This fluctuation resulted in the system having a non-steady state operation, which weakened the ability to calculate a system water use coefficient. However, during periods of strong system function, the water use coefficient was similar to previous studies with maximum water use being approximately equal to the reference evapotranspiration. The results of the mass balance indicated high removals mercury, selenium, and fluoride, but low removals of boron, manganese, chloride, and sulfate were exported from the CWTS.

Este trabalho trata da elaboração e encaminhamento de uma proposta de reestruturação do sistema de tratamento de esgoto da comunidade do Marujá PEIC –SP. A comunidade caracteriza-se pela tradicional cultura caiçara, atividades de pesca artesanal e ecoturismo como fonte de renda, entre outros aspectos. A iniciativa do trabalho partiu da solicitação pelos próprios moradores, por meio da Associação de Moradores do Marujá (AMOMAR), e pela direção do parque, da realização de estudos que viabilizassem a solução de problemas advindos das estações de tratamento de esgoto existentes na comunidade. Sendo um assunto multidisciplinar, o trabalho envolveu etapas com diferentes enfoques para atingir seu objetivo. Foi realizado um diagnóstico para identificação dos problemas existentes nas pequenas estações de tratamento através de análises laboratoriais, entrevistas com moradores e levantamento do histórico de implantação destes sistemas. A partir disso foram pesquisadas alternativas de tratamento de esgoto condizentes com a realidade local com base em parâmetros para projeto previamente estabelecidos. Chegou-se a conclusão de que sistemas combinados de alagados construídos compõem a alternativa mais indicada para o local. Foi feito um breve estudo de caso sobre a utilização desta técnica na Comunidade de Serviços – Emaús-Ubatuba/SP, que apresenta características semelhantes a comunidade do Marujá. Durante todo o trabalho foram feitas discussões com moradores locais do Marujá e membros de instituições governamentais e não governamentais a fim de consolidar o envolvimento de diferentes grupos na resolução do problema. Finalmente, foi elaborado um projeto, com fins de encaminhamento para uma instituição financiadora, prevendo atividades de implantação de um novo sistema de tratamento e de envolvimento comunitário em todas as etapas do projeto, visando sua auto-sustentabilidade / This essay is about the elaboration of a proposal for restructuring the sewage system treatment in the comunity of Marujá, State Park –Ilha do Cardoso (PEIC) - São Paulo. The comunity is known by its traditional “caiçara" culture, fishing handmade and ecoturism as income and they are part of an association of local residents (AMOMAR). The initiative of the proposal was from the local residents together with the direction of the park in order to study the possibilities of adopting solutions for the problems originated in sewage treatment stations which already existed in the comunity. As it is part of a multidisciplinary topic, the work deals with different focuses and phases to reach its objective. A diagnosis was made to identify the problems in the small treatment stations through laboratorial analyses, interviews with the comunity and a historical research on the implement of those systems. Then, a search for alternative sewage tretment was done, adequate to the local reality of the population, stabilishing parameters for the project. It was concluded that the combined system of constructed wetlands are the most adequate alternative for the area. So, a brief study was made about the technique implemented on the Service Comunity – Emaús/Ubatuba/SP. During the project, discussions were carried on with the local residents and members of governamental institutions and ONGs, looking for a better participation of different groups in the solution of the problems. Finally, a project was elaborated to be sent to a financial institution, foreseeing activities to implement a new system of treatment with the involvement of the comunity in all the phases

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-06-05T13:18:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jeferson Müller Timm.pdf: 22708335 bytes, checksum: 0e6767a349a961cd7763953f3abd4e6a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-05T13:18:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jeferson Müller Timm.pdf: 22708335 bytes, checksum: 0e6767a349a961cd7763953f3abd4e6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-20 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / PROSUP - Programa de Suporte à Pós-Gradução de Instituições de Ensino Particulares / Na busca por sistemas de tratamento de esgotos domésticos que atendam os princípios do desenvolvimento sustentável, os Wetlands Construídos apresentam-se como tecnologias de interesse. Esse trabalho avalia o desempenho de seis diferentes configurações de Wetlands Construídos descentralizados no tratamento de efluentes domésticos na região do Vale do Sinos e Serra gaúcha. Foram estudados dois wetlands de fluxo horizontal (WFH) comunitários, três wetlands de fluxo vertical (WFV) residenciais e um wetland de pré-tratamento com macrófitas flutuantes (WMF) Comunitário. Este trabalho avalia o desempenho dos sistemas, a eficiência na remoção da carga orgânica e desinfecção do esgoto frente à legislação, clima, cenário e condições de operação. Após 5 meses de monitoramento, todos os sistemas se mostraram eficientes na remoção da carga orgânica e turbidez, atendendo a legislação brasileira e apresentando concentrações médias na saída das unidades para DBO de 26,3; 12, 5 e 134,0 mg/L nos WFH, WFV e WMF, respectivamente. Em termos de DQO os resultados médios na saída das unidades foram de 160, 5 mg/L; 156, 5 mg/L e 134,0 mg/ L para os WFH, WFV e WMF respectivamente. Os WFH e WFV apresentaram remoção superior a 70% da carga orgânica mesmo nos sistemas saturados. Os WFV atenderam às necessidades de remoção da carga de nutrientes e apresentaram médias de 0,6 mg/L e remoção de 72% para fósforo total e 7,8 mg/L e 7,7 mg/L para nitrogênio total e amoniacal, respectivamente e remoção superior a 90% da carga nitrogenada. Os WFH não atenderam a legislação na remoção de nutrientes, diminuindo em média 39% da carga de fósforo, 52% de nitrogênio total e 37% de nitrogênio amoniacal, com médias de 5,8; 52,9 e 50,1 mg/L respectivamente no efluente tratado. Somente os WV1 e WV3 atenderam a legislação na desinfecção de E.coli e somente o WV3 para Coliformes Totais. O decréscimo de Coliformes totais foi de 73% nos WFH e 87% nos WFV, com médias na saída das unidades de 2,97E+04 e 3,38E+04 NMP/100 mL, respectivamente, nos WFH e WFV. Em termos de E. coli o decréscimo médio foi de 90% nos WFH e 84% nos WFV, com resultados de 2,86E+04 e 2,58E+03 nas saídas das respectivas unidades estudadas. Os fatores climáticos indicaram influência na dinâmica de funcionamento dos wetlands. Todos os WFV se mostraram efetivos para o fim a que se destinam e se mostraram adequados como sistemas de tratamento de esgoto on site. Os WFH evidenciaram a necessidade de um correto dimensionamento, acompanhamento técnico e manutenção dos sistemas coletivos. / In the search for treatment systems for domestic sewage that attend to principles of sustainable development, the Constructed Wetlands present itself as technologies of interest. This study evaluates the performance of six different configurations of decentralised constructed wetlands in domestic effluent treatment in the region of Sinos Valley and Rio Grande do Sul's Sierra. There were two community systems of horizontal flow (HFWs), three residential systems of vertical flow (VFWs) and a community system of pre-treatment with floating macrophytes (FMW). This work evaluates the performance of the systems, the efficiency in the removal of organic load and disinfection of sewage relative to legislation, climate, scenery and operation conditions. After 5 months of monitoring, all systems were shown to be effective in the removal of organic load and turbidity, attending to brazilian legislation and presenting mean concentrations at the outlet of the units for BOD of 26,3; 12,5 and 134,0 mg/L in HFWs, VFWs and FMW, respectively. In terms of COD average results in the outlet of the units were 160,5 mg/L; 156,5 mg/L and 234,2 mg/L for the HFWs, VFWs and FMW respectively. The HFWs and VFWs presented removing greater than 70% of organic load, even in saturated systems. The VFWs reached the needs of removing of nutrients load and presented an average of 0,6 mg/L and removal of 72% for total phosphorus, and 7,8 mg/L and 7,7 mg/L for total and ammoniacal nitrogen, respectively, removing over than 90% of nitrogen load. The HFWs operated with overload of application and did not attending the legislation in the removal of nutrients, decreasing on means of 39% of phosphorus load, 52% of total nitrogen and 37% of ammoniacal nitrogen, with averages of 5,8; 52,9 and 50,1 mg/L respectively in the treated effluent. Only the VW1 and VW3 attended to the legislation for the disinfection of E. coli and only the VW3 for total coliform. The mean removal of total coliforms was 73% in HFWs and 87% in VFWs, with means at the outlet of the units of 2,97E+04 e 3,38E+04 NMP/100 mL, respectively, in HFWs and VFWs. In terms of E. coli the average efficiency was 90% in HFWs and 84% in VFWs, with results of 2,86E+04 e 2,58E+03 in the respective outputs of the studied units. The climatic factors indicated influence in dynamic operation of wetlands. All VFWs were effective for the purpose for which it is intended and showed itself appropriate as systems of sewage treatment on site. The HFWs showed the need for a correct dimensioning, technical monitoring and maintenance of collective systems.