Students from dual language immersion (DLI) classrooms are required to learn the language through content. However, some students have not yet developed these abilities by the time they start fourth grade. Thus, to fully comprehend content such as science, students need stronger reading and writing abilities in the second language (L2). To help stakeholders have a better understanding on how to effectively help students throughout this process, this action research studied the effectiveness of integrating literacy with science and mobile assisted language learning (MALL). Findings showed that the integrations of literacy, science and MALL were effective with statistically significant results in science and reading. These findings also yielded pedagogical implications about the importance of considering students' language background and gender, as well as the use of MALL when teaching and planning the curriculum for DLI classrooms.

In Winter semester of 2005 the English Language Center (ELC) began plans to implement a content-based program for students at its highest proficiency level in order to provide them with more effective preparation for academic studies in English. Since that time, the program has undergone various changes to provide a more stable, cohesive, and responsive curriculum. There is a need, however, for greater teacher support and training. This paper outlines the process I underwent to create a handbook that would provide needed guidance and training for teachers in this program. This project involved an in-depth needs analysis of teachers and students in the program. Results from this analysis led to the selection of three basic principles that were used in the design and development of this project: (1) practicality, (2) instructiveness, and (3) sustainability. The resulting project is a binder organized into four tabs: (1) Program Overview, (2) The Basics of Content-based Instruction at the ELC, (3) Challenges and Strategies in CBI, and (4) Additional Resources. This resource was developed using Microsoft Word 2007 and includes a variety of graphics, text boxes and layouts to provide a professional and user-friendly product. An evaluation of the project based on the responses of three teachers who used the handbook during Winter semester 2009 revealed that it was a useful and needed resource for teaching content-based classes at the ELC. Further piloting is needed to verify these findings. It is recommended that in the future this resource be maintained by the ELC Coordinator assigned to oversee the content courses. As the ELC continues to refine the content curriculum, evaluation and revisions of this handbook should be carried out at regular intervals to ensure its continued relevance and accuracy over time.

In this paper we explore language learning in relation to motivation. The correlation between teachers' didactic choices and their relation with the learners is crucial to create motivation. When we did our research of how these things correlated, we mainly focused on the effects that CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning) and CBI (Content Based Instruction) had on motivation among learners. We used the database ERIC and searched for articles relating to CLIL, CBI, ESL (English as a Second Language) and motivation. We discovered that CLIL and CBI are teaching methods that allow the teacher to find subjects that are interesting to the students and use these to build motivation among the learners. Motivation grows by interactions and an understanding about the subject. We found a wide range of research that supported the approach of implementing CLIL and CBI in language learning. As a result of our findings we propose greater consideration in Swedish schools regarding the use of CLIL and CBI.

Syftet med denna systematiska litteraturstudie är att bidra till den kunskap som finns för hur skolan kan utforma en undervisning i de naturvetenskapliga ämnena som integrerar språk i ämnesundervisning på högstadie- och gymnasienivå. Internationell forskning har analyserats tematiskt varpå tre teman framkommit: 1) Vikten av en språk- och kunskapsutvecklande undervisning i naturvetenskapliga ämnen, 2) Språk- och kunskapsutvecklande undervisningsstrategier och metoder, och 3) Naturvetenskapslärares attityder till språk- och kunskapsutvecklande undervisning, och dess inverkan på förutsättningarna för lärande. Resultatet visar på att ett språk- och kunskapsutvecklande arbetssätt är viktigt inom naturvetenskapliga ämnen och på högstadie- och gymnasienivå eftersom det innefattar höga språkkrav där språket blir mer abstrakt, avancerat och distanserat. Arbetssättet verkar gynna alla elever, men särskilt flerspråkiga elever och elever från socioekonomiskt svaga familjer. Resultatet visar också på flertalet olika strategier för utveckling av elevers språk- och ämneskunskaper. Vidare framkom att lärare har olika attityder till och kunskap om att integrera språk i ämnesundervisningen. Därför hoppas vi kunna bidra med kunskap inom området som kan visa på vikten av ett språk- och kunskapsutvecklande arbetssätt, vilka undervisningsstrategier och metoder man som lärare kan använda samt vad lärare och skolledningen behöver satsa på för att ett sådant arbetssätt ska vara genomförbart. I denna litteraturstudie har vi kommit fram till att ett språk- och kunskapsutvecklande arbetssätt bör implementeras i ämnesundervisningen för att kunna bidra med en likvärdig utbildning. / The purpose of this systematic literature study is to contribute to the knowledge that exists for how the school can design teaching in the science subjects that integrate language in subject teaching at high school and upper secondary school level, ages 12-19. International research has been analyzed thematically and three themes have emerged: 1) The importance of language and knowledge development teaching in science subjects, 2) Teaching strategies and methods for language and knowledge development teaching, and 3) Science teachers' attitudes towards language and knowledge development teaching, and its impact on the conditions for learning. The result shows that language and knowledge-development teaching is important in science subjects and at higher school levels because it includes high language requirements where the language becomes more abstract, advanced and distant. The working method seems to benefit all students, but especially multilingual students and students from socio-economically weak families. The result also shows several different strategies for developing students' language and subject knowledge. Furthermore, it emerged that teachers have different attitudes towards and knowledge of integrating language into subject teaching. Therefore, we hope to be able to contribute with knowledge in the area that can demonstrate the importance of language and knowledge-development, which teaching strategies and methods you as a teacher can use and what teachers and school management need to invest in for such a working method to be feasible. In this literature study, we have come to the conclusion that a language and knowledge-developing working method should be implemented in subject teaching in order to contribute with an equivalent education.

The thesis focuses on the topic of language and content integration in ELT in a broad sense, i.e. it discusses not only CLIL but also other models of content-based teaching, viz. ESP (English for Specific Purposes), EAP (English for Academic Purposes), and EMI (English-medium Instruction). In the theoretical part of the thesis, these models are described as regards their history, typical features, teachers, learners, as well as benefits and negatives. The empirical part of the thesis explores the current practice of language and content integration at Czech general secondary schools ("grammar schools"). The research is based on case studies of five teachers who teach various courses belonging to this category. The preliminary research investigated what courses are currently being offered at grammar schools in Prague; they are mostly elective courses. Our research findings suggest that language and content integration in the form of elective courses is a rather common practice, although often unconscious. Teachers tend to act on the basis of their intuition rather than their knowledge of theory and practice of language and content integration. Generally, it seems that more emphasis is put on content than language in these lessons. Content-based English lessons may be beneficial for learners for...