Essa pesquisa busca verificar, comparativamente, a imagem do Brasil colocada em circulação pelo noticiário do jornal espanhol El País, nos anos de 1995 e 2005. Esses períodos foram tomados, respectivamente, como marco do início da intensificação dos aportes financeiros espanhóis no Brasil e como a época em que a presença econômica da Espanha se solidificou, tornando o país ibérico o primeiro europeu em aportes financeiros no Brasil e o segundo maior investidor, no cômputo geral. A aplicação da metodologia de análise de conteúdo em uma amostra de notícias considerada satisfatória por Martin W. Bauer para esse tipo de pesquisa e a observação das principais idéias apresentadas nesses textos jornalísticos permitiram compreender, entre outros, os aspectos brasileiros mais enfocados pelo jornal espanhol. Por meio desse estudo pôde-se constatar aumento no interesse da Espanha pelo país, com a triplicação do número de notícias sobre o Brasil, e a diversificação da cobertura jornalística. Embora o Brasil tenha recebido uma cobertura mais ampla, em 2005, e as notícias econômicas tenham ganhado maior ênfase, o discurso sobre o país foi permeado por estereótipos relacionados a misticismo, exotismo e sexualidade. O aspecto negativo brasileiro mais recorrente no noticiário foi a desigualdade econômico-social. / Through this research we try to verify, comparatively, the image of Brazil put into circulation by the Spanish newspaper El País in the years of 1995 and 2005. These dates were considered, respectively, as a landmark for the beginning of the intensification of Spanish financial aports in Brazil and as the time when the economic presence of Spain was solidified, ranking this iberian country in the first position in Europe concerning financial aports in Brazil, and as the second biggest investor, in the general account. The application of the content analysis approach in a news sample, considered by Martin W. Bauer as satisfactory for this kind of research, as well as the observation of the main ideas presented in these news texts, allowed us to understand, among other things, the brazilian issues most frequently focussed by the Spanish newspaper. Throughout the study we were able to find the increasing interest of Spain towards the country, with the triplication of the number of news about Brazil, and the diversification of news coverage. Although there was a wider coverage on Brazil in 2005, and the economic news were greatly emphasized, the discourse about the country was permeated by stereotypes which related to mysticism, exoticism and sexuality. The most recurrent negative aspect on the news was the social economic inequality.

Submitted by Livia Mello (liviacmello@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-09-23T18:25:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissIMF.pdf: 12997797 bytes, checksum: 61ca28804fe846c5e4f1f3d97a366017 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-10T14:23:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissIMF.pdf: 12997797 bytes, checksum: 61ca28804fe846c5e4f1f3d97a366017 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-10T14:23:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissIMF.pdf: 12997797 bytes, checksum: 61ca28804fe846c5e4f1f3d97a366017 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-10T14:23:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissIMF.pdf: 12997797 bytes, checksum: 61ca28804fe846c5e4f1f3d97a366017 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-13 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / The popularization of mobile devices capable of communicating via wireless network technologies allows us to consider different scenarios in which these devices may autonomously interact with each other. The envisioned communications would occur in a P2P fashion, as each device could simultaneously provide and consume services. A mechanism for dynamically discovering nearby devices and the available services would be necessary. Although a few existing applications already provide the direct interaction among devices they are purpose-specific and rely on pre-configured information for identifying other devices. A service-oriented architecture (SOA), based on HTTP requests and the REST or SOAP protocols, is commonly used in this type of communication. However, automatically finding available known services is still challenging. Service discovery is usually based exclusively on service name, which is not very flexible. This work proposes a new model for the direct interaction between computing devices. In an attempt to facilitate service discovery and selection we propose a content centric model in which interactions are defined according to an object’s type and the action to be applied to it. The proposed approach can workatop of existing discovery protocols, based on extensible metadata fields and on existing service data. Our proposal is evaluated according to i) the viability of direct communication between nearby devices, even when carried by users or associated to vehicles; ii) the proposed service discovery and matching using the content centric approach; iii) the effectiveness of a middleware to support the development of generic applications for direct device communication. Simulation results show our proposed model is viable. A preliminary implementation of the middleware was also evaluated and the results show that spontaneous, opportunistic, service-based interactions among devices can be achieved for different types of services. / A popularização de dispositivos móveis dotados de capacidade de comunicação sem fio possibilita a criação de ambientes onde estes dispositivos interagem diretamente entre si. Essas comunicações ocorrem no modelo P2P, de forma que cada dispositivo pode implementar simultaneamente papéis de cliente e de servidor. Contudo, para que ocorram interações di- retas entre dispositivos através de aplicações, é preciso que estes dispositivos implementem algum mecanismo de descoberta. Atualmente, a maioria das aplicações que se comunicam diretamente utilizam informações pré-configuradas para identificação de dispositivos e serviços. Uma forma utilizada para interação entre dispositivos é através da oferta e consumo de serviços utilizando a arquitetura orientada a serviços (SOA), baseada em requisições HTTP utilizando os padrões REST ou SOAP. Um problema recorrente para consumidores de serviços é a identificação de serviços disponíveis. A identificação utilizada em protoco- los de descoberta existentes baseia-se apenas no nome do serviço, salvo em comunicações pré-configuradas, o que não apresenta flexibilidade para descobrir novos serviços. De forma a facilitar a troca de informações entre dispositivos, este trabalho propõe um modelo em que interações diretas entre dispositivos sejam centradas no conteúdo envolvido na interação e nas ações que se deseja realizar sobre eles. Para tanto, uma identificação de serviço pode ser baseada em metadados que são adicionados às descrições de serviços existentes, ou em informações obtidas com protocolos de descoberta de serviço existentes. Para avaliar o modelo proposto, esse trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre i) a viabilidade de interações diretas entre dispositivos, considerando suas mobilidades; ii) o uso de um modelo de interação centrado em conteúdo e ação; iii) o desenvolvimento de um Middleware para simplificar o desenvolvimento de aplicações que usem o modelo de serviço proposto. Os resultados de simulação obtidos mostram que o modelo é viável. Além disso, uma versão preliminar do Middleware proposto foi avaliada e mostra que a interação direta entre dispositivos pode ocorrer de forma oportunística e espontânea.

Essa pesquisa busca verificar, comparativamente, a imagem do Brasil colocada em circulação pelo noticiário do jornal espanhol El País, nos anos de 1995 e 2005. Esses períodos foram tomados, respectivamente, como marco do início da intensificação dos aportes financeiros espanhóis no Brasil e como a época em que a presença econômica da Espanha se solidificou, tornando o país ibérico o primeiro europeu em aportes financeiros no Brasil e o segundo maior investidor, no cômputo geral. A aplicação da metodologia de análise de conteúdo em uma amostra de notícias considerada satisfatória por Martin W. Bauer para esse tipo de pesquisa e a observação das principais idéias apresentadas nesses textos jornalísticos permitiram compreender, entre outros, os aspectos brasileiros mais enfocados pelo jornal espanhol. Por meio desse estudo pôde-se constatar aumento no interesse da Espanha pelo país, com a triplicação do número de notícias sobre o Brasil, e a diversificação da cobertura jornalística. Embora o Brasil tenha recebido uma cobertura mais ampla, em 2005, e as notícias econômicas tenham ganhado maior ênfase, o discurso sobre o país foi permeado por estereótipos relacionados a misticismo, exotismo e sexualidade. O aspecto negativo brasileiro mais recorrente no noticiário foi a desigualdade econômico-social. / Through this research we try to verify, comparatively, the image of Brazil put into circulation by the Spanish newspaper El País in the years of 1995 and 2005. These dates were considered, respectively, as a landmark for the beginning of the intensification of Spanish financial aports in Brazil and as the time when the economic presence of Spain was solidified, ranking this iberian country in the first position in Europe concerning financial aports in Brazil, and as the second biggest investor, in the general account. The application of the content analysis approach in a news sample, considered by Martin W. Bauer as satisfactory for this kind of research, as well as the observation of the main ideas presented in these news texts, allowed us to understand, among other things, the brazilian issues most frequently focussed by the Spanish newspaper. Throughout the study we were able to find the increasing interest of Spain towards the country, with the triplication of the number of news about Brazil, and the diversification of news coverage. Although there was a wider coverage on Brazil in 2005, and the economic news were greatly emphasized, the discourse about the country was permeated by stereotypes which related to mysticism, exoticism and sexuality. The most recurrent negative aspect on the news was the social economic inequality.

This study investigates HIV/AIDS coverage in selected South African newspapers. The rationale for the study hinges on the fact that the media’s role in informing society about social issues, such as HIV/AIDS, is of paramount importance. The study adopted, principally, the content analysis method and, as a supplement, discourse analysis. Four daily newspapers were content-analysed, namely: Daily Dispatch, Daily Sun, Sowetan and The Star. A total of 288 editions of newspapers, spanning a period of twelve months (January to December 2010) were sampled. This study is informed by agenda setting theory. Discourse analysis was used to determine the compliance of these newspapers to media guides on the use of appropriate language or terminologies. The tone, sentence structures used when disseminating HIV/AIDS stories were also examined. The results revealed that HIV/AIDS coverage by these newspapers is reasonable even though the prominence given to HIV/AIDS issues is dissatisfactory in terms of placement on the page, headline font-size and number of paragraphs devoted to HIV/AIDS stories. 5.0% of HIV/AIDS-oriented stories were placed on the front page; 93.8% on the inside pages while 1.3% were placed on the back pages. It was also found that news and feature were used equally to disseminate HIV/AIDS issues. These genres constituted 50% each. On the other hand, the results revealed a statistically non-significant relationship between the newspapers and categories; that is: (25.09 2   , p  0.122  0.05 ). Results further revealed that these newspapers used appropriate terminology and value-neutral language in their stories. The tone of the messages was found to be positive and encouraging.

According to the National Vital Statistics Report (1998), Black women age 45-64 are ten times more likely than white women of the same age to die from diseases of the heart. They are five times more likely to die from diabetes. The goal of this study was to examine how articles published in leading medical journals between 1989 and 1998 accounted for such differences in health outcomes among Black and white women. The explanatory content of the articles was analyzed and coded according to four types of attributions: genetic/biological, cultural/behavioral, structural/socioeconomic and alternative. Each type of explanation derives from different assumptions and operates with different models for understanding why health outcomes vary among groups. Alternative explanations are those that focus on the direct effect of race/gender oppression on Black women's health. Genetic/biological attributions occurred less frequently than structural/socioeconomic and cultural behavioral but were more likely to occur than alternative attributions, which were the least often employed. While alternative attributions are considered in some of the articles about Black women's health and mortality, they are overall rarely employed. The finding that explanations that most directly explore the impact of racism and sexism on Black women's health occur least often has important implications. Articles published in these three journals inform medical practitioners and affect the ability of such practitioners to adequately address the needs of Black women in their care.

Costa Rica embodies many of the characteristics which the United States would like to foster in Central America and elsewhere. In recent years, however, misunderstandings have often been present in the development of relations between both nations, and leaders. These differences have been particularly visible between Presidents Reagan and Arias when carrying out their foreign policies towards Central America. Recent developments in warfare, social and political unrest and economic crises in the region added to the emergence of a Central American political leadership--independent of U.S. decision making-have increased international misunderstandings between both political speakers. These misunderstandings are shown by Reagan and Arias' through their public discourses which have revealed deterioration in communication and cooperation between them. Since Reagan and Arias come from different cultures, their values are different, making it difficult for the two men to communicate effectively. Towards discovering the differences m cultural values underlying arguments between them, this study uses the Toulmin model to provide a critical and interpretative analysis of the exchange of political arguments from both leaders concerning Central America. Data were collected from public discourses by Reagan and Arias. An intercultural communication perspective is then used to assess the effects of the arguments on international understanding. This research was successful in isolating a number of political arguments concerning Reagan and Arias' respective policies toward Central America, it revealed consistently different underlying cultural values. These differences in cultural values may affect the mutual understanding between the two political leaders, since their discourses did not acknowledge each other's cultural values or patterns of thinking. At the core of Reagan and Arias' disagreements is the ethnocentric assumption that each is similar to the other. This assumption is not a recommended strategy for intercultural interaction. Because of the novelty of this type of interdisciplinary interpretative research, the results can not be compared adequately with previous research on values in public discourse. Further investigation in this area should support the worth of studying political argumentation from the combines approaches of rhetorical analysis and intercultural communication.

The study used quantitative content analysis to compare the international news content about Africa and the rest of the world in selected daily and weekly newspapers in Malawi and explored the extent to which economic factors, as represented by the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), influence news flows about Africa into Malawi. The results showed dominance of the categories of war/international conflict and politics. International news agencies were the principal sources of news items for all the four papers. Though there were differences among the newspapers in the amount of space allocated to various categories such differences were minor. The study established that GDP is not a determinant of the amount of coverage a country receives. / Communication Science / M.A. (International Communication)

Apesar de ser considerada há muito tempo e por inúmeras nações e organizações internacionais como um valor fundamental, a liberdade de expressão é, até hoje, objeto de muitas incertezas e indefinições, especialmente quanto à sua aplicação prática em um cenário em que outros direitos e valores constitucionais estão envolvidos. O presente estudo parte da análise da estrutura do ato comunicativo, especificamente da análise da identidade dos sujeitos da comunicação, do fator temporal e do conteúdo ou mensagem, para aferir se a valoração jurídica da expressão do pensamento é condicionada por esses elementos. A partir disso, o presente trabalho propõe critérios para que a interpretação e a aplicação da liberdade de expressão sejam imbuídas de segurança jurídica, de modo a garantir própria efetividade dessa liberdade que se configura como um valor tão caro às sociedades democráticas. / Despite being considered as a fundamental value for several centuries and by many nations and international organizations, freedom of speech is, until present time, the object of much uncertainty, especially regarding its practical application when other rights and constitutional values are involved. The present study analyses the structure of the communicative act, specifically the identity of interlocutors, the time factor and the content or message, to assess if the legal value of the expression of thought is conditioned by these elements. From that, the present work proposes criteria to a rational and secure interpretation and application of freedom of speech, so as to guarantee the effectiveness itself of this liberty, that is so dear to democratic societies.

published_or_final_version / Education / Master / Master of Education

This study analyzed defense intellectuals' metaphors to determine if the metaphors minimize or ignore the negative effects of nuclear war. The study specifically analyzed 30 texts from Foreign Affairs and Foreign Policy with the metaphorical criticism method. Once the texts were analyzed, the findings suggested that defense intellectuals' metaphors describe nuclear war as ordinary and non-threatening, as a game or relationship. In addition, the study found that the defense intellectuals used metaphors that deflected responsibility for building and using nuclear weapons away from world leaders. The findings also suggested that the defense intellectuals are not numb to the effects of nuclear war, as others claim. Instead, the defense intellectuals' metaphors acted as cognitive blinders that prevented them from discussing the effects of nuclear war. Finally, the study found that each journal's metaphors were aligned with a particular world view of international relations; Foreign Affairs belonged to the realist school of thought, while Foreign Policy belonged to the neo-liberal institutionalist school of thought. / Department of Speech Communication