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No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-Diego Meneses de Melo.pdf: 12978397 bytes, checksum: b2f17a79227222cd6931f419830d812b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-22 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The dissertation now presented has the objective to accomplish a study about the use of constructions and demolitions waste (CDW) as coarse aggregate in asphalt concrete, searching for environmental and technical solution to the historical stony aggregate lack in the city of Manaus-AM. The research displays peculiar characteristics of the alternative material, comparing with the pebble, usual element in the asphalt mixtures regionally used. It was conducted the dosage of a mixture with pebble and another one with CDW, fulfilling the function of coarse aggregates, keeping the other elements: CAP 50/70 as binder, residual sand as fine aggregate, Portland cement as filler. The gradation definition was made by the Bailey Method, enabling the obtainment of a structural skeleton that privileged the grains interlocking, allowing a study of the form and superficial texture influence in the mixture mechanical behavior. As performance markers was made tests of Tensile Strength (TS), Loss of Resistance by Induced Moisture (Lottman Test), Resilient Modulus (RM), Fluency for Axial Compression (creep), by static and dynamic method. Temperature was varied in all assays, excepted for the Lottman, objecting to investigate the sensitivity of the mixtures to this factor. All the procedures had its results considered as for the resistance and deformability. The viability of the use of the CDW as aggregate in asphalt concrete was evidenced, in substitution to the pebble, because the alternative material revealed, for the most part of the tests, more stability under temperatures higher than 25°C. Its tensile strength was higher than of the pebble, independently of the temperature or the load speed. The Resilient Modulus and the deformation accumulated in the fluency tests demonstrated that, for the typical service temperatures of Manaus (around 40°C), the alternative mixture has better performance than one with natural material. However, CDW showed more susceptibility for the moisture action. It was concluded, based on the results, which the irregular form and the rugous superficial texture of the residue aggregate were responsible for an increase in the friction between particles in the structural skeleton of the mixture collaborating with the shear strength, especially for the highest temperatures of operation, when the viscous phase introduce great influence in the mechanical behavior. / A dissertação ora apresentada tem por objetivo realizar estudo sobre a utilização de resíduos de construções e demolições (RCD) como agregado graúdo em concreto asfáltico, buscando solução técnica e ambiental para a carência histórica de agregados pétreos no município de Manaus-AM. A pesquisa expõe características peculiares do material alternativo, comparando com o seixo rolado, elemento usual nas misturas asfálticas utilizadas regionalmente. Realizouse a dosagem de uma mistura com seixo e outra com RCD, cumprindo a função de agregado graúdo, mantendo os demais partícipes constantes: CAP 50/70 como ligante, areia residual como agregado miúdo, cimento Portland como material de enchimento. A definição da granulometria foi feita por meio do Método de Bailey, possibilitando definir um esqueleto estrutural que privilegiasse o intertravamento dos grãos, de modo a estudar a influência da forma e textura superficial no comportamento mecânico da mistura. Como balizadores do desempenho foram realizados ensaios de Resistência à Tração (RT), Perda de Resistência por Umidade Induzida (Ensaio Lottman), Módulo de Resiliência (MR), Fluência por Compressão Axial (creep) estático e dinâmico. Variou-se a temperatura em todos os ensaios, a exceção do Lottman, de modo a investigar a sensibilidade das misturas a este fator. Todos os procedimentos tiveram seus resultados julgados quanto à resistência e deformabilidade. Foi constatada a viabilidade do uso do RCD em concreto asfáltico, em substituição ao seixo, uma vez que o material alternativo mostrou-se, na maior parte dos ensaios, mais estável sob temperaturas maiores que 25°C. Sua resistência à tração foi mais alta que a do seixo, independentemente da temperatura ou da velocidade de carregamento. O Módulo de Resiliência e a deformação acumulada nos ensaios de fluência demonstraram que, para as temperaturas de serviço típicas de Manaus (em torno de 40°C), a mistura alternativa tem melhor desempenho que aquela contendo material natural. Contudo, o RCD se mostrou mais susceptível à ação da umidade. Concluiu-se, baseado nos resultados, que forma irregular e a textura superficial rugosa do agregado de resíduo foi responsável por um aumento no atrito entre as partículas no esqueleto estrutural da mistura, colaborando com a resistência ao cisalhamento, especialmente para as temperaturas mais altas de operação, quando a fase viscosa apresenta grande influência no comportamento mecânico.

A exploração dos recursos naturais e a degradação do meio ambiente têm sido fonte de preocupação no âmbito mundial. A busca por soluções alternativas que não causem ou que diminuam os impactos ambientais tornou-se comum na sociedade. Nesse contexto, a pavimentação vem contribuindo significativamente com soluções alternativas para destinação final de diversos tipos de resíduos, principalmente os oriundos da indústria da construção civil que sempre foi uma das maiores geradoras. Os resíduos da construção e demolição (RCD) podem ser transformados em agregados reciclados de ótima qualidade e podem ser aplicados em diversos serviços de engenharia. Os agregados reciclados, segundo a NBR 15116 (ABNT, 2004), são separados em misto e de concreto (ARC). No Brasil existem poucas pesquisas com o ARC, no entanto, as que existem e as pesquisas internacionais relatam que uma característica marcante do ARC é a cimentação própria. Portanto, o objetivo desta pesquisa é estudar o comportamento mecânico, ao longo do tempo de cura, do agregado reciclado de concreto proveniente da Usina de Reciclagem de São Carlos e de sua mistura com um solo laterítico, a fim de utilizá-los na construção de pavimentos. O estudo envolveu a análise dos resultados de resistência à compressão simples, módulo tangente, módulo de resiliência, deformação permanente e índice de suporte Califórnia (CBR) de corpos-de-prova de ARC e da sua mistura com solo laterítico, moldados em diferentes energias de compactação e ensaiados com tempos de cura variados. Ao final, concluiu-se que o agregado reciclado de concreto (ARC) é uma alternativa para construção de bases de pavimentos, podendo também substituir o agregado natural da mistura solo arenoso laterítico - brita descontínua, muito utilizada nas rodovias do interior de São Paulo. / Natural resources exploitation and the environmental degradation are a worldly problem nowadays. Searching for alternative solutions is something usual in most countries. Pavement systems are now contributing significantly with these alternative solutions by using the waste of construction demolition. This specific kind of waste can turn into mixed recycled aggregate or recycled concrete aggregate. There are just few researches in Brazil about the use of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), however international researches have shown that this aggregate has a very characteristic and positive mark: self cementation. This research has got the objective of studying the mechanic behavior of the recycled concrete aggregate and its mix with lateritic soil on the construction of base pavements with different analytic basis. The study involved the analysis of the laboratorial tests results of the unconfined compressive strength, tangent modulus, resilient modulus, permanent deformation and California Bearing Ration (CBR) of RCA specimens and its mix with lateritic soil, molded in different compaction energy and tested in different curing times. In conclusion, this kind of recycled aggregate has proved to be a sustainable alternative for the natural aggregate in the construction of many roads in small cities of the State of São Paulo - Brazil.

Os principais problemas enfrentados pelas cidades em relação aos resíduos de construção e demolição (RCD) estão associados à disposição irregular das enormes quantidades produzidas. O descarte clandestino dos RCD pode provocar a degradação dos ecossistemas água, ar e solo. O acúmulo de resíduos espalhados em diferentes locais das cidades leva à proliferação de vetores de doenças com danos à saúde pública. Além disso, provocam problemas nos sistemas de drenagem urbana. Do ponto de vista econômico, os custos de limpeza pública para remoção dos resíduos demonstram a não sustentabilidade do modelo corretivo. Essa situação pode ser explicada pela ausência de políticas específicas de gestão. Com a introdução do marco regulatório nacional para os RCD, vários municípios têm procurado implantar um modelo mais sustentável, mas as dificuldades para operação e manutenção têm inviabilizado sua continuidade. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar os modelos de gestão dos resíduos de construção e demolição na Bacia Hidrográfica do Turvo Grande (BH-TG) pertencente a 15ª Unidade de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos (UGRHI-15) do Estado de São Paulo, bem como desenvolver um software para apoio à gestão municipal dos RCD - SISRCD. Ainda dentro da proposta do estudo, também são apresentados a situação dos RCD em Portugal e os resultados da experiência realizada em uma obra predial na cidade de Guimarães. Para estudo na UGHRI-15, foram coletados dados da situação dos entulhos nos 64 municípios integrantes, que permitiram fundamentar e sistematizar a metodologia. Os dados foram levantados nos anos de 2008 e 2009 com aplicação de questionário aos gestores e por meio de visitas aos municípios para levantamentos in loco das áreas de disposição final. Os principais itens avaliados foram os sistemas de manejo em operação, a produção de RCD, os custos com gestão, formas de tratamento e descarte. Com base nos resultados obtidos, dos municípios que fizeram parte desta pesquisa, foi possível concluir que apenas São José do Rio Preto possui um plano integrado de Gerenciamento de Resíduos da Construção Civil, conforme diretrizes da resolução n.º 307 do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente. Por esta razão, a implantação do sistema de apoio à gestão municipal dos resíduos da construção civil - SISRCD - pode ser transformada em excelente ferramenta para orientação e auxílio no controle municipal dessas atividades. O SISRCD é uma proposta original de uma ferramenta computacional cuja principal característica é a simplicidade de utilização pelos usuários a qual, após validação poderá ter ampla aplicação nos mais diferentes municípios do país. / The main problems faced by the cities related to construction and demolition wastes (CDW) are associated to the illegal disposal of huge quantities produced. The illegal CDW discharge may cause water and soil degradation problems. The accumulation of wastes scattered in different city locations leads to diseases caused by vectors proliferation with damage to public health. Moreover, they cause problems in urban drainage systems. From an economic perspective, the costs of public cleaning services for waste removal have indicated the nosustainability of the corrective model. This can be explained by the absence of specific policies for CDW management. By introduction of the national regulatory framework for the CDW, several municipalities have attempted to implement a more sustainable model, however difficulties related tosystem operation and maintenance have not allowed its continuance. So, the purpose of this study was to evaluate models for the management of construction and demolition wastes in Turvo Grande Watershed (RTG) which is included in the 15th Water Water Resources Unit Management (UGRHI-15) of São Paulo State, as well as to develop a prototype system to support municipal management of CDW - SISRCD. The work also includes and overview of Portugal CDW situation and the results of an experience carried out on a building location at Guimarães city - Portugal. Information and data related to construction and demolition wastes from 64 municipalities members of UGRHI-15 were collected in order to support and optimize the methodology. The data were collected for the years 2008 and 2009 based on a questionnaire applied to municipal managers and also technical visits to municipalities along with surveys of final disposal areas. The main evaluated issues encompassed management systems in operation, production of the CDW, management costs, and treatment and disposal models. Based on the results, it appears that only Sao Jose do Rio Preto has an Integrated Waste Management of Construction Plan, in accordance to guidelines of in the resolution 307 of the National Environmental Council. Thus, the implementation of a prototype system to support the management of municipal construction waste - SISRCD - may become an important tool for guidance and assistance to the control of municipal activities. The SISRCD is an original proposal for a computer tool based on a simple user interface. The system after is validation may have a broad application at different municipalities around the country.

Människans negativa miljöpåverkan har orsakat att jordens temperaturökning har fördubblats på kort tid och vars åtgärd kräver omgående förändringar i samhället. Ett hållbart förhållningssätt är väsentligt för att inte äventyra kommande generationers förutsättningar på jorden. En omställning till en cirkulär ekonomi är nödvändigt för att gynna en hållbar utveckling. Byggsektorns resursanvändning och avfall orsakar en stor andel av samhällets miljöpåverkan och har en betydelsefull roll i den cirkulära övergången. Återbruk av bygg- och rivningsavfall är en viktig del av cirkulära strategier, men som sektorn varit långsamma på att implementera. Kandidatarbetet undersöker möjligheterna att utforma en mindre trävilla med hänsyn på återbruk. Syftet med studien är att framställa en förslagshandling för en trävilla som tar hänsyn på cirkulära strategier som möjliggör återbruk av de ingående komponenterna. Studien baseras på en kvalitativ metod som inledningsvis bestod av en litteraturstudie, därefter hölls workshop med aktörer i byggbranschen för att ta del av deras kunskaper inom ämnesområdet. I konsultation med aktörerna diskuterades möjligheter och svårigheter vid utformning av småhus med hänsyn till återbruksbara byggnadskomponenter. Studiens resultat visar att byggsektorn i största allmänhet är medvetna om de ekologiska fördelarna av cirkulära strategier som att projektera för demontering, men att dessa inte nyttjas i någon större utsträckning. Det beror delvis på byggsektorns okunskap om hur byggnaders utformning påverkar komponenternas möjlighet till återbruk och dels på osäkerheterna kring den ekonomiska lönsamheten. För att öka återbruk i byggsektorn kommer sektorn behöva ekonomiska incitament som nya avgifts- och beskattningsstrukturer. För att främja återbruk av ingående byggkomponenter är det viktigt att tidigt planera för komponenternas åtkomlighet, reparation och demontering. För att förenkla förändringsarbete och underhåll bör byggnaden utformas med stora öppna ytor och med en så stor andel prefabricerade moduler och komponenter. Byggnadens komponenter bör väljas med hänsyn på att de ska vara hållbara och lätta att hantera vid montering och demontering.

This diploma thesis deals with the issue of using fine powder of concrete recyclate. In this thesis, the theoretical expectations of milling are summarized as well as high energy milling. Afterwards professional articles, in which fine powder of concrete recyclate is successfully activated, are described and commented on. In the experimental part, there are 11 recipes of cement mortar and 3 recipes of concrete mixed. The benefit of using fine powder of concrete recyclate as a possible substitute for part of the cement is evaluated.

By recycling and reusing materials to close the resource cycle and move towards a circular economy, waste can be significantly reduced. At the same time, cities and regions offer opportunities to practice circular economy. As the main source of waste in the EU, the construction industry needs to both improve the recycling rate and find alternatives with a lower carbon footprint. Mineral wool waste is often considered non-recyclable, but the disposal of landfill will no longer be suitable in the medium to long term. At the same time, mineral wool can react with the alkaline activator to generate alkali activated concrete (AA concrete), which can be used as a substitute for cement concrete. This study is conducted on building typology to track mineral wool from individual building levels in Swiss dwellings over time and space. Afterward, Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to select the suitable location for establishing a mineral wool recycling plant, considering accessibility and transportation distance. Finally, using the life-cycle assessment (LCA) framework, emissions are calculated through the production phase. The results revealed that the mineral wool stock shows an increasing trend from 2020 to 2035, and can provide a stable supply. In addition, using mineral wool waste to produce AA concrete can effectively reduce CO2 emissions. Therefore, mineral wool waste has the potential to become raw material for alkali-activated materials (AAMs). Recycling factories can be set up in Zug, Zurich, and Bern as a priority. The recycling of mineral wool can be seen as a practical application of the circular economy strategy in the framework of urban planning.

The diploma thesis deals with using of recycled aggregate of concrete for base layers of pavement. The work is divided into practical and theoretical part. The theoretical part deals with basic concepts of construction and demolition waste, production, development and management of this waste in the Czech Republic. It also focuses on the principle of recycling and the use of recycled concrete in the Czech Republic and abroad. The practical part of the thesis deals with laboratory testing and assessment of recycled aggregates in bound, unbound and grouted courses layers of the base layers of roads.

This diploma thesis is divided into two parts, theoretical and practical. The is a review om the topic of recycled asphalt pavement and recycled concrete and their possible use in road construction in the theoretical part. The individual chapters deal with describing these materials, their production, and their use in construction layers of pavements. In the next chapters the attention is also paid to their problematic features and foreign experience using these materials in pavements. In the practical part, laboratory samples of recycled asphalt pavement and recycled concrete and their mixtures with cement are tested. The main purpose is to verify the applications of these mixtures of recycled asphalt pavement and recycled concrete in the bonded base layers of the pavement. Another purpose is to compare how these mixtures individual properties with different proportions of both components and different amounts of cement will be different. In the end, the two mixtures with the best properties was selected and the modulus of elasticity was experimentally determined for the possibility of replacing the currently used base layers and the economic evaluation of this design was made.

The work deals with the use of mixed construction recycled material for earth bodies of roads. The theoretical part describes the production, usability and economic evaluation of recycled building materials against common natural materials. It then describes the necessary laboratory tests that examine its properties for the use of these materials in roads. In the last chapter, the work deals with foreign experience with the use of mixed construction recyclates for transport construction. The practical part examines the properties of the given recyclates for their use in the core using tests of soil freezing rate, California bearing ratio and immediate bearing index.

The theoretical part of the diploma thesis searches the production of Construction and demolition waste and their subsequent transformation into the final recyclate and its possible use in roads. Attention is focused on the use of mixed recycled material into subgrade of the pavement and the characteristics of tests that must be performed before its used to the road. The next chapters pai attention to the problematic properties of recyclates, foreign experience with the use of mixed recyclate in Construction and the possibilities of its development. The practical part verifies the suitability of mixed recycled material into subgrade of the pavement using laboratory tests. The tests are performer on individual mixtures of mixed recycled material with cement, blast furnace slag or cement dust in various percentages. The results are then compared and it is evaluated which mixtures show the best properties. Part of the practical part is also the economic evaluation of these mixtures against commonly used materials.