Die Einbrennsilikonisierung wird schon lange verwendet, um spezielle Eigenschaften bei pharmazeutischen Glasbehältnissen zu erzielen. Üblicherweise werden Silikonöle verwendet um Gleitfilme auf den Oberflächen vorgefüllter Glasspritzen zu erzeugen oder die Glaswand zu hydrophobieren damit wäßrige Inhalte sauber ablaufen können. Weiterhin kann durch die hydrophobe Deaktivierung der Glaswände eine Reduktion der Adsorption von Wirk- und Hilfsstoffen sowie eine Erhöhung der hydrolytischen Resistenz erreicht werden. Wegen des parenteralen Verwendungszweckes werden meistens Gläser der Glasart 1 entsprechend dem europäischen Arzneibuch eingesetzt. Die Silikonölfilme (Trimethylsiloxy-endgeblockte Polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS) werden aus verdünnter wäßriger Emulsion auf der inneren Behältnisoberfläche gespreitet und anschließend bei Temperaturen oberhalb von 300°C für ca. 10-30 min hitzebehandelt. Neben der Sterilisation und Entpyrogenisierung wird der Silikonfilm durch das Einbrennen verändert. In der Literatur wurde dieser Prozeß bisher als Hitzefixierung oder -härtung bezeichnet in der Annahme, daß das Silikonöl durch Glasbindung oder Quervernetzung immobilisiert wird. Es wurden weitere Effekte wie Verdampfung oder Zersetzungsreaktionen als Folge der Hitzebehandlung angenommen. Die Dissertation hatte daher zum Ziel diese Vorstellungen analytisch zu belegen. Die Eigenschaften einbrennsilikonisierter Gläser lassen sich durch einfache Experimente beschreiben. Durch organische Extraktion der Gläser (z.B. Toluol, Dichlormethan) läßt sich der überwiegende Silikonanteil (ca. 80%) wiederfinden. Nach erschöpfender Extraktion zeigt sich eine beständige Hydrophobie z.B. durch die Ausbildung hoher Randwinkel von Wasser oder das veränderte Ablaufverhalten von Flüssigkeiten in diesen Behältnissen festgestellt werden. Basierend auf diesen Beobachtungen wurde die Anwesenheit einer gebundenen neben einer löslichen Silikonölfraktion nach dem Einbrennen angenommen. Alle analytischen Studien wurden an dieser zwei Lagen Theorie orientiert und durchgeführt. Dazu wurden einige oberflächensensitive Techniken wie z.B. die kombinierte Röntgenphotoelektronen- und Augerelektronenspektroskopie (XPS/AES) und die Flugzeit-Sekundärionenmassenspektroskopie (TOF-SIMS) eingesetzt. Durch chemische Zustandsdiagramme und massenspektroskopische Strukturanalyse konnte die Ausbildung von Bindungen zwischen Glas und Silikon detektiert werden. Kontaktwinkelmessungen zeigten, daß das gebundene Silikon bis ca. 400°C thermostabil ist und oberhalb von 450°C pyrolysiert wird. Die extrahierbare Silikonfraktion wurde ebenfalls mit einigen analytischen Techniken im Vergleich mit den jeweiligen unbehandelten Ausgangsmaterialien untersucht. Chromatographische Studien mittels Größenausschluß- und Hochtemperatur-Gaschromatographie (SEC,GC) zeigten signifikante Unterschiede in der polymeren Zusammensetzung des PDMS. Die Molekulargewichtsmittel stiegen als Folge von Verlusten von niedermolekularen Siloxanen einer Größe zwischen 0-100 Siloxaneinheiten (SU) an. Diese Defizite können auf Verdampfungs- (0-50 SU) und Zersetzungsreaktionen (50-100 SU) zurückgeführt werden. Die Untersuchung des extrahierbaren eingebrannten Silikonöls mit der Fourier Transform Infrarot Spektroskopie (FTIR) zeigte keine strukturelle Veränderung der PDMS Moleküle, z.B. durch Hydrolyse, Oxidation oder Verzweigung an. Die Emulgatoren werden durch das Einbrennen zerstört. Dies wurde durch die 1H-Kernresonanz Spektroskopie (1H-NMR) nachgewiesen. Die Thermostabilität des PDMS wird durch katalytische Effekte der Emulsionshilfsstoffe und durch die Anwesenheit von Sauerstoff erniedrigt, wie aus thermogravimetrische Analysen (TGA) mit kommerziellen Silikonölen und Ölemulsionen modellhaft abgeleitet wurde. Um die Migration von Silikonölspuren in Arzneimittel in silikonisierten Glasbehältnissen zu bewerten wurde eine Atom Absorptions spektroskopische (AAS) Methode entwickelt und entsprechend den ICH-Richtlinien validiert (Bestimmungsgrenze in Liquida 10 mg/L). Die Schlußfolgerung aus den Analysen ist, daß nach der Einbrennsilikonisierung zwei differenzierbare Silikonfraktionen an der Glasoberfläche anwesend sind. Die kovalent gebundene Dünnschicht ist unlöslich und verliert ihren Ölcharakter, ist aber für die Hydrophobisierung ausreichend. In der löslichen Fraktion, werden die mittleren Molekulargewichte durch den Verlust von niedermolekularen Anteilen erhöht. Der Anteil dieser Schicht hängt von der eingesetzten Ausgangsmenge an Silikonöl ab. Durch die Entfernung der niedermolekularen Anteile und die Zerstörung der Emulgatoren können toxikologische Bedenken zurückgestellt werden. / Heat Curing Siliconization of Pharmaceutical Glass Containers The heat curing siliconization has long since been used to introduce special properties to pharmaceutical glass containers. Silicone oils are usually applied to the containers to form lubricating films on the inner surface of prefilled syringes or to gain hydrophobic container walls for clear draining aqueous solutions, e.g. in injection vials. Furthermore the deactivation of the glass wall reduces adsorption of hydrophilic drug compounds and increases the hydrolytic stability of the glass surface. Due to the parenteral targeting the glass containers are made from glass type 1 according to the European Pharmacopoeia. The silicone oil films (= trimethylsiloxy endcapped polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS) are spread from diluted aqueous silicone oil emulsions on the inner surface and successively heat treated above 300°C for 10-30 minutes. Apart from sterilization and depyrogenation, the silicone layer is changed by the burning-in treatment. In literature the process has previously been designated as heat fixing or heat curing assuming that silicone oil is immobilized by bonding to the glass or branching. Further effects such as vaporization or degradation were suggested along with the heating. Proving these suggestions analytically was therefore the aim of the dissertation. The properties of siliconized glass containers can be characterized by simple experiments. Extraction of the glasses with suitable organic solvents (e.g. toluene, dichloromethane) recovers most of the silicone (approximately 80%) after a typical heat curing process. Still, after exhaustive solvent extraction there are persisting hydrophobic properties of the glasses evidenced by high contact angles of water and changed draining behaviour of fluids in the containers. From this observations it was assumed that a bound and a soluble silicone species is present after the heat curing siliconization. All analytical studies were based on the two-layer hypothesis and thus divided in two parts. Several surface analysis techniques were employed to detect and characterize the fixed silicone layer among them the combined X-ray photoelectron and augerelectron spectroscopy (XPS/AES) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS). The formation of new bonds between silicone and glass was evidenced by chemical state plots and mass spectroscopic structural analysis. Contact angle measurements showed that the bound silicone was thermostable up to 400°C and pyrolyzed at temperatures above 450°C. The extractable silicone was also studied with several analytical techniques in comparison with the respective uncured starting materials. Chromatographic studies using size exclusion (SEC) and high temperature gas chromatography (GC) revealed significant changes in the composition of the silicone polymer. The molecular weight averages increase because low molecular weight siloxanes (LMWS) with 0-100 dimethylsiloxane units are removed through the heat curing process. These deficits can be related to vaporization (molecules from 0-50 units) and degradation (molecules from 0-100 units) effects. A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) investigation of the molecular structure of the extractable PDMS after heat treatment showed no chemical changes e.g. by hydrolysis, branching or oxidation. The emulsifiers are destroyed in the heating process which was proved by a proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) study. The thermostability of the silicones is decreased by katalytic effects of auxiliary substances in the emulsions and the presence of oxygen. This was concluded from model thermogravimetric studies (TGA) with commercial medical grade silicone oils and emulsions. To evaluate migration of silicone traces to drug formulations in siliconized glass containers a trace analytical method by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS) was developed and validated according to the ICH guidelines. In liquid formulations levels of 10µg/L can be properly quantified. It was concluded that two main species of silicone can be differentiated on the glass surface after heat curing siliconization. The bonded thin layer is insoluble and sufficient for hydrophobic deactivation. The oil properties are lost. The extractable fraction is altered by removal of LMWS which increases molecular weight and viscosity and determines the lubricating properties. Its amount depends on the used silicone mass. No toxicological concern has to be made about LMWS and emulsifiers in the drug product due to their removal in the curing step.

In this study, we focus on pricing and production decisions in reusable container systems with stochastic demand. We consider a producer that sells a single product to the customers in reusable containers with two supply options: (i) brand-new containers, (ii) returned containers from customers. Customers purchasing the products may return the containers to the producer to receive a deposit price. The return quantity depends on both customer demand and the deposit price determined by the producer. Hence, the producer has the opportunity to manipulate the return quantity via the deposit price. The unit cost of filling brand-new containers is different than the unit cost of refilling returned containers. We also consider resource restrictions on the production operations. Our setting represents certain hybrid manufacturing / remanufacturing systems where (i) the producer collects and recovers his own products, (ii) the producer supplies both brand-new and recovered products to his customers, and (iii) the customers are indierent between brand-new and recovered products. In this setting, we investigate the optimal pricing and production decisions in order to maximize the producer`s profit. Our approach utilizes non-linear optimization techniques. We characterize the optimal acquisition fee and the optimal order quantity of brand-new containers analytically and investigate the effect of parameters with an extensive computational study.

Limited asset visibility is a key problem in the management of returnable transport items (RTIs) like reusable containers, pallets and kegs. One tool to increase asset visibility is radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. However, RFID requires high investment cost and intensive efforts for implementation. In this study, we investigate the added value of using RFID technology for the management of the RTI pool in a closed-loop supply chain setting considering both costs and benefits. We have conducted a case study in a company which has recently started an RFID application in its closed-loop supply chain of RTIs. The aim of this case study is to identify and understand how an existing RTI pool is managed and the impact of using RFID technology on the management of such an RTI pool. In order to quantify the added value of RFID technology in RTI pool management, we search for the minimum cost solutions both without and with the use of RFID technology in a problem environment similar to that of our case study using the simulation optimization method. We also analyze the impact of using RFID technology on RTI pool management in terms of several performance measures, including RTI pool size, RTI lifetime, RTI trippage and the cycle time for RTIs to complete one trip in the closed-loop supply chain. In our study, we develop a number of discrete event simulation models of the identified closed-loop supply chain of RTIs operating with our predetermined decision rules for the RTI pool management using the simulation software Arena. We then develop our simulation optimization model in OptQuest for Arena in which the discrete event simulation models are embedded. The results from the simulation optimization method show that the added value of using RFID technology is mostly positive and it depends on the severity of the problematic issues in the closed-loop supply chain, as well as on the extent of improvements that RFID brings about.

This dissertation clarifies ethnoarchaeology's role in post-positivist epistemology through both a critical re-examination of ethnoarchaeology's position within archaeology and a study of household vessel exchange and consumption in the Inland Niger Delta of Mali. I argue that ethnoarchaeology meets its epistemic raison d'etre by achieving theoretical independence from archaeology's general theories. Independence is "built-in" to ethnoarchaeological study by focusing explicitly on the way material culture is used in daily practice; in particular, by re-embedding material culture in the "modern" contexts where it is used. Ceramic exchange in the Inland Niger Delta can not be understood apart from either the exchange and consumption of other industrial household vessels or the political economies women experience within patrilineal households. Household vessels are distinctly women's tools in the Delta and their consumption is an intimate part of the way women resist exploitation and the appropriation of their wealth within household political economies. The different roles vessels play are manifest in the distances these objects travel during consumption and are also materialized by their location within house compounds. Enamel vessels are used in displays of social and economic capital related to marriage that insulate women from exploitation; aluminum vessels are expensive items bought as part of marriage trousseaus; and plastics are relatively low value items given as small gifts or bought in local markets to insulate small amounts of wealth from appropriation. Pottery is relatively marginal within household economies; yet, potters rely on the income ceramic production creates. Thus, potters use extensive marketing strategies to sell their wares to a relatively disinterested clientele in order to meet their own obligations within patrilineal households and to buy the other types of household vessels that they desire. The findings of thi

BOMFIM, Guilherme Vieira do. Efeitos de lâminas e frequências de irrigação e de tipos e volumes de substrato na aclimatização de mudas micropropagadas de abacaxizeira ornamental. 2006. 166 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Curso de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, Fortaleza-CE, 2006. / Submitted by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-07-04T17:08:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_gvbomfim.pdf: 8979352 bytes, checksum: 3e441bb11817f8fbe83119b8bc7cbe61 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-07-04T17:09:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_gvbomfim.pdf: 8979352 bytes, checksum: 3e441bb11817f8fbe83119b8bc7cbe61 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-04T17:09:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_gvbomfim.pdf: 8979352 bytes, checksum: 3e441bb11817f8fbe83119b8bc7cbe61 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / The ornamental pineapple is a rustic and exotic spe cies that it produces "flowers" of great beauty, appreciated by consumers of the whole world . In the present time, due to the high demand of the consumer market, the culture is being produced in commercial scale through the micropropagation, a tissue culture technique th at presents five important stages. One of them, the acclimatization, is a very critic phase b ecause it answers for the high death rates and low growth rates of the plants. This happens becaus e the little information about the culture management in this phase is based on the empiricism most of the time. Therefore, the needs of acclimatized plants are not meet, what takes to considerable losses and/or acquisition of seedlings of variable quality. To minimize this pro blem and to fill out the existent gap with technical and scientific information about the appr opriate culture management, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of differe nt irrigation levels and frequencies and different types and volumes of substrate in the acc limatization of micropropagated seedlings of ornamental pineapple (Ananas comosusvar.erectifolius ). The research was carried out in a greenhouse of the Embrapa Tropical Agroindustry, located at Fortaleza-CE (3º44' S and 38º33' W) and it consisted of four experiments. Four irrigation levels were analyzed in the first experiment: 1, 2, 3 and 4 mm. The plants, cultivated in the green coir dust substrate with wormcompost (3:1) in 180 cm 3 plastic containers, were irrigated twice a day. Four watering frequencies were studied in the second experiment: 1, 2, 3 and 4 irrigations by the day. The plants were cultivated in 180 cm 3 plastic containers that contained green coir dust substrate with wormcompost (3:1) and they were irrigated with a 3 mm water level. Four different combinations of substrate were tested in the third experiment 3:1: dry coir dust with Vitasolo ®; dry coir dust with wormcompost; green coir dust substrate with Vitasolo® and green coir dust substrate with wormcompost. The plants, cultivated in the different substrates in 180 cm3 plastic containers, were irrigated with a 3 mm water level twice a day. Four plastic container types were evaluated in the fourth experi ment: 300 cm 3 plastic container; 180 cm 3 plastic container; tray of 40 cm 3·cell −1 and tray of 30 cm 3 ·cell −1 . The seedlings were cultivated in the green coir dust substrate with wormcompost (3:1) and they were irrigated with a 3 mm water level twice a day. At 52 and 83 days after the transplant, number of leaves, largest width of the 3rd leaf and largest diameter of the r osette were evaluated. Between 93 and 97 days, root and shoot fresh/dry weight were analyzed . The experimental design was a randomized block with 4 treatments and 5 repetition s for the variables related to foliar development, and with 4 treatments and 4 repetition s for the variables related to plant weight. Results evidenced the best development of the micro propagated ornamental pineapple seedlings when: were irrigated with a 1 mm water level at 52 DAT and with a 2 mm at 83 DAT; were irrigated twice a day during whole experiment; were cultivated in 180 cm 3 plastic containers and when the substrate used was composed by dry coir dust and wormcompost. / O abacaxizeiro ornamental é uma espécie rústica e exótica que produz “flores” de grande beleza, apreciadas por consumidores do mundo inteiro. Atualmente, em decorrência da alta demanda do mercado consumidor, a cultura está sendo produzida em escala comercial por meio da micropropagação, uma técnica da cultura de tecidos que apresenta cinco etapas igualmente importantes. Uma delas, a aclimatização, é uma fase muito crítica, pois costuma responder pelos altos índices de mortalidade e baixas taxas de crescimento das plantas. Essa situação ocorre porque as poucas informações sobre o manejo da cultura nessa fase são, na maioria das vezes, baseadas no empirismo. Assim, as plantas aclimatizadas acabam não sendo atendidas em todas as suas necessidades, o que leva a perdas consideráveis e/ou a obtenção de mudas de qualidade variável. Para minimizar esse problema e preencher a lacuna existente com informações técnicas e científicas sobre o adequado manejo da cultura, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de distintas lâminas e freqüências de irrigação e de diferentes tipos e volumes de substrato na aclimatização de mudas micropropagadas de abacaxizeiro ornamental (Ananas comosus var. erectifolius). A pesquisa, que constou de quatro experimentos, foi conduzida em um viveiro pertencente a Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, situada no município de Fortaleza-CE (3º44’ S e 38º33’ W). No primeiro experimento foram analisadas quatro lâminas de irrigação: 1, 2, 3 e 4 mm de água. As plantas contidas em tubetes de 180 cm3 e cultivadas no substrato pó-de-coco verde com húmus de minhoca (3:1) receberam as diferentes lâminas d’água em duas irrigações diárias. No segundo experimento foram estudadas quatro freqüências de rega: 1, 2, 3 e 4 irrigações ao dia. As plantas cultivadas em tubetes de 180 cm3, contendo o substrato pó-de-coco verde com húmus de minhoca (3:1), foram irrigadas com uma lâmina de 3 mm de água. No terceiro experimento foram testadas quatro distintas combinações de substratos na proporção 3:1: pó-de-coco seco com Vitasolo®; pó-de-coco seco com húmus de minhoca; pó-de-coco verde com Vitasolo® e pó-de-coco verde com húmus de minhoca. As plantas contidas em tubetes de 180 cm3 e cultivadas nos diferentes substratos foram irrigadas com uma lâmina d’água de 3 mm, aplicada duas vezes ao dia. No quarto experimento foram avaliados quatro tipos de recipiente: tubete de 300 cm3; tubete de 180 cm3; bandeja de 40 cm3•célula−1 e bandeja de 30 cm3•célula−1. As mudas contidas nos recipientes foram cultivadas no substrato pó-de-coco verde com húmus de minhoca (3:1) e irrigadas com uma lâmina d’água de 3 mm, aplicada duas vezes ao dia. As variáveis agronômicas, avaliadas aos 52 e aos 83 DAT, foram o número de folhas, a maior largura da 3ª folha e o maior diâmetro da roseta. Entre os 93 e 97 DAT, analisaram-se os pesos fresco e seco das partes aérea e radicular. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com 4 tratamentos e 5 repetições para as variáveis relacionadas com o desenvolvimento foliar, e 4 tratamentos e 4 repetições para as variáveis relacionadas com o peso da planta. Os resultados dos experimentos evidenciaram o melhor desenvolvimento das mudas micropropagadas de abacaxizeiro ornamental quando: irrigadas com as lâminas de 1 mm até os 52 DAT e de 2 mm até os 83 DAT; submetidas à freqüência de duas aplicações diárias da lâmina d’água durante todo o experimento; o substrato utilizado foi formado pela combinação pó-de-coco seco com húmus de minhoca e cultivadas em tubetes de 180 cm3.

L'utilisation de chrome hexavalent comme inhibiteur de corrosion dans les revêtements protecteurs de pièces métalliques sera bientôt interdit car cet élément est considéré comme cancérigène et mutagène. L'une des stratégies proposées pour remédier à ce problème est l'incorporation de nano-réservoirs contenant des inhibiteurs de corrosion, autres que le chrome, dans une matrice de revêtement. L'approche utilisée dans ce travail est basée sur la physisorption de l'inhibiteur de corrosion sur des nano-particules chargées. C'est une approche électrochimique où un sel, l'inhibiteur de corrosion, est adsorbé sur la surface des nano-particules chargées. Après l'incorporation de nano-réservoirs chargés dans la matrice de revêtement et le dépôt du film sur le substrat, la morphologie finale, et donc l'homogénéité, du film dépend de plusieurs paramètres tels que la vitesse d'évaporation du film et les interactions entre particules. Par conséquent, il faut s'assurer que les nano-réservoirs sont dispersés de manière homogène à l'intérieur du revêtement ou être en mesure de prédire où les inhomogénéités vont se développer. Ainsi, le premier objectif de ce travail est de développer une stratégie de modélisation pour étudier l'écoulement de suspensions contenant des nano-particules dans des solutions électrolytiques. Les interactions prises en compte ici sont d'origine hydrodynamique, thermique et électrostatique. Nous montrons que dans le cas du séchage d'un film contenant des nano-particules, les interactions pertinentes sont celles d'origine thermique et électrostatique seulement. Sur la base de ce résultat, l'exemple d'un micro-évaporateur est présenté dans lequel des expériences numériques du séchage d'une suspension de nano-particules avec différentes charges de surface ont été réalisées. Sachant que les interactions entre particules sont influencées surtout par la charge et la concentration de l'électrolyte dans la suspension, il existe une réelle motivation pour étudier ces interactions dans les systèmes de nano-particules synthétisées en vue de la conception de nano-réservoirs. Par conséquent, le deuxième objectif de ce travail est de synthétiser des nano-réservoirs de boehmite, d'étudier leur stabilité dans une gamme de concentration d'inhibiteur de corrosion, et finalement de valider ce type de nano-réservoirs pour des applications de revêtements anti-corrosion. / The use of hexavalent Chromium as a corrosion inhibitor in protective coat-ings of metal parts will soon be prohibited because this element is consideredcarcinogenic and mutagenic. One of the strategies suggested to overcomethis problem is the incorporation of nano-containers containing corrosion in-hibitors, other than Chromium, inside a coating matrix. The nano-containersapproach used in this work is based on the physisorption of the corrosioninhibitor on charged nano-particles. It is an electrochemical approach wherea salt, the corrosion inhibitor, is adsorbed on the surface of the charged nano-particles. After the incorporation of the charged nano-containers in the coat-ing matrix and the deposition of the film on the substrate, the final morphol-ogy and therefore the homogeneity of the film will depend on several pa-rameters such as the evaporation rate and the interactions between particles.Consequently, one has to insure that the nano-containers are homogeneouslydispersed inside the coating matrix after the deposition, or be able to predictwhere inhomogeneities will develop. Hence, the first aim of this work is todevelop a modeling strategy to study the flow of suspensions containing in-teracting nano-particles in electrolyte solutions. The interactions taken intoaccount here are of hydrodynamic, thermal, and electrostatic origin and itis argued that in the application of film drying of nano-particles the interac-tions relevant are those of thermal and electrostatic origin only. Based onthis idea, the simulation of the drying of a suspension with nano-particles ofdifferent charges has been realized in a micro-evaporator. Considering thatparticle interactions are influenced by the charge and the electrolyte con-centration of the suspension, there is a clear motivation to study these in-teractions in a synthesized system of nano-particles, candidate in the designof nano-containers. Therefore, the second aim of this work is to synthe-size boehmite nano-containers, study their stability in a range of corrosioninhibitor concentration, and finally qualify them as candidates for the appli-cation of anti-corrosion coatings.

Cabralea canjerana (canjerana) is a native tree of Meliaceae family. The high economic value this specie is by high durability this wood. The wood is used in furniture, building, fence posts, among others. In addition, the species is indicated for landscaping and reforestation in preservation areas. However, there are few studies on seeds, seedlings and growth in the field of C. canjerana, therefore this study was made to: I Identify pathogens, analyze seed treatments and substrates for seed germination; II Assess the development of the seedlings in containers of different volumes and doses of release controlled fertilizer (FLC); and III Analyze the survival and growth of seedlings under different shading levels. Seeds were collected from five trees in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The samples were processed and then were submitted to thousand seed weight, moisture content, seed health and germination. C. canjerana was tested in six doses of FLC (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5 g L-1) combined with two volumes of containers (110 and 180 cm³) in the nursery. The variables were height (H), stem diameter (DC), H/DC, dry mass of shoot, root and total, Dickson quality index, leaf area and root length. C. canjerana was evaluated in different shading levels (0%, 18%, 50% and 70%), checking the survival rate and measured bimonthly H, DC and H/DC in the field. Content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a/b and carotenoids were evaluated at 180 and 360 days after planting. The main fungus in seeds of C. canjerana was Penicillium sp., Fusarium sp., Cladosporium sp., Pestalotia sp. and Phomopsis sp.. The asepsis in the germination test was better with 1% sodium hypochlorite for 2 minutes, using substrates the blotting paper, vermiculite and sand. The dose of FLC was minimum of 8.6 g L-1 and maximum of 12.3 g L-1 in substrate in a container of 180 cm³. The growth of C. canjerana was not appropriated in full sun light. The best shading was 50%, suggesting that this specie is better to use in understory with silvicultural treatments for partial canopy cover in areas of enrichment and transformation. / Cabralea canjerana (canjerana) da família Meliaceae é uma espécie florestal nativa com grande valor econômico, sendo reconhecida como madeira de lei, com elevada durabilidade e utilizada em estruturas de móveis, construção civil, moirões, entre outros. Além disso, a espécie é indicada para o paisagismo e reflorestamentos de áreas destinadas a preservação permanente. No entanto, há carência de estudos sobre sementes, produção de mudas e desenvolvimento no campo, sendo necessárias pesquisas com uma abordagem mais ampla, com informações silviculturais sobre a espécie. O presente estudo teve como objetivos: I Identificar os patógenos e analisar diferentes tratamentos de sementes e substratos adequados para germinação de um lote de sementes; II - Avaliar o desenvolvimento das mudas produzidas no viveiro, em diferentes volumes de recipientes e doses de fertilizante de liberação controlada (FLC); e III - Analisar a sobrevivência e o crescimento de mudas de C. canjerana no campo, sob diferentes níveis de sombreamento. Foram coletadas sementes de cinco árvores no município de Santa Maria (RS) e, após beneficiadas, foi determinado o peso de mil sementes, teor de umidade, teste de sanidade e teste de germinação. No viveiro, foi avaliado o efeito de seis doses de FLC (0; 2,5; 5,0; 7,5; 10,0; e 12,5 g L-1), combinados com dois volumes de recipientes (110 e 180 cm3). Foram realizadas avaliações da altura (H), diâmetro coleto (DC), relação H/DC, massa seca aérea, massa seca radicular, massa seca total, índice de qualidade de Dickson, área foliar e comprimento radicular. No campo foram avaliadas diferentes intensidades de sombreamento (0%; 18%; 50%; e 70%), verificando-se a taxa de sobrevivência e mensuradas bimensalmente a H, DC e H/DC. Aos 180 e 360 dias após o plantio foram avaliadas as variáveis fisiológicas teor de clorofila a, clorofila b, clorofila total, relação clorofila a/b e carotenoides. De maneira geral, os resultados obtidos permitem inferir que os principais gêneros de fungos associados às sementes de C. canjerana são: Penicillium sp., Fusarium sp., Cladosporium sp., Pestalotia sp. e Phomopsis sp.. A assepsia no teste de germinação das sementes pode ser realizada com hipoclorito de sódio 1% por 2‟, utilizando-se os substratos papel mata-borrão, sobre vermiculita e sobre areia. Na produção de mudas no viveiro, recomenda-se a dose mínima de 8,6 g L-1 e máxima de 12,3 g L-1 de FLC no substrato em recipientes de 180 cm3. No campo, o plantio de mudas de C. canjerana em pleno sol não é ideal, condição que é mais restritiva, principalmente no primeiro semestre recomendando-se o plantio com 50% de sombreamento, o que sugere utiliza - lá em sub-bosques com tratamentos silviculturais de abertura parcial de dossel, em áreas de enriquecimento e de transformação.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-04-03T19:37:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FlavioDeSousaRamalho_DISSERT.pdf: 3355624 bytes, checksum: 3f25f965b48c6134a1b1af73cc666a52 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-04-05T18:17:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 FlavioDeSousaRamalho_DISSERT.pdf: 3355624 bytes, checksum: 3f25f965b48c6134a1b1af73cc666a52 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-05T18:17:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FlavioDeSousaRamalho_DISSERT.pdf: 3355624 bytes, checksum: 3f25f965b48c6134a1b1af73cc666a52 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-15 / O r?pido crescimento do n?mero de dispositivos conectados ? Internet, associado ?s taxas crescentes de popularidade e demanda de aplica??es e servi?os em tempo real na nuvem, com restri??es de lat?ncia, torna muito dif?cil para estruturas de computa??o em nuvem tradicionais acomod?-los de forma eficiente. Mais especificamente, a abordagem centralizada adotada tradicionalmente por Data Centers (DC) atuais apresentam problemas de desempenho para atender de aplica??es em nuvem com alta densidade, principalmente quanto a capacidade de resposta e escalabilidade. Nossa depend?ncia insubstitu?vel por computa??o em nuvem, exige infra-estruturas de DCs sempre dispon?veis, enquanto mant?m ao mesmo tempo capacidades de desempenho suficientes para responder a uma enorme quantidade de solicita??es de aplicativos em nuvem. Neste trabalho, a aplicabilidade do emergente paradigma de computa??o em n?voa ? explorada para melhorar o desempenho no suporte de aplica??es em nuvem sens?veis ? lat?ncia voltadas a Internet das Coisas (do ingl?s Internet of Things - IoT). Com base neste objetivo, apresentamos o novo modelo denominado Infraestrutura de Borda como um Servi?o (do ingl?s Edge Infrastructure as a Service - EIaaS), que procura oferecer um novo modelo de computa??o em nuvem com servi?o de entrega baseado em computa??o de borda voltado a atender de forma eficiente as exig?ncias de aplica??es IoT em tempo real sens?veis ? lat?ncia. Com a abordagem EIaaS, provedores de nuvem podem implantar dinamicamente aplica??es/servi?os IoT diretamente nas infra-estruturas de computa??o de borda, nem como gerir seus recursos de n?vem/rede em tempo de execu??o, como forma de manter as aplica??es IoT sempre melhor conectadas e melhor servidas. A abordagem resultante ? arquitetada em uma estrutura modular, tendo como base tecnol?gica ferramentas de Rede Definida por Software (do ingl?s, Software- Defined Networking - SDN) para lidar com recursos de computa??o de borda (CPU, mem?ria, etc.) e de rede (caminhos, largura de banda, etc.), respectivamente. Os resultados preliminares mostram como as principais t?cnicas de virtualiza??o utilizadas no ?mbito deste trabalho, afetam o desempenho das aplica??es na infraestrutura de borda da rede. A virtualiza??o por containers leva vantagem sobre a t?cnica de virtualiza??o por m?quinas virtuais para implantar aplica??es na borda da rede, uma vez que oferece grande flexibilidade mesmo na presen?a de demanda de recursos. / The rapid growth in the number of Internet-connected devices, associated to the increasing rates in popularity and demand for real-time and latency-constrained cloud application services makes the use of traditional cloud computing frameworks challenging to afford such environment. More specifically, the centralized approach traditionally adopted by current Data Center (DC) pose performance issues to suit a high density of cloud applications, mainly in terms to responsiveness and scalability. Our irreplaceable dependency on cloud computing, demands DC infrastructures always available while keeping, at the same time, enough performance capabilities for responding to a huge amount of cloud application requests. In this work, the applicability of the fog computing emerging paradigm is exploited to enhance the performance on supporting latency-sensitive cloud applications tailored for Internet of Things (IoT).With this goal in mind, we introduce a new service model named Edge Infrastructure as a Service (EIaaS), which seeks to offer a new edge computing tailored cloud computing service delivery model to efficiently suit the requirements of the real-time latency-sensitive IoT applications. With EIaaS approach, cloud providers are allowed to dynamically deploy IoT applications/services in the edge computing infrastructures and manage cloud/network resources at the run time, as means to keep IoT applications always best connected and best served. The resulting approach is modeled in a modular architecture, leveraging both container and Software-Defined Networking technologies to handle edge computing (CPU, memory, etc) and network resources (path, bandwidth, etc) respectively. Preliminary results show how the virtualization technique affects the performance of applications at the network edge infra. The container-based virtualization takes advantage over the hypervisor-based technique for deploying applications at the edge computing infrastructure, as it offers a great deal of flexibility under the presence of resource constraints.

A popularização dos contêineres no transporte de cargas gerais por volta dos anos 60 provocou significativa mudança no tráfego de mercadorias ao redor do mundo. A utilização deste equipamento simplifica e agiliza o processo de transporte e manuseio de cargas, uma vez que permite a movimentação entre diferentes modais com rapidez e segurança nas operações de carga e descarga. Neste contexto, esta pesquisa trata do problema que integra decisões de escolha de cargas a serem transportadas pelo modal marítimo com decisões de reposicionamento de contêineres vazios de modo a maximizar a receita total. O modelo baseia-se em um problema de fluxo em rede multiproduto, a partir da qual é proposta uma modelagem matemática inédita, que permite levar em consideração as principais restrições encontradas na prática tais como: horizonte de planejamento de longo prazo; diferentes tipos e tamanhos de contêineres; múltiplos navios, rotas e suas respectivas programações; rotas que permitem que um porto seja visitado mais de uma vez; capacidades dos navios em termos de número máximo de contêineres cheios e vazios por tipo e peso máximo total; para cada rota e trecho entre dois portos consecutivos; etc. O modelo proposto foi implementado em C++ e utiliza o software de otimização GUROBI, lançado recentemente, assim como uma planilha eletrônica para os dados de entrada. O mesmo foi comparado a um modelo da literatura que utiliza método heurístico para resolução de problema semelhante. O modelo também foi aplicado a problemas de diversos portes evidenciando que é capaz de resolver problemas até à otimização de maneira eficiente e em tempos de processamento reduzidos. / The popularization of containers in transporting general cargo caused a significant change in freight traffic around the world. The use of this mechanism simplifies and streamlines the process of shipping and handling charges, allowing you to move it between different transport modes, with speed and safety in loading and unloading process. In this context, this research deals the problem that incorporates decisions of cargo selection to be transported by sea with decisions involving reposition empty containers in order to maximize total revenue. The problem is modeled as a multi-product network flow problem and is proposed a novel mathematical model, which takes into account the main constraints encountered in practice, such as planning horizon of long-term; different types and sizes of containers, multiple ships and routes and their schedules, routes that allow a port to be visited more than once, and capacity of vessels in terms of maximum number of full and empty containers by type, and maximum weight for each route and the segment between two consecutive ports, etc. The proposed model was implemented in C++ and uses for its solution, the optimization software recently launched, GUROBI, as well as a spreadsheet for data entry. The same was applied to a problem of literature that uses a heuristic method to solve it. The model also was applied to several size of problems showing the model able to solve problem to optimality of efficient way and in processing time reduced.

O Brasil assumiu e mantém desde 2008 o primeiro lugar mundial em consumo de agrotóxicos e, tendo em vista este uso intensivo, é possível estimar a grande quantidade de embalagens vazias de agrotóxicos (EVAs) geradas todos os anos no país. Com a promulgação da Lei 9974 de 2000, a criação do Instituto Nacional de Processamento de Embalagens Vazias (inpEV) em 2001 e a implantação da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS) em 2010, a destinação adequada das EVAs por meio da logística reversa passou a ocorrer de maneira mais eficiente, chegando a um percentual de 94% de devolução em 2014 segundo dados do INPEV. No entanto, este processo foi originalmente concebido para atender grandes áreas rurais, com economias de escala que o favorecem, e portanto não está adequado à realidade de pequenas comunidades rurais, geralmente com infraestrutura precária e mais isoladas. Sendo assim, ainda é comum nos municípios de pequeno porte que essas embalagens sejam queimadas, armazenadas em locais não adequados ou simplesmente abandonadas no campo. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a gestão de EVAs em pequenos municípios agrícolas brasileiros, com foco no processo de logística reversa, a partir de um estudo de caso. Este foi realizado em Bom Repouso, MG, município de 10500 habitantes, caracterizado pela produção de morango e batata, com mão de obra familiar e uso intensivo de agrotóxicos. As seguintes etapas de pesquisa foram desenvolvidas: entrevistas semiestruturadas com os atores da cadeia de logística reversa de EVAs; levantamento documental; análise comparativa entre a quantidade de embalagens vendidas e a quantidade total de embalagens devolvidas entre os anos de 2012-2013 e 2013-2014, bem como um levantamento dos agrotóxicos mais comercializados no município. Verificou-se que, no período 2012-2013, a quantidade de embalagens vendidas foi cerca de 30 vezes maior que a de embalagens devolvidas, e para o período entre 2013-2014 a mesma relação foi da ordem de 26 vezes. Além disso, a massa total de embalagens devolvidas corresponde a apenas 3,3% da massa de vendidas no período 2012-2013, e 3,8% para 2013-2014. Ou seja, aproximadamente 96% das embalagens comercializadas em ambos os períodos não foram devolvidas à central de Pouso Alegre. Além disso, há produtos extremamente tóxicos para a saúde e para o meio ambiente entre os 20 mais vendidos no município. Não estão estabelecidas políticas públicas municipais voltadas à gestão desses resíduos, como pode ser verificado através das entrevistas e do levantamento documental. Dificuldades relacionadas ao armazenamento das EVAs até o momento da devolução e seu transporte até a Central de Recolhimento foram apontadas pelos entrevistados como principais motivos para não cumprir suas responsabilidades e, consequente, descartar inadequadamente esses resíduos. / Brazil has taken since 2008 the first place worldwide in pesticide consumption and, in view of this intensive use, it is possible to estimate the large number of empty containers of pesticides (EVAs) generated every year in the country. With the enactment of the 2000 9974 Law, creating the National Institute of Empty Packaging Processing (inpEV) in 2001 and the implementation of the National Solid Waste Policy (PNRS) in 2010, the proper disposal of EVAs through reverse logistics started to occur in a more organized and effective way, reaching a percentage of 94% return in 2014. Despite of that, the Brazilian take-back program was originally designed for large rural areas, and may not apply to small rural communities, generally more isolated and with poor infrastructure, that must require large storage and high transport costs. Because of this, it is still very common to burn and bury empty pesticides containers in this areas, store them in inappropriate places or leave them in the fields. Thus, this research aimed to analyze the efficiency of EVAs reverse logistics process in small Brazilian agricultural counties, taking as a case study the municipality of Bom Repouso, MG, Brazil, which is characterized by the production of strawberry and potato on properties with family labor and intensive use of pesticides. Therefore, the research had three steps: interviews were conducted with the chain process participants; a document research was made; as well as a comparative analysis of the amount of packaging sold in the city and the amount returned between the periods of 2012-2014 (considering the requirement of the law that farmers must turn EVAs in a maximum of one year after purchase, there was a comparison between two periods, from the year 2012 to 2013 and 2013 to 2014) and a research on the 20 most traded pesticides in the municipality. It was verified that in the period between 2012-2013, the amount of packaging used was about 30 times higher than the returned packaging, and for the period between 2013-2014 it was about the order of 26 times. Furthermore, the total mass of returned empty containers corresponds to only 3,3% of the mass sold 2012-2013, and 2013-2014 to 3,8%. In the other words, approximately 96% of the units sold in both periods were not returned to the center of Pouso Alegre. In addition, there are extremely toxic pesticides both for health and the environment among the top 20 in the county. It is not established municipal public policies for the management of such waste as it could be seen through the interviews and the document research. Proper storage for empty pesticide containers and transportation costs were the main points highlighted by dealers as reasons given by producers for not returning and, consequently, improperly dispose of such waste.