A indústria da construção civil é considerada como uma das grandes causadoras de impactos negativos ao meio ambiente, desde a extração de matéria prima, até o fim de vida de seus empreendimentos. Dentre os principais impactos ambientais ocasionados pelo setor, destacase a geração de resíduos de construção civil (RCC), a qual é intensificada em função do desenvolvimento de grandes centros urbanos e a consequente necessidade de implantação de empreendimentos de infraestrutura. Nesse contexto, uma das estratégias mais eficientes para redução de RCC está associada à realização de escolhas adequadas na fase de projeto, com enfoque de prevenção na fonte geradora. No entanto, é complexa a inclusão de fatores de sustentabilidade, tais como os de minimização de RCC, em projetos da construção civil. Logo, torna-se relevante a adoção de métodos e ferramentas de suporte ao processo decisório. Contudo, os métodos existentes são direcionados, em sua maioria, a projetos de edificações, havendo uma importante lacuna associada a projetos de infraestrutura urbana. Assim sendo, esta pesquisa objetiva a proposição de mecanismos de apoio à tomada de decisão, para a minimização de RCC, em projetos de infraestrutura urbana, com dois diferentes enfoques: controle e avaliação; e estrutura de orientação. Para a composição dos mecanismos de controle e avaliação, foram identificadas boas práticas para redução da geração de RCC na fase de projeto, a partir de pesquisa bibliográfica, análise documental de projetos, e pesquisa quali-quantitativa junto a especialistas. Essas boas práticas deram origem a demandas ambientais a serem atendidas pelos projetos de infraestrutura urbana, motivando a elaboração de um método estruturado para gerenciamento de requisitos ambientais e de trade-offs, como apoio à tomada de decisão projetual. O método teve como base a ferramenta Quality Function Deployment (QFD), no qual foi desdobrada a Matriz da Qualidade, a partir da opinião de especialistas atuantes em diferentes etapas do desenvolvimento de projetos de infraestrutura urbana. Como principais contribuições da pesquisa, focada na minimização de RCC, podem ser consideradas: (i) a obtenção de um checklist, como instrumento de controle e avaliação da qualidade dos projetos a serem desenvolvidos; (ii) a identificação de requisitos e de indicadores ambientais prioritários associados a esses projetos; e (iii) a elaboração de uma sistemática para gerenciamento de trade-offs existentes em projetos de infraestrutura urbana menos impactantes ambientalmente. / The construction industry is considered as one of the great causes of negative impacts to the environment, from the extraction of raw material, until the end-of-life of its projects. Among the main environmental impacts caused by the sector, can be highlighted the generation of construction waste (CW), which is intensified due to the development of large urban centers and the consequent need to implement infrastructure projects. In that context, one of the most efficient strategies to reduce CW is associated with making adequate choices in the design phase, with a focus on prevention at the source. However, it is complex to include sustainability factors, such as CW minimization, in construction designs. Therefore, it is relevant to adopt methods and tools to support the decision-making process. However, the existing methods are mostly directed to building designs, with an important gap associated with urban infrastructure designs. Thus, this research aims at proposing mechanisms to support decision making for the CW minimization in urban infrastructure projects, with two different approaches: control and evaluation; and guidance structure. For the composition of the control and the evaluation mechanisms, best practices were identified to reduce the CW generation in the design phase, based on literature review, documentary analysis of projects, and qualitative and quantitative surveys with specialists. Those best practices have given rise to environmental demands to be met by urban infrastructure projects, motivating the elaboration of a structured method for managing environmental requirements and trade-offs, as a support for the decision making design. The method was based on the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) tool, in which the quality matrix deployment, based on the opinion of specialists working in different stages of the development of urban designs. The main contributions of the research, focused on the CW minimization, can be considered: (i) obtaining a checklist, as an instrument to control and evaluate the quality of the designs to be developed; (ii) identification of requirements and of priority environmental indicators associated with those projects; and (iii) the development of a systematic for managing tradeoffs in urban infrastructure projects that are less environmentally impacting.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-10-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:17:21Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 feijaoneto_fg_me_rcla.pdf: 2167585 bytes, checksum: bc0c4425185bb5f1103aad4453f8e76c (MD5) / A presente pesquisa consistiu em investigar possíveis causas que levam à persistência da deposição irregular de Resíduos da Construção Civil - RCD -, em vias e logradouros públicos da cidade de Parnaíba/PI, de forma a gerar subsídios para a implementação de políticas públicas relacionadas à limpeza urbana municipal, com a finalidade de contribuir para a melhoria da saúde, bem como, também, para a qualidade de vida e ambiental no município. Para a definição das causas sociais que geram o problema, buscou-se identificar as categorias participantes que, direto ou indiretamente, estão envolvidas com o processo das deposições irregulares de RCD, que relações se estabelecem entre elas, quais as expectativas de umas em relação às outras, e que sanções existem, e são aplicadas, para cada categoria de participantes, quando da tentativa de controlar o comportamento de outras categorias envolvidas. As possíveis causas da persistência da deposição irregular de RCD em áreas de domínio público da cidade de Parnaíba estão relacionadas à inexistência de política pública municipal que considere os problemas dos RCD; aos altos investimentos de recursos na coleta corretiva, com a contínua remoção dos resíduos sólidos em geral, sem um acompanhamento efetivo; à falta de expressividade e à não efetividade de ações de controle por parte da administração municipal local, quanto à questão das deposições irregulares em vias e logradouros públicos do município; à indiferença da administração municipal quanto à legislação dos serviços de saneamento, no sentido de fazer valer as regulamentações federais e municipais; à substancial economia obtida pelos geradores e transportadores, que externam para a cidade os custos de transporte e deposição; ao recebimento de valores significativos por parte de empresas contratadas pela administração municipal,... / This research consists in investigating possible reasons which lead to the persistence of irregular deposition of construction and demolition waste (CDW) in public ways and streets in Parnaíba-PI, in a manner of generating subsidies for implementation of public policy connected with the municipal urban sanitation, with the purpose of contributing for the health improving, as also, for the quality of life and ambient in the Municipality. To define the social reasons that generate the problem, it was necessary to identify the participant categories that, in a direct or indirect way, are involved with the irregular deposition of Construction and Demolition Waste process, what kind of connections are established among them, what are their expectations, and what sanctions exist and are applied for every participant categories regarding the attempt to control the behavior of others involved categories. The possible causes of the persistence of irregular CDW in public domain areas in Parnaíba-PI are connected with: the inexistence of a Municipal public policy that looks upon the problems of the CDW; the high investments of resources about the corrective collect with the continuous removal of solid waste, in general without an effective monitoring; the inexpressive and ineffective actions from the Municipal Administration about the irregular deposition of construction and demolition waste in public ways and streets; the indifference of the Municipal Administration about the legislation concerning the sanitation services in order to enforce the federal and municipal regulations; the substantial saving obtained from the generators and transporters, who externalize to the city the costs of transport and deposition; with the receiving of highly expressive values, from companies contracted for the Municipal Administration, as payment for public cleaning services, - collect, weeding and sweeping ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:09:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5273777 bytes, checksum: 9924b5707aa7b4ece624a8c2820a8cc9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The civil construction industry is the productive sector which produces the largest amount of solid waste. The reuse of waste generated from construction and destruction by the civil construction industry provokes, both directly and indirectly, a reduction on the use of nonrenewable resources, the generation of new solid waste, the waste of construction materials, the electric energy consumption itself, and also contributes for a considerable reduction on environmental impact, commonly a result of bad disposal of those materials on urban soil. Within these principles and because of the resolution #307 from CONAMA, João Pessoa s prefecture also known as PMJP - located on the state of Paraíba, created the System for the Sustainable Management of Civil Construction and Demolition Waste and the Integrated Plan of Civil Construction Waste Management, through municipal law #11,176/2007, enabling the construction of the Civil Construction Waste Benefiting Plant, or USIBEN, in the year 2007. The plant is capable of processing up to 20 tons of waste per hour. All the aggregate produced by USIBEN is used by the prefecture itself, which is the one in charge of the plant. In this project, more detailed research on the productive process of the plant was developed, trying to assess the enterprise on its financial viability. Many methods of economic analysis were used, with the help of statistics given directly by the plant and by EMLUR/PMJP. It was possible to discover the cost of the recycled waste aggregate, which reached, in 2008, R$17.39 (Seventeen reais and thirty nine centavos) per square meter, being also called profit point. The Net Present Value (NPV) found, considering a planning horizon of 20 years, was R$1,292,424.77 (one million two hundred ninety two thousand four hundred twenty four reais and seventy seven centavos), which is considered to be an effective method using the financial viability calculation for enterprises from this nature. In the same situation, the time spent until the return of investment was 3.24 years, considering, in the calculations, the Net Present Value on the projected period. The Benefit-Cost Rate found resulted in 2.61, whereas the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) was 26.24%, considering a scenario where the contribution for transportation of waste volumes received by the plant was ignored. On a second Scenario, was taken into account the contribution, to the gross income, of the entire avoided estimated costs of transportation of all volume of CCW received by the plant, being, in this case, the economic rates even better, proving the financial viability of the enterprise in the second simulation as well. This study serves as a guiding element to be used by the public manager, helping him to take wise decisions on matters related to the USIBEN and, consequently, to the construction waste management itself, in the city of João Pessoa. / A indústria da construção civil é o setor produtivo que mais gera resíduos sólidos. O reaproveitamento dos resíduos oriundos da construção e demolição pela própria indústria da construção civil provoca, direta e indiretamente, a redução do uso de recursos naturais não renováveis, da geração de novos resíduos sólidos, do desperdício de materiais construtivos, do próprio consumo de energia elétrica, além de contribuir para a redução considerável do impacto ambiental, comumente decorrente da deposição irregular destes materiais no solo urbano. Dentro destes princípios e em decorrência da Resolução Nº. 307 do CONAMA, a Prefeitura Municipal de João Pessoa PMJP, capital do estado da Paraíba, instituiu o Sistema de Gestão Sustentável de Resíduos da Construção Civil e Demolição e o Plano Integrado de Gerenciamento de Resíduos da Construção Civil, através da Lei Municipal No. 11.176/2007, possibilitando a implantação da Usina de Beneficiamento de Resíduos da Construção Civil - USIBEN, no ano de 2007, com capacidade para processar até 20 toneladas/hora de resíduo. Todo agregado reciclado produzido pela USIBEN é utilizado pela própria Prefeitura Municipal, mantenedora da USIBEN. Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidos estudos mais detalhados do processo produtivo da Usina, buscando avaliar o empreendimento quanto a sua viabilidade financeira. Foram empregados vários métodos de análise econômica, utilizando, para tanto, dados obtidos diretamente junto à Usina e à EMLUR/PMJP. Foi possível encontrar o custo de produção do agregado reciclado, que ficou, no ano de 2008, em R$ 17,39 (dezessete reais e trinta e nove centavos) por m3, sendo este também denominado de ponto de lucro. O Valor Presente Líquido - VPL encontrado, considerando um horizonte de planejamento de 20 anos, foi de R$ 1.292.424,77 (hum milhão duzentos e noventa e dois mil quatrocentos e vinte e quatro reais e setenta e sete centavos), sendo um método considerado eficiente no cálculo de viabilidade econômica de empreendimentos desta natureza. Nesta mesma situação, o Tempo de Retorno do Capital empregado ficou em 3,24 anos, considerando, no cálculo, o Valor Presente Líquido do período projetado. O Índice Benefício/Custo - IBC encontrado ficou em 2,61 enquanto que a Taxa Interna de Retorno - TIR foi calculada em 26,24 %, tudo isto considerando um cenário onde foi desprezada a contribuição, na receita bruta, dos custos referentes ao transporte do volume de resíduos recebidos pela Usina. Em um segundo cenário, foi levada em consideração a contribuição, à Receita Bruta, do valor estimado dos custos evitados de transporte de todo o volume recebido de RCC pela Usina, sendo, neste caso, os índices econômicos ainda mais animadores, comprovando a viabilidade econômica do empreendimento também nesta segunda simulação. Este estudo serve como elemento norteador ao Administrador Público nas tomadas de decisão em assuntos diretamente ligados à USIBEN e, por conseguinte, à própria gestão dos resíduos da construção na cidade de João Pessoa.

A indústria da construção civil é considerada como uma das grandes causadoras de impactos negativos ao meio ambiente, desde a extração de matéria prima, até o fim de vida de seus empreendimentos. Dentre os principais impactos ambientais ocasionados pelo setor, destacase a geração de resíduos de construção civil (RCC), a qual é intensificada em função do desenvolvimento de grandes centros urbanos e a consequente necessidade de implantação de empreendimentos de infraestrutura. Nesse contexto, uma das estratégias mais eficientes para redução de RCC está associada à realização de escolhas adequadas na fase de projeto, com enfoque de prevenção na fonte geradora. No entanto, é complexa a inclusão de fatores de sustentabilidade, tais como os de minimização de RCC, em projetos da construção civil. Logo, torna-se relevante a adoção de métodos e ferramentas de suporte ao processo decisório. Contudo, os métodos existentes são direcionados, em sua maioria, a projetos de edificações, havendo uma importante lacuna associada a projetos de infraestrutura urbana. Assim sendo, esta pesquisa objetiva a proposição de mecanismos de apoio à tomada de decisão, para a minimização de RCC, em projetos de infraestrutura urbana, com dois diferentes enfoques: controle e avaliação; e estrutura de orientação. Para a composição dos mecanismos de controle e avaliação, foram identificadas boas práticas para redução da geração de RCC na fase de projeto, a partir de pesquisa bibliográfica, análise documental de projetos, e pesquisa quali-quantitativa junto a especialistas. Essas boas práticas deram origem a demandas ambientais a serem atendidas pelos projetos de infraestrutura urbana, motivando a elaboração de um método estruturado para gerenciamento de requisitos ambientais e de trade-offs, como apoio à tomada de decisão projetual. O método teve como base a ferramenta Quality Function Deployment (QFD), no qual foi desdobrada a Matriz da Qualidade, a partir da opinião de especialistas atuantes em diferentes etapas do desenvolvimento de projetos de infraestrutura urbana. Como principais contribuições da pesquisa, focada na minimização de RCC, podem ser consideradas: (i) a obtenção de um checklist, como instrumento de controle e avaliação da qualidade dos projetos a serem desenvolvidos; (ii) a identificação de requisitos e de indicadores ambientais prioritários associados a esses projetos; e (iii) a elaboração de uma sistemática para gerenciamento de trade-offs existentes em projetos de infraestrutura urbana menos impactantes ambientalmente. / The construction industry is considered as one of the great causes of negative impacts to the environment, from the extraction of raw material, until the end-of-life of its projects. Among the main environmental impacts caused by the sector, can be highlighted the generation of construction waste (CW), which is intensified due to the development of large urban centers and the consequent need to implement infrastructure projects. In that context, one of the most efficient strategies to reduce CW is associated with making adequate choices in the design phase, with a focus on prevention at the source. However, it is complex to include sustainability factors, such as CW minimization, in construction designs. Therefore, it is relevant to adopt methods and tools to support the decision-making process. However, the existing methods are mostly directed to building designs, with an important gap associated with urban infrastructure designs. Thus, this research aims at proposing mechanisms to support decision making for the CW minimization in urban infrastructure projects, with two different approaches: control and evaluation; and guidance structure. For the composition of the control and the evaluation mechanisms, best practices were identified to reduce the CW generation in the design phase, based on literature review, documentary analysis of projects, and qualitative and quantitative surveys with specialists. Those best practices have given rise to environmental demands to be met by urban infrastructure projects, motivating the elaboration of a structured method for managing environmental requirements and trade-offs, as a support for the decision making design. The method was based on the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) tool, in which the quality matrix deployment, based on the opinion of specialists working in different stages of the development of urban designs. The main contributions of the research, focused on the CW minimization, can be considered: (i) obtaining a checklist, as an instrument to control and evaluate the quality of the designs to be developed; (ii) identification of requirements and of priority environmental indicators associated with those projects; and (iii) the development of a systematic for managing tradeoffs in urban infrastructure projects that are less environmentally impacting.

O baixo consumo de agregados de Resíduos de Construção e Demolição (RCD) deve-se, atualmente, à sua variabilidade natural e à falta de controle de sua qualidade, que limitam sua utilização em aplicações de maiores demandas, tais como concretos. Uma maneira usual de controle de agregados para concretos se dá por meio da determinação de sua porosidade, expressa pelas propriedades físicas de massa específica e absorção. O método utilizado para medir estas propriedades é a NM 53, norma derivada da ASTM C127. Porém, foi originalmente concebida para caracterizar agregados naturais, não sendo adequada sobre agregados de RCD reciclados. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho é estabelecer um método rápido e preciso para controle de qualidade e triagem de agregados reciclados em usinas de reciclagem, o que poderia ampliar as possibilidades de campos para sua utilização. Para isso, foram estudados comparativamente três métodos distintos - NM 53, massa submersa no tempo e secagem - para determinação das propriedades físicas absorção e massa específica aparente (MEA) dos agregados reciclados. Os planejamentos experimentais basearamse em modelos estatísticos do tipo fatorial completo, que permitem melhorias do processo selecionado, de acordo com necessidades estabelecidas, através de análises de variáveis de possível significância às respostas. A adequação da NM 53 para utilização sobre agregados reciclados depende de: 1) aumento da saturação dos poros das amostras; 2) diminuição da perda de massa durante os ensaios; e 3) aumento da rapidez das determinações. Após a execução dos planejamentos experimentais, pôde-se propor um novo método para determinação da absorção e MEA de agregados graúdos de RCD reciclados. Tal método aumentou estatisticamente os valores de absorção medidos (aumento da saturação de poros), diminuiu a perda de massa das amostras durante a execução dos ensaios e ainda reduziu o tempo de caracterização de 48 horas (mínimo dispensado pela NM 53) para aproximadamente 4 horas. O método utiliza equipamentos simples e de baixo custo, possuindo potencial real para ser implantado para controle de qualidade de agregados de RCD reciclados em usinas de reciclagem. / The low consumption of Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) recycled aggregates happens, nowadays, because its natural variability and quality control absence that limit its use in applications with larger demands, such as concretes. One way of concrete aggregates control is done by determining its porosity, express by physical properties absorption and relative density. The method that measures its properties is the NM 53, standard derived from ASTM C127. But this standard was conceived to characterize natural aggregates, and is not appropriate on CDW recycled aggregates. In this way, the purpose of this work is to establish a quick and accurate method for quality control and selection of recycled aggregates in recycling plants, which could increase the possibilities of fields for its use. Thus, this work comparatively studied three distinct methods - NM 53, submerged mass in time and drying - for determining physical properties absorption and relative density of recycled aggregates. The experimental plannings were based on statistical models type Design of Experiments (DOE) that allow improvement on a selected process, in accordance with established needs, through analysis of possible significant variables for results. The adaption of NM 53 to recycled aggregates characterization depends on: 1) increase of sample pores saturation; 2) decrease of mass loss during the tests; and 3) increase of determination speed. After execution of experimental plannings, a new method for determining CDW coarse recycled aggregates physical properties could be proposed. This method statistically increased the measured absorption values (pores saturation increase), decreased mass loss during tests executions and reduced the characterization time from 48 hours (minimum used by NM 53) to approximately 4 hours. The method uses simple and low costs equipment, having real potential to be implemented for quality control of CDW recycled aggregates on recycling plants.

Submitted by Marilene Donadel (marilene.donadel@unioeste.br) on 2018-05-10T21:42:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Carolline_Vargas_2018.pdf: 2294153 bytes, checksum: ea56c6e9bf3730687b74f53d29ec9ae9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-10T21:42:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carolline_Vargas_2018.pdf: 2294153 bytes, checksum: ea56c6e9bf3730687b74f53d29ec9ae9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The civil construction sector generates an expressive volume of solid waste, in general, such waste does not always have adequate management, being deposited in improper places, and consequently compromising the quality of the environment. In this sense, it is important to know the local, regional and national reality, for analysis of the management of the Waste of Civil Construction (RCC), checking the positive and negative aspects, allowing to contribute to the formulation of public policies, which to assess these aspects. In this sense, this research is justified, which has as central objectives, to analyze the state of the art of the management of the waste of civil construction in the state of Paraná and in the municipality of Cascavel-PR, in order to contribute with the scientific community to knowledge of the current reality, in addition to identifying the relevant legislation and the management processes, with the future aim of subsidizing actions and strategic planning, which aims at the sustainability of the civil construction sector, with regard to the aspects social, environmental and economic. For the scope of the proposed objectives, descriptive methodology was used, through bibliographical research and data collection, in addition to the mixed method, which consists in the collection and analysis of qualitative and quantitative data, the results evaluated in a way Integrated. The results showed that within the state of Paraná, 60% of municipalities present specific legislation for the implementation of the Waste Management Plans of Civil Construction (PGRCC), and that 92.6% of the localities still earmarked the RCC to landfills With the rest of the municipal waste, or disposal in improper locations. In the municipality of Cascavel-PR, the surveys in the construction sites pointed out some negative aspects in the management of the RCC, such as the lack of training of the employees responsible for the works, irregular disposal of the RCC, as well as absence of supervision of the competent bodies for further final approval of the PGRCC. The analysis of the results obtained made it possible to conclude the difficulty of obtaining precise data and that in this sense new studies and diagnostics are fundamental to the knowledge of the reality in its entirety, moreover, in the municipality of Cascavel-PR, it is made the improvement of the management tools of the existing RCD. / O setor da construção civil gera um volume expressivo de resíduos sólidos, de modo geral, tais resíduos nem sempre possuem uma gestão adequada, sendo depositados em locais indevidos, e consequentemente comprometendo a qualidade do ambiente. Nesse sentido, é importante o conhecimento da realidade local, regional e nacional, para análise da gestão dos Resíduos da Construção Civil (RCC), verificando os aspectos positivos e negativos, permitindo contribuir para a formulação de políticas públicas, que visem avaliar tais aspectos. Nesse sentido, justifica-se a presente pesquisa, que tem como objetivos centrais, analisar o estado da arte da Gestão dos Resíduos da Construção Civil no Estado do Paraná e no município de Cascavel-PR, a fim de contribuir com a comunidade científica para conhecimento da realidade atual, além de identificar a legislação pertinente e os processos de gestão, com o intuito futuro de subsidiar ações e um planejamento estratégico, que vise à sustentabilidade do setor da construção civil, no que se refere aos aspectos sociais, ambientais e econômicos. Para o alcance dos objetivos propostos utilizou-se a metodologia descritiva, por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e coleta de dados, além do método misto, que consiste na coleta e análise de dados qualitativos e quantitativos, sendo os resultados avaliados de forma integrada. Os resultados mostraram que no âmbito do Estado do Paraná, 60% dos municípios apresentam legislação específica à implantação dos Planos de Gerenciamento dos Resíduos da Construção Civil (PGRCC), e que 92,6% das localidades ainda destinam os RCC aos aterros sanitários, juntamente com os demais resíduos urbanos, ou realizam o descarte em locais impróprios. No município de Cascavel-PR, as vistorias nos canteiros de obras apontaram alguns aspectos negativos na gestão dos RCC, como por exemplo, falta de treinamento dos funcionários responsáveis pelas obras, descarte irregular dos RCC, bem como ausência de fiscalização dos órgãos competentes para posterior aprovação final do PGRCC. A análise dos resultados obtidos permitiu concluir a dificuldade de obtenção de dados precisos e que nesse sentido novos estudos e diagnósticos são fundamentais para conhecimento da realidade em sua totalidade, além disso, no município de Cascavel-PR, faz-se necessário o aperfeiçoamento dos instrumentos de gestão dos RCD vigentes.

The construction industry is considered the world over as a major contributor to the high rates of waste generation in developed countries. The negative influence of waste generation on the environment, natural resources, and the profitability of firms puts increasing pressure on the industry to reduce the waste it generates. The pressures to reduce waste are heightened by current trends demanding sustainable management of waste for the purposes of economic, social, and environmental gains. Literature on factors influencing waste management (WM) suggests government legislation is the most critical success factor for ensuring waste is sustainably managed. A review of the literature however indicated that researches holistically investigating the practices of construction firms and the extent to which these practices meet the intended outcomes of government legislation on waste are not present. Thus this research was undertaken to holistically investigate WM practices in the UK construction industry, to identify best practices and the extent to which they meet the intended outcomes of government WM legislation ad policy. The study adopted a multiple case study design to examine WM approaches, strategies and practices at both the corporate and project level within construction companies. Four construction companies who had won awards for their sustainability and environmental performance were purposefully selected to investigate best practice WM. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews, passive observations, and documentary analysis. Analysis of the data revealed that the drivers for WM in the construction industry are: economic considerations; company sustainability agenda; company image; client requirements; environmental concerns; government legislation; moral and social demands; industrial benchmarking; environmental concerns; and the requirements of standards. Regarding the influence of legislation, the results revealed that government legislation plays a secondary role in influencing WM as clients are interested in using only compliant firms. Best practices targeting design to reduce waste through standardisation and prefabrication; on-site segregation through multi-skip provision; supply take back schemes; intensified site education; and the use of incentives were identified to lead to improved WM. The results also indicated that company sustainability agenda is the most influential driver for achieving sustainable construction, demolition and excavation (CD&E) WM. The findings highlighted the importance of having a clear vision and structure for WM at the corporate level alongside strategies to be implemented on projects to ensure sustainable WM is achieved. To help construction firms in achieving sustainable WM, which is the ultimate goal of government legislation, a best practice framework has been developed based on the findings from the study and evaluated using semi-structured interviews with selected target participants. The framework presents a coherent and systematic approach for achieving sustainable WM in construction companies by providing a roadmap for instituting measures at both corporate and project levels, taking into account factors that are likely to promote or inhibit the achievement of sustainable WM.

Problem background: During a construction project, the environment is negatively affected due to all construction waste that occurs. Even during the manufacture of building materials, the environment is affected. Construction waste in Sweden is about 31 percent, it is quite high, but they are constantly trying to reduce construction waste and the environmental impact that the construction sector is responsible for. The construction waste that takes place has a direct connection to building materials, which also has a direct connection to the carbon dioxide emission in the production of these building materials. Therefore, in this work we have addressed these three points that focus on the environmental impact that the construction industry has in a construction project. The purpose of the work is to investigate how the construction industry affects the environment. Because it is a complicated industry where a lot happens. For example, there are several different types of transport both from and to the construction site that leads to increased carbon dioxide emissions. To reduce construction waste, you must have the knowledge as to know why construction waste occurs and be able to apply the waste hierarchy during a construction project for reduced environmental impact. The methodology for completing this work was due to various scientific articles and literature studies used, via Mälardalens University's library database. In addition, some interviews were conducted that helped strengthen and complete the work. The interviews provided different views and perspectives and explained in detail how construction waste is handled during a construction project. The survey provided a better insight into how this is done, handled and what solutions are available to reduce the construction sector's environmental impact during a construction project. The end results of the work showed that there are some methods you can use to reduce the environmental impact that the construction industry has today. With these methods, it is not only the environment that has a positive effect but also the construction company because it leads to lower costs and more efficient construction methods. The results also showed that the construction industry is a complicated industry where a lot affects each other and that they always try to reduce their environmental impact by constantly striving for their environmental goals. The Conclusions of the work is that the environment affects the construction industry in different ways. Everyone involved is trying to reduce their influence, but there are some challenges that exists and should be addressed. The work highlights the problem and alternative solutions that the construction industry can use to reduce their environmental impact.

Dagens linjära materialflöde leder till att nyttjandegraden av råvaror är låg, vilket tömmer ut världens resurser och mängden avfall ökar. Samtidigt skapar den ökande världsbefolkningen och världsekonomin ett större tryck på dagens resurser vilket inte är hållbart i längden. Genom att övergå till cirkulär ekonomi betraktas genererat avfall som en resurs, vilket ökar resursutnyttjandet i samhället. Byggbranschen är den verksamhet som genererar mest avfall i Sverige och stor del av den genererade mängden är träavfall. Idag energiutvinns i stort allt trä som kasseras och samtidigt sker ett ökat intresse för användning av materialet. Syftet med denna studie är att ta reda på hur och i vilken mängd träavfall från bygg- och rivningsarbete kan materialåtervinnas före energiutvinning.  Denna studie har kartlagt innehållet av tre containrar med träavfall från olika byggskeden; stomme, inredning och rivning. Kartläggningen utfördes med en sorteringsmetod som togs fram med hjälp av litteraturstudie och samtal med företag. De fyra möjliga sorteringsalternativ som togs fram under studien var Fingerskarvning / Återanvändning, Korslimmat trä, Lamellträ och Spånplattor.  Kartläggningen visar att fördelningen av träavfall varierar stort beroende på byggskede. Vid inredning är det mycket lastpallar, träskivor och reglar, detsamma gäller för stomme dock med en färre andel skivmaterial.   Vid maximal utdelning för stomme kan 19 % av träavfallet gå till Fingerskarvning / Återanvändning, Korslimmat trä  2 %,  Lamellträ 35 % och Spånplattor 100 %. Vid rivning fanns endast treetex och råspont vilket endast kan användas till Spånplattor. För inredning kan 12 % av träavfallet gå till Fingerskarvning / Återanvändning, Korslimmat trä 3 %, Lamellträ 10 % och Spånplattor 100 %. För stomme och inredning är resultatet baserat på en accepterad sortering för grånat och smutsigt virke för de två förstnämnda alternativen. Slutsatsen blir att allt träavfall kan användas till bättre alternativ än energiutvinning. Tills problemen med Korslimmat trä och Fingerskarvning / Återanvändning har lösts bör sortering ske utefter Lamellträ och Spånplattor. / Today's linear material flows leads to a low utilization of raw materials, which depletes the world's resources and the amount of waste increases. At the same time, the growing world population and world economy are creating more pressure on today's resources which is not sustainable in the long run. By converting to a circular economy, generated waste is regarded as a resource, which increases the utilization of resources in society. When it comes to generated waste, the construction industry is the biggest sector in Sweden and wood waste is a large part of the generated amount. Almost all wood waste today is combusted for energy recovery, and at the same time, there is an increased interest in using the material. The purpose of the study is to find out how, and in what amount, wood waste from construction and demolition work can be recycled before energy recovery.  This study has made a survey of the contents of three containers with wood waste from different construction stages; frame, fixing and demolition. The survey was carried out using a sorting method that was developed by studying literature and speaking with companies. The four possible sorting options that were found during the study were Finger jointed / Reuse, Cross-laminated timber, Laminated wood and Particleboard.  The survey shows that the distribution of wood waste varies greatly depending on the stage of construction. In the fixing stage, there are a lot of pallets, wooden boards and studs. The same goes for the frame stage, however, with a smaller proportion of board material. The maximum percentages for each of the sorting options for the frame stage are        19 % to Finger jointed / Reuse, Cross-laminated timber 2 %, Laminated wood 35 % and Particleboard 100 %. During demolition, there were only treetex and tongued and grooved board that can only be used for Particleboard. For the fixing stage, 12 % of the wood waste can go to Finger jointed / Reuse, Cross-laminated timber 3 %, Laminated wood 10 % and Particleboard 100 %. For the frame and fixing stage the results are based on an accepted sorting of gray and dirty wood for the two first mentioned sorting options.  The conclusion is that all wood waste can be used for better alternatives than energy recovery. Until problems with Cross-laminated timber and Finger jointed / Reuse have been solved, sorting should be based on Laminated wood and Particleboard.

The construction and demolition (C&D) waste produced by the Canadian construction industry accounts for 27% of the total municipal solid waste disposed in landfills. However, more than 75% of C&D waste has residual value and, consequently, could be salvaged, recycled, and/or reused. The need for comprehensive and integrated waste management mechanisms, technologies, rating systems, and policies is widely recognized. A waste management hierarchy tool exists for reducing and managing waste that follows this order: preventing, minimizing, reusing, recycling, energy recovering, and finally, disposing of the waste. It appears that the highest level attained by the concrete industry in Canada is recycling (e.g., crushing concrete and using it as base aggregate). This study aims to explore the opportunities and barriers to advance to the next level in the waste management hierarchy by reclaiming concrete from decommissioned structures for reuse with minimal reprocessing. A survey was distributed to members of the Canadian concrete industry to answer two main sets of questions: 1) to what degree, if any, is the Canadian construction industry currently reclaiming waste concrete by recycling and/or reusing it? and 2) what is the perception of industry professionals on concrete reuse? What are the perceived benefits and challenges of such a practice? A total of 125 participants responded to the survey. Although the environmental advantages of concrete reuse were clear to all, views on the financial benefits were mixed. Many participants highlighted that a successful approach to concrete reuse should involve all parties and stakeholders. Overall, there is positive interest in the concept of concrete reuse; however, there is apparent uncertainty on how to approach it and, thus, there is a need for practical guidance to address various technical, logistical, and liability concerns in a comprehensive and holistic manner. Two cases studies – one for a bridge and one for a building – were developed to address some of the technical challenges associated with reusing concrete in structural applications. The case studies were based on local existing structures that were hypothetically disassembled then repurposed in conceptual redesigns. The design of connections to effectively recouple the deconstructed structural components was a focal, and challenging, aspect of the case studies; in support of shifting towards a circular economy, the connection designs were engineered to be reversible to facilitate future adaptation and/or further dismantlement. It is important to highlight that a desirable reuse project starts in the initial design phase, where the ultimate disassembly and repurposing of the structure is considered from the start (i.e., cradle to cradle design). However, since this is presently not mainstream practice, these case studies focus on the more complex task of deconstructing existing structures that were not designed with the intention of reuse. Although several challenges were encountered, this approach is an essential first step in the present framework to move the discussion forward in the context of reuse of structural concrete members.