Cette étude se propose d’apporter des éléments pour une analyse de l’évolution des cultures prédynastiques et sud levantines, entre la fin du 5e et la première moitié du 4e millénaire (4300-3300 avant notre ère). En Egypte, cette période commence au début du Prédynastique, lorsque des groupes d’agro-pasteurs se sédentarisent peu à peu le long de la vallée du Nil et dans le Delta. Elle se termine par l’avènement d’une société hiérarchisée et la mise en place des conditions préalables à l’apparition de l’Etat au début du 3e millénaire. Au Levant sud, cette période s’étend de la fin du Chalcolithique au début du Bronze Ancien I. A travers l’examen d’un matériel inédit (le mobilier céramique de Tell el-Iswid dans le Delta du Nil, l’habitat de Bir es-Safadi dans le Néguev nord) et la réévaluation de données publiées (notamment l’architecture de Tuleilat Ghassul au sud de la vallée du Jourdain et la nécropole de Minshat Abou Omar en Basse Egypte), cette étude a pour but d’apprécier dans quelle mesure le développement des sociétés de Haute Egypte, de Basse Egypte et du Levant sud, a été affectée par les contacts interrégionaux. Il s’agit d’évaluer quelles innovations techniques ou quelles influences d’ordre économique et social, ces échanges ont pu véhiculer. Il s’agit également de préciser la forme et les modalités de ces contacts (échanges de proche en proche ou réseaux à longue distance), aussi bien que les agents de leur organisation. Cette analyse permettra en outre de porter un regard nouveau sur le processus d’uniformisation de la culture égyptienne, qui s’est déroulé peu de temps avant l’unification politique du pays. / This study intends to provide elements for an analysis of the evolution of Predynastic and Southern Levant cultures, between the end of the 5th and the middle of the 4th millennium (4300-3300 BC). In Egypt, this period starts at the beginning of the Predynastic era, when groups of agro-pastoralists settled gradually along the Nile Valley and the Delta. It ends with the advent of a hierarchical society and the setting of the conditions conductive to the emergence of State at the beginning the 3rd millennium. In the Southern Levant, this time frame extends from the end of the Chalcolithic to the beginning of the Early Bronze Age I. Through the analysis of an unpublished material (the Predynastic pottery from Tell el-Iswid in the Nile Delta, the dwellings of the Chalcolithic settlement of Bi r es-Safadi in the Northern Negev), and the reappraisal of published data (the architecture of Tuleilat Ghassul in the South of the Jordan Valley or the Minshat Abu Omar cemetery in Lower Egypt for example), this study aims to assess to what extent the development of societies in Upper Egypt, Lower Egypt and the Southern Levant was affected by interregional contacts. The issue is to estimate what kind of technical innovations, economic or social influences, these exchanges could have conveyed. The purpose is also to provide details on the modality of these contacts and the organization of these exchanges (down-the-line or long distance networks). This will lead us to propose a new approach to the homogenisation process of the Egyptian culture, which took place shortly before the political unification of the country.

Ce travail sur les céramiques de cuisine est centré sur trois sites issus de cités-mères différentes, d’un environnement géographique distinct et discontinu, et en contact avec des populations variées : Marseille, Mégara Hyblaea et Apollonia du Pont. L’objectif n’est pas d’obtenir une vision globalisante de la cuisine grecque du VIIe au IVe s. av. J.-C., qui serait réductrice, mais de réaliser une analyse comparative pour évaluer la nature des relations liant les colonies grecques entre elles, et celles-ci aux communautés avec lesquelles elles sont en contact. Il s’articule en trois parties distinctes et complémentaires. La première pose les bases en replaçant ce travail dans son contexte historiographique tout en précisant la méthodologie adoptée ; une large part est consacrée à caractériser la fonction, les usages, les procédés culinaires et la terminologie de chaque forme, en croisant les sources : texte, iconographie, coroplastie, ethnographie et archéologie. La deuxième partie développe l’analyse typo-chronologique des céramiques grecques de cuisine depuis la préparation des aliments jusqu’à leur cuisson, incluant divers dispositifs et ustensiles. Enfin, la troisième partie met en évidence, par une analyse diachronique intrinsèque, le faciès culinaire propre à chacune de ces trois colonies et son évolution au regard des phénomènes d’interactions culturelles entre les sociétés préromaines. Cette approche permet de révéler, dans un cadre culturel commun aux Grecs, une certaine discontinuité des comportements alimentaires perceptibles dans le monde grec colonial, variable selon l’échelle (locale, régionale, interrégionale) et le contexte socio-économique considérés. / This work on the kitchen ceramics is focused on three sites from different mother cities, a distinct and discontinuous geographic environment, and in contact with diverse populations: Marseille, Megara Hyblaea and Apollonia Pontica.The goal is not to get a holistic view of the Greek kitchen from the 7th to the 4th century BC., which would be reductive, but a comparative analysis to evaluate the nature of the relationship between the Greek colonies each other, and these with the communities with which they are in contact.It is divided into three distinct and complementary parts. The first lays the foundations by placing this work in its historiographical context while specifying the methodology adopted; a large part is dedicated to characterize the function, uses, culinary processes and terminology of each shape, by crossing the sources (text, iconography, coroplasty, ethnography and archaeology).The second part develops the typo-chronological analysis of the Greek kitchen ceramics from the preparation of the food to its cooking, sometimes using various devices and utensils. Finally, the third part highlights, by an intrinsic diachronic analysis, the culinary faciès for each of these three colonies and its evolution due to multiple phenomena of cultural interactions between the pre-Roman societies.This approach allows to reveal, in a common cultural framework to the Greeks, a discontinuity of the perceptible eating behaviours in the Greek colonial world, varying according to the scale (local, regional, interregional) and the socio-economic context considered.

Contact resistance is the most important and universal characteristic of all types of electrical and thermal contacts. Accurate measurement of contact resistance is important, because it serves as a measure for judging the performance and operational life span of contacts. Rise in contact temperature is one of the major factors that pose a big threat to the stability of electrical contacts. Dissipation of heat by solid conduction through a contact interface is governed by its thermal contact conductance (TCC). This emphasizes the need to study the TCC of an electrical contact along with its electrical contact resistance (ECR). Simultaneous measurement of ECR and TCC is important for understanding the interconnection between these two quantities and the possible influence of one over another. Real time experimental data and analytical correlations can be extremely helpful in developing electrical contacts with improved thermal management capabilities. As a part of the experimental investigation, a test facility has been developed for making simultaneous measurement of ECR and TCC across flat contacts. The facility has the capability of measuring ECR and TCC over a wide range of operating parameters, such as contact pressure, contact temperature, interstitial gaseous media, ambient pressure, etc. It is also capable of determining the electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity of materials as a function of temperature, which is very helpful in analyzing the generated contact resistance data. Using this facility, simultaneous ECR and TCC measurements are made across bare and gold plated contacts of OFHC Cu (oxygen free high conductivity copper) and brass. Simultaneous ECR and TCC measurements are made on nominally flat contacts in the contact pressure range of 0 – 1 MPa and the interface temperature range of 20 – 120 °C. Effect of contact pressure and interface temperature on ECR and TCC is studied on bare and gold coated contacts in vacuum, N2, Ar, and SF6 environments. TCC strongly depends on the thermophysical properties of the interstitial media and shows a significant enhancement in gaseous media, because of the increased interfacial gap conductance compared to vacuum. The gas pressure is varied in the range of 1 – 2.6 bar to study its effect on the gap conductance at different contact pressures and interface temperatures. Minor increase in the ECR observed in gaseous media is found to be independent of the properties of the media. Experimental results indicated that ECR depends on the gas pressure as well as on the applied contact load. Effect of gold coating and its thickness on the ECR and TCC across OFHC Cu and brass contacts is studied. Measurements on electroplated gold specimens having different gold layer thicknesses (0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 µm) indicated that ECR decreases and TCC increases with increasing gold coating thickness. Effect of gold coating on the substrate properties, contact surface tomography, and microhardness is analyzed and correlated to the observed behavior of ECR and thermal gap conductance. An attempt is made to understand and quantify the changes in the contact surface characteristics due to contact loading and heating, by measuring various surface topography parameters before and after the experimentation. Effect of thermal stresses (generated due to temperature variations) on ECR and TCC is studied and inclusion of an experimentally measured temperature dependent load correction factor is suggested in the theoretical models to take into account the effect of thermal stresses in contact assemblies.

The temperature rise at the interface of two sliding bodies has significant bearing on the friction and wear characteristics of the bodies. The friction heat generated at the interface can be viewed as "loss of exergy" of the system, which also leads to accelerated wear in the form of oxidation, corrosion, and scuffing. This has a direct impact on the performance of the components or the machinery. If the sliding interface is also conducting electric current then the physics at the interface becomes complicated. The presence of electrical current leads to Joule heat generation at the interface along with other effects like electromotive, electroplasticity, stress relaxation and creep. The interface of an electrical contact, either stationary or dynamic, is a complex environment as several different physical phenomena can occur simultaneously at different scales of observations. The main motivation for this work stems from the need to provide means for accurate determination or prediction of the critical contact parameters viz., temperature and contact resistance. Understanding the behavior of electrical contacts both static and dynamic under various operating conditions can provide new insights into the behavior of the interface. This dissertation covers three major topics: (1) temperature rise at the interface of sliding bodies, (2) study on static electrical contacts, and (3) study of factors influencing behavior of sliding electrical contacts under high current densities. A model for determining the steady-state temperature distribution at the interface of two sliding bodies, with arbitrary initial temperatures and subjected to Coulomb and/or Joule heating, is developed. The model applies the technique of least squares regression to apply the condition of temperature continuity at every point in the domain. The results of the analysis are presented as a function of non-dimensional parameters of Peclet number, thermal conductivity ratio and ellipticity ratio. This model is first of its kind and enables the prediction of full temperature field. The analysis can be applied to a macro-scale contact, ignoring surface roughness, between two bodies and also to contact between two asperities. This analysis also yields an analytical expression for determining the heat partition between two bodies, if the Jaeger's hypothesis of equating average temperatures of both the bodies is being implemented. In general for design purposes one is interested in either the maximum or the average temperature rise at the interface of two sliding bodies. Jaeger had presented simple equations, based on matching the average temperatures of both bodies, for square and band shaped contact geometries. Engineers since then have been using those equations for determining the interface temperature for circular and elliptical shaped contact geometries. Curve fit equations for determining the maximum and the average interface temperature for circular and elliptical contact with semi-ellipsoidal form of heat distribution are presented. These curve fit equations are also applicable for the case when both the bodies have dissimilar initial bulk temperatures. The equations are presented in terms of non-dimensional parameters and hence can easily be applied to any practical scenario. The knowledge of electrical contact resistance between two bodies is important in ascertaining the Joule heat generation at the interface. The prediction of the contact resistance thus becomes important in predicting the performance of the contact or the machinery where the contact exists. The existing models for predicting ECR suffer from the drawback of ambiguity of the definition of input parameters as they depend on the sampling resolution of the measuring device. A multi-scale ECR model which decomposes the surface into its component frequencies, thus capturing the multi scale nature of rough surfaces, is developed to predict the electrical contact resistance. This model, based on the JS multi-scale contact model, overcomes the sensitivity to sampling resolution inherent in many asperity based models in the literature. The multi-scale ECR model also offers orders of magnitude of savings in computation time when compared to deterministic contact models. The model predictions are compared with the experimental observations over a wide range of loads and surface roughness of the specimens, and it is observed that the model predictions are within 50% of the experimental observations. The effect of current cycling through static electrical contact is presented. It is observed that, the voltage drop across the contact initially increases with current until a certain critical voltage is increased. Beyond this critical point any increase in the current causes essentially no increase in steady-state contact voltage. This critical voltage is referred to as "saturation voltage." The saturation voltage for Al 6061 interface is found to be in the range of 160 - 190 mV and that for Cu 110 interface is in the range of 100 - 130 mV. The effect of load and surface roughness on voltage saturation is also demonstrated experimentally. An explanation based on the softening of the interface, due to temperature rise, is proposed rather than more widely referred hypothesis of recrystallization. The phenomenon of voltage saturation is also demonstrated in sliding electrical contacts. The behavior of sliding interfaces of aluminum-copper (Al-Cu) and aluminum-aluminum (Al-Al) are analyzed under high current densities. Experimental results are presented that demonstrate the influence of load, speed, current and surface roughness on coefficient of friction, contact voltage, contact resistance, interface temperature and wear rate. The experimental results reveal that thermal softening of the interface is the primary reason for accelerated wear under the test conditions. The results from the experiments presents an opportunity to form constitutive equations which could be used to predict the performance of the contact based on input parameters. The fusion of the findings of this dissertation provide methodologies along with experimental tools and findings to model, study and interpret the behavior of electrical contacts.

No description available.

De nombreuses hypothèses sont classiquement utilisées pour décrire le comportement du fluide dans un contact lubrifié : film continu, viscosité constante dans l'épaisseur, film mince, fluide newtonien... Or, certaines s'avèrent erronées dès lors que l'on s'intéresse aux contacts Elasto- HydroDynamiques fortement glissants ou à la répartition du lubrifiant en sortie de contact. Une approche numérique originale, basée sur un retour aux équations de la mécanique des fluides générale et prenant en compte le couplage fluide/solide et les effets thermiques sont proposés ici dans le but d'apporter des éléments physiques supplémentaires aux modélisations usuelles. Dans un premier temps, l'influence des effets thermiques sur l'évolution du frottement dans les contacts Thermo-EHD est mise en évidence. La présence d'un minimum de frottement pour le cas du glissement pur est expliquée par l'analyse des transferts thermiques entre le lubrifiant et les solides. L'origine des modifications locales d'épaisseur de film observées et l'existence même d'une épaisseur de film lubrifiant pour les cas de vitesse d'entraînement nulle sont alors reliées à la présence d'un fort gradient de viscosité dans l'épaisseur de film. Une comparaison qualitative avec des éléments expérimentaux de la littérature est réalisée, validant les tendances obtenues. Dans un second temps, l'écoulement à surface libre du lubrifiant en périphérie du contact est étudié expérimentalement puis numériquement par une méthode à interface diffuse. Le rôle des effets capillaires est analysé et les résultats numériques confrontés à des résultats issus de la littérature. Un bon accord est obtenu tant qualitativement que quantitativement. Validé par l'étude numérique diphasique (air/lubrifiant) réalisée, un modèle analytique simplifié est alors développé, prédisant une loi de répartition du lubrifiant en sortie de contact. La zone de sortie des contacts EHD est ensuite traitée par un modèle de cavitation vaporeuse et la prise en compte nécessaire de l'air environnant est discutée. Enfin, une première modélisation tridimensionnelle de l'écoulement à surface libre du lubrifiant autour d'un contact ponctuel est réalisée mettant en avant l'influence des effets capillaires et la faisabilité d'une telle approche.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

L’amélioration des procédés de fabrication de matériaux de contacts électriques à base d’argent nécessite de mieux comprendre et maîtriser les mécanismes mis en jeu lors du frittage. Ce travail a pour objectif d’identifier et d’expliquer l’influence des paramètres d’élaboration des composites Ag-C-Ni et Ag-WC sur les mécanismes de frittage et les propriétés finales dans le cas d’un frittage conventionnel et par induction.La démarche expérimentale adoptée a consisté à réaliser en parallèle des essais de frittage conventionnel dans un dilatomètre permettant le suivi en continu de la déformation et dans un dispositif de chauffage par induction permettant d’obtenir des vitesses de chauffage élevées. Un intérêt particulier a d’abord été porté à l’influence de la poudre d’argent (morphologie et taux d’impuretés) afin d’identifier les mécanismes de densification de l’argent pur, avant d’étudier l’influence des poudres de renfort (nature, teneur et taille) sur le frittage des composites.L’analyse des résultats de ces essais de frittage a permis de montrer que des phénomènes de gonflement et de densification sont en compétition lors du chauffage. Nous avons déterminé, d’une part, que le gonflement pendant le frittage est le résultat d’un fluage local sous l’effet de la pression à l’intérieur de la porosité fermée, d’autre part, que celui-ci est influencé par la présence et la nature des renforts qui modifient la morphologie et la répartition de la porosité. Quant à la densification elle est induite par les mécanismes classiques de frittage.Enfin nous avons montré que le chauffage rapide par induction, en ne laissant pas assez de temps aux mécanismes de diffusion à longue distance, permet de favoriser les mécanismes de diffusion à courte distance comme la soudure des particules au détriment des mécanismes de densification liés à une diffusion à longue distance. Dans le cas de l’argent et des composites Ag-C-Ni, le frittage par induction permet donc d’atteindre une bonne consolidation avec un gonflement moindre qu’en frittage conventionnel, et d’obtenir ainsi de meilleures propriétés. / Improving the manufacturing of the silver-based electrical contacts requires a better understanding and control of specific mechanisms involved during sintering. This work aims at identifying and explaining the effect of composition and process parameters on sintering mechanisms and final properties of Ag-C-Ni and Ag-WC composites in conventional and induction sintering.Sintering experiments have been carried out in a conventional way in a dilatometer allowing for a continuous monitoring of deformation and in an induction heating device allowing for high heating rates. In a first step, we focused on silver powder parameters (morphology and impurity content) to identify the densification mechanisms involved during pure silver sintering. We then studied the effect of reinforcement powders (nature, amount and size) on the sintering of composites.The results of these experiments showed that swelling and densification phenomena are competing during heating. We have determined, on one hand, that the swelling observed during heating originates from the local creep induced by the pressure inside the closed porosity and, on the other hand, that this swelling is influenced by the presence and the nature of the reinforcements, which modify the morphology and distribution of pores. Meanwhile densification is induced by classical sintering mechanisms.Finally we have shown that fast induction heating does not allow enough time for long-distance diffusion mechanisms and thus favors short-distance diffusion mechanisms, in particular interparticle bonding, in comparison with densification and swelling mechanisms, which are associated to long-distance diffusion. In the case of pure silver and Ag-C-Ni composites, induction sintering therefore enables good consolidation with less swelling than conventional sintering, resulting in better final properties.

Ce travail de doctorat a été réalisé dans le cadre d'un accord de cotutelle international entre l'Université de Salento (L3, Italie) et l'Université de Paris 13 (LSPM, France). L'objectif principal était la fabrication de contacts ohmiques sur des surfaces de diamant pour des applications telles que les détecteurs et les dispositifs de l’électronique. Les travaux au L3 ont été consacrés à l'étude du processus de graphitisation du diamant induit par laser afin de produire des électrodes de graphite sur des diamants intrinsèques. L'étude se concentre en particulier sur le développement d’un appareil expérimental pour l’écriture laser sur diamant tant sur les aspects matériel que logiciel, et un protocole a ainsi été développé pour la fabrication de contacts graphitiques segmentés sur de larges surfaces de diamant (cm²). Des travaux approfondis de caractérisation ont démontré la transition de phase diamant-graphite et le comportement ohmique pour les contacts électriques avec une résistivité de l'ordre de 10⁻⁵ Ω.m. Des détecteurs tout-carbone ont ainsi été développés et testés avec des faisceaux électroniques et positroniques de 450 MeV. Ils permettent d’ouvrir des perspectives en tant que cible active pour de nouvelles expériences de physique des hautes énergies (PADME) dans le cadre de l’étude de la matière noire. Le travail au LSPM a été consacré au développement d'un protocole permettant d'obtenir des contacts ohmiques sur des films diamant faiblement dopé au bore et terminé oxygène, élaborés par MPACVD. Les procédés de fabrication de contacts métalliques Ti/Au sur une structure mesa ainsi que l’implantation par des ions He, ont été développés afin d'induire une couche de graphite juste en dessous de la surface de diamant. Les mesures électriques sur des diamants légèrement dopés ([B] = 4 × 10¹⁷ cm⁻³) avec seulement des contacts métalliques ou graphitiques / métalliques ont montré que la présence de la couche graphitique rend les contacts ohmiques et conduisent à une résistance spécifique de contact égale à 3.3 × 10⁻⁴ Ω.cm². / This PhD work has been carried out in international cotutelle agreement between the University of Salento (L3, Italy) and the University of Paris 13 (LSPM, France). The main aim was the manufacturing of ohmic contacts on diamond surface for detector and electronic device applications. The work at L3 was dedicated to the laser-induced diamond graphitization process in order to produce graphitic electrodes on intrinsic diamonds. An experimental set-up dedicated to the laser writing technique on diamond has been developed in both hardware and software aspects and a protocol for the manufacturing of segmented graphitic contacts on diamond surface of large scale (cm²) has been implemented. An extensive characterization work has demonstrated the diamond-graphite phase transition and an ohmic electrical behaviour for the contacts with a resistivity of the order of ≈ 10⁻⁵ Ω.m. Eventually, an all-carbon detector has been developed and tested with 450 MeV electron and positron beams proving to be a good candidate in the role of active target for a new high-energy experiment (PADME) in the framework of the dark matter. The work at LSPM has been dedicated to the development of a protocol allowing reaching ohmic contacts on lightly boron doped diamond with oxygenated surface grown by MPACVD. The fabrication of Ti/Au metallic contact above a mesa structure has relied on a He ion implantation treatment to induce a graphitic layer underneath the diamond surface. The electrical measurements on lightly doped diamonds ([B] = 4 × 10¹⁷ cm⁻³) with metal or graphite / metal contacts have shown that the graphitic layer makes ohmic the contacts leading to a specific contact resistance as low as 3.3 × 10⁻⁴ Ω.cm². / Questo dottorato di ricerca è stato svolto in convenzione di cotutela internazionale tra l’Università del Salento (L3, Italia) e l’Università di Parigi 13 (LSPM, Francia). Il principale obiettivo è stato la fabbricazione di contatti ohmici su superficie di diamante per applicazioni come rivelatori e dispositivi elettronici. Il lavoro a L3 è stato dedicato allo studio del processo di grafitizzazione del diamante indotto da laser al fine di produrre elettrodi grafitici su diamanti intrinseci. In particolare, è stato sviluppato un apparato sperimentale dedicato alla tecnica di scrittura laser su diamante sia nelle componenti hardware che software, ed è stato realizzato un protocollo per la fabbricazione di contatti grafitici segmentati su superfici di diamante di grande scala (cm²). Un ampio lavoro di caratterizzazione ha dimostrato la transizione di fase diamante-grafite e il comportamento ohmico per i contatti elettrici con una resistività dell’ordine di 10⁻⁵ Ω.m. Pertanto, un rivelatore costituito solo di carbonio è stato sviluppato e testato con fasci elettronici e positronici di 450 MeV risultando essere un buon candidato nel ruolo di bersaglio attivo per un nuovo esperimento di fisica delle alte energie (PADME) nel contesto della materia oscura. Il lavoro a LSPM è stato dedicato allo sviluppo di un protocollo che ha consentito di ottenere contatti ohmici su diamanti leggermente drogati con boro e con superficie terminata con ossigeno, cresciuti mediante MPACVD. I processi di fabbricazione di contatti metallici Ti/Au sopra una struttura mesa sono stati sviluppato così come un trattamento di impiantazione a base di ioni di He al fine di indurre uno strato grafitico appena sotto la superficie del diamante. Le misure elettriche su diamanti leggermente drogati ([B] = 4 × 10¹⁷ cm⁻³) con contatti o solo metallici o grafitici / metallici hanno dimostrato che la presenza dello strato grafitico rende i contatti ohmici e comporta una resistenza specifica di contatto pari a 3.3 × 10⁻⁴ Ω.cm².

Ce travail s’attache à étudier les conséquences qu’ont eu les contacts entre Britanniques et populations amérindiennes sur le mode de vie de ces deux populations dès leur première rencontre. L’idée reçue veut que seuls les Britanniques aient laissé (et lourdement) leur empreinte sur le sol et les peuples qu’ils ont rencontrés à leur arrivée sur le nouveau continent. Or le sujet est ici plutôt celui d’une influence réciproque dans une certaine mesure, au vu de données archéologiques, historiques et ethnohistoriques. Les angles d’étude choisis sont les habitudes et comportements liés directement ou non à l’alimentation (comment se procuraient-ils leur nourriture, comment la cuisinaient-ils, la partageaient-ils, quels liens sociaux découlaient de ces procédés,… ?), les différences culturelles et les rapports aux autres (autres tribus, colons originaires d’autres nations européennes…) qu’ils soient amicaux ou hostiles, diplomatiques ou économiques. / This study investigates the consequences that contacts between British people and Native American populations had on their respective ways of life. There is a widespread cliché in people’s minds according to which only British people would have had (heavily) left their marks on the North American ground and peoples that they encountered. Nevertheless, and contrarily to this idea, we shall tackle here their reciprocal influence, that is the way in which Native tribes also deeply impacted British colonists’ everyday life in the New World. We were able to witness such an influence thanks to archaeological, historical and ethnohistorical evidence. Various angles of study were chosen for this paper: the cultural habits and behaviors directly or indirectly linked to food (how did people have access to food supplies? How were foodstuffs prepared or cooked? Were food and/or meals shared? Which social links and practices -if any- derived from such habits?...). We shall also have to present to the audience what Native people’s connections and attitudes towards other tribes, or colonists from different European nations, were. And these could have been friendly, diplomatic, economical or even hostile relationships, implying political management and thinking ahead of taking actions, which was commonly omitted in the past.