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This thesis will try to combine shareholder ownership of a company with the notion of viewing thecompany as a social contract.Even if viewing the company as a social contract is usually considered to be part of the stakeholdertheory this view is not incompatible with the shareholder centred approaches.Through motivating the social contract view of businesses and discussion the advantages ofadopting a shareholder centred approach to company ownership this thesis will form the basis of asocial contract that would be agreed by the shareholders of the company. A part of this paper will also be dedicated to discussing how the shareholders could change the current companies to reflectmore closely on the contract they would initially have agreed on.

abstract: With regard to business modules in Chinese delivery services companies, there has long been a heated debate on whether franchising or direct management is the better module for Chinese market. But most prior discussion was lightweight, unconvincing and without any theoretical framework. This research examines three major management problems in Chinese delivery services: 1. The reason for choosing franchising module, 2. The relationship between franchising module and implementation of the product, 3. The functions of IT in delivery services. By reviewing theories on enterprise boundary and summarizing the six features of franchising contracts in Chinese delivery business as well as the five properties of delivery products, two contract models are finally set up with five beneficial conclusions which are proved by a very solid empirical data analysis. The purpose of this research is to either support or weaken the current theories on enterprise boundary as well as to offer meaningful inspirations for the management of express delivery companies in China. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Business Administration 2018

Submitted by Thiago Ribeiro (thiago.alves@terra.com.br) on 2012-12-31T21:15:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Thiago Alves Ribeiro.pdf: 2000492 bytes, checksum: 43183d5942a1488e57808decff67c8e4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2013-01-02T12:19:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Thiago Alves Ribeiro.pdf: 2000492 bytes, checksum: 43183d5942a1488e57808decff67c8e4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-01-02T12:39:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Thiago Alves Ribeiro.pdf: 2000492 bytes, checksum: 43183d5942a1488e57808decff67c8e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-04 / This work is an empirical study of the contractual practices adopted by Embraer after its privatization in 1994. We also analyze the contractual arrangement used to enable the aircrafts’ projects that were responsible for the company's resurgence in the late 1990s. A fundamental aspect of the contractual engineering efforts was the creation of Risk-Partnerships between Embraer and a selected group of key suppliers to co-develop an aircraft. The analysis of the collected data, points to the epistemological relevancy of using new analytical tools to understand the contractual practices that have been employed and its role in development. Therefore, we adopt the relational contract theory as a theoretical lens to analyze the risk-partnership model and investigate the role played by relational elements in the success of the ERJ 145 and EMBRAER 170/190 programs. The central hypothesis that guides this work states that, in the innovative contractual arrangement involving Embraer, foreign suppliers and BNDES, the contractual relationship was built through promissory and non-promissory mechanisms that have projected the exchange, and the patterns of normativity that were created transcended the written contract. The contribution of relational contract theory to the analysis of such practices is twofold. The first contribution is mainly descriptive, as it provides more comprehensive and powerful theoretical tools to understand the real dynamics of the contractual practices that have been studied. The second contribution, of a normative kind, consists in clarifying the relational aspects that compose, alongside promissory elements, a certain internal normativity to the contract, which regulates the agents’ conduct throughout the relationship. On the ERJ 145 and EMBRAER 170/90 programs, we try to demonstrate that (more) relational contractual arrangements, instead of conventional discrete contractual supplying relationships, were critical to the success of the projects and even for their own feasibility. In this sense, relational contracts theory provides analytical categories that not only offer more adequate theoretical tools to describe relationships such as the one under study, but also provides, through a more rich and comprehensive description, lessons on how to design contracts. This is important to demonstrate how the problem of the implicit dimensions of contracts transcends the field of contract theory and contractual justice and becomes highly relevant to the research agenda in the Law and Development field. / O presente trabalho é um estudo empírico das práticas contratuais adotadas pela EMBRAER posteriormente ao seu processo de privatização em 1994, e do arranjo contratual empregado para viabilizar a realização dos projetos de aeronaves responsáveis pelo ressurgimento da empresa ao final da década 1990. Aspecto fundamental da engenharia contratual empreendida foi a formação das chamadas Parcerias de Risco entre a Embraer e um grupo selecionado de fornecedores-chave visando o co-desenvolvimento das aeronaves. A análise das informações obtidas na pesquisa aponta a importância epistemológica de se utilizar novos instrumentos de análise que permitam compreender melhor as práticas contratuais empregadas e seu papel no desenvolvimento. Assim, utilizamos a teoria relacional dos contratos como lente teórica para analisar o modelo de parcerias de risco e, por meio dela, investigar qual o papel exercido pelos elementos relacionais no sucesso dos programas ERJ 145 e EMBRAER 170/190. A hipótese central que norteia o trabalho é a de que, no inovador arranjo contratual que envolveu a Embraer, fornecedores estrangeiros e o BNDES, a relação contratual foi construída por meio de mecanismos promissórios e não-promissórios de projeção de trocas, e os padrões de normatividade estabelecidos entre as partes transcenderam o contrato escrito. A contribuição da teoria relacional dos contratos para a análise de tais práticas possui duplo caráter. A primeiro contribuição é eminentemente descritiva, ao fornecer um instrumental teórico mais abrangente e poderoso para compreender a real dinâmica das práticas contratuais em análise. A segunda contribuição, de natureza normativa, consiste em explicitar aspectos relacionais que compõem, juntamente com os elementos promissórios, uma certa normatividade interna ao contrato que informa a conduta dos agentes ao longo da relação. Nos programas ERJ 145 e EMBRAER 170/90, procuramos demonstrar como a formulação de um arranjo contratual mais relacional em substituição ao tradicional conjunto de relações contratuais de fornecimento descontínuas, foi fundamental para o sucesso dos projetos e até mesmo para a sua própria viabilização. Nesse sentido, a teoria relacional dos contratos fornece categorias de análise que não apenas oferecem um ferramental teórico mais adequado para descrever relações como a do caso em estudo, mas também fornece, por meio de uma descrição mais rica e abrangente, lições sobre como desenhar contratos. Isto é importante para demonstrar como a problemática das dimensões implícitas do contratos transcende o campo da teoria contratual e da justiça contratual e apresenta-se de grande relevância para a agenda de pesquisa em Direito e Desenvolvimento.

The thesis consists of a short introduction and three self-contained analytical chapters on land policy in developing countries. Chapter 1 examines the agricultural investment choices of small-scale farmers in Ethiopia whose land will be expropriated to provide space for a large factory. I use data from a survey of households conducted before expropriation occurred, but after the policy was announced. I identify the anticipation effects of land expropriation using variation in whether households own plots located inside or outside the proposed project boundary. Households facing immediate expropriation hedge against future income risk by using less fertilizer on their plots, and and growing less risky crops. These households are more likely to grow sorghum (a safe crop) and less likely to grow wheat (a relatively riskier crop). Households also respond to the threat of expropriation by reducing long-term investments in soil quality. Using two-stage least squares I show that subjective beliefs about the likelihood of expropriation act as a channel through which the threat of expropriation affects investment decisions. The results are robust to a number of other specifications, including some that account for unobservable geographic variation in plot characteristics. Chapter 2 explores the consequences of land expropriation for small-scale farmers in Ethiopia. Expropriation of farmland is used by all levels of government in Ethiopia as a tool for providing new land for industrial investors, commercial agriculture and expanding cities. Farmers usually receive a cash payment in exchange for their land based on a fixed formula to establish the price of land. I evaluate the impact of such a policy on a group of small-scale farmers and assess the extent to which they make the transition to new livelihoods. On average, households lose 70% of their land and receive compensation payments that are about 5 times the value of their annual consumption expenditure. Using data collected before and after the intervention I examine the impact of expropriation and compensation on household consumption, productive assets, livestock holdings, savings and labour market participation. Households in the treatment group increase their consumption, start more businesses and participate more in non-farm activities than households that do not lose farmland. These households also reallocate livestock portfolios away from oxen and towards small ruminants and cattle, reflecting a shift away from growing crops. However, these shifts to new livelihoods are relatively small compared to the amount of compensation kept as savings: with the exception of a few households, most of the compensation payment is left in commercial banks earning a negative real return. Chapter 3 focuses on the recent increase in large-scale agricultural land deals across Africa and the nature of the contracts reached by governments and foreign investors. In recent years, multi-national firms and foreign governments have entered into long term contracts with host countries in which large tracts of land are purchased or leased for commercial agricultural production in exchange for promises of infrastructure development, job creation and rural infrastructure improvement. The profitability of these projects is uncertain, especially at a time of increased agricultural commodity price volatility in world markets. Based on stylized facts about land deals I present a theoretical model of land contracts reached by host governments and foreign investors that explains the policy tradeoff between investment timelines, revenue generation and uncertainty. When agricultural projects require fixed infrastructure investment and yield uncertain payoffs, firms benefit from being able to complete the fixed investment in stages. If firms can learn more about payoffs by holding off on investment, they effectively hold an option to abandon the project. The value of this option provides a channel by which uncertainty affects the terms of the land contract. When host governments determine the terms of the contract by setting an income tax, a royalty rate and an investment timeline, the value of this option will affect government's optimal policy choice. In particular, I find that if governments benefit a great deal from investment spillovers the optimal contract will be designed to encourage firms not to abandon a project. But, if governments benefit relatively little from investment spillovers, governments will choose contract parameters to extract the value of the firm's option to abandon the project. I end by examining the effect of increasing uncertainty on the government's optimal policy choice.

Uppsatsen behandlar hur de globala frösystemen kan ses som en typ av kolonisering av fröer. Uppsatsen utgår från Sarah Radcliffes definition av kolonialismen och menar att man inte endast kan se kolonialismen som en enskild händelse i tiden, utan att det är en pågående händelse som fortfarande äger rum och påverkar den värld vi lever i. Uppsatsen undersöker främst hur koloniseringen pågår i kunskapsproduktionen. Den gör sig tydligt i de globala frösystemen som är starkt påverkade av diskursen om modernitet som definierar vetenskaplig kunskap som modern och därför önskvärd, medan traditionella kunskaper ses som bakåtsträvande och därmed icke önskvärda. Detta visar sig i de globala frösystemen där allt fler stater övergår till ett jordbruk som är exportinriktat och där ”moderna” jordbruksmetoder används, på bekostnad av traditionella jordbruksmetoder som är anpassade till det lokala klimatet. Det gör att bönder hamnar i en utsatt situation då de ”moderna” jordbruksmetoderna kräver dyra resurser för att upprätthållas, samt att miljön degraderas då metoderna som nämndes inte är anpassade till den lokala miljön. Uppsatsen använder sig av kontraktsteori för att belysa hur frösystemen innebär en maktassymetri genom att de kontrakt som skrivs inom de globala frösystemen endast skrivs av en minoritet som sedan påverkar majoriteten som måste följa kontraktet. Därför krävs det att kontrakten inom de globala frösystemen skrivs om med en större inkludering och därmed ge utrymme för andra typer av kunskaper än endast den vetenskapliga. / This essay will discuss how the global seed systems can be viewed as a form of colonization of seeds. It will be based on Sarah Radcliffe’s definition of colonialism and suggests that you cannot only view colonialism as a separate event in time, but an on-going process still taking place, affecting the world we live in. The essay will mainly examine how the colonization is at work in the knowledge production. This is evident in the global seed systems that are strongly affected by the discourse of modernity that defines scientific knowledge as modern and therefore desired, while traditional knowledge is viewed as backwards and therefore non-desirable. This is showcased in the global seed systems where an increasing number of states move from an agriculture that is export-oriented and where “modern” agricultural methods are used, at the expense of traditional agricultural methods that are adapted to the local climate. This exposes the farmers to a situation where the “modern” agricultural methods demand expensive resources to maintain, while the environment suffers since the methods mentioned are not adapted to the local climate. The essay will make use of contract theory toilluminate how the seed systems means a power asymmetry through the contracts written within the global seed systems that are only written by a minority, which then affects the majority that must follow the contract. Therefore it is necessary for the contracts within the global seed systems to be rewritten, with a larger inclusion, and hence grant space for other forms of knowledge than merely the scientific.

Après le contrat, que reste-t-il ? La réponse la plus spontanée est qu'il ne reste rien, sinon un souvenir évanescent et le retour à la liberté. Pourtant, l’étude du droit des contrats montre le contraire. L’extinction laisse subsister des intérêts économiques qui doivent être protégés. Il n’est d’ailleurs pas anodin de constater une prise de conscience des parties et des rédacteurs d’actes : un regain de prudence a commandé le développement des clauses postcontractuelles. Mais, même en l’absence de telles stipulations, une régulation existe, formant des après-contrats standardisés par le législateur, ou encadrés par le juge. Une véritable optimisation du droit de l’extinction est observable, dont le but est de maximiser les bénéfices apportés par l’exécution ou par l’effet extinctif, mais aussi de minimiser les risques succédant à l’extinction. Le contrat apparaît ainsi sous la forme d’une institution sociale devant prendre en compte le contexte dans lequel l’opération économique se développe, au service de la relation inter partes, laquelle transcende la seule durée de la convention. Soulignant la dimension relationnelle de la convention, l’après-contrat permet de remettre le contrat en perspective dans sa somme existentielle, c’est-à-dire en tant qu’expérience totalisant la période précontractuelle, l’exécution et le temps postcontractuel. Dans la compréhension de cette trilogie, le terme extinctif marque un repère qui tire son utilité d’une double nature : il clôt une durée (critère temporel) et signe un ordre de bouleversement dans le sort des obligations (critère substantiel). / Does anything remain after the end of a contract? Generally, we easily believe that the relationship between economic partners and the duration of their contract stop at the same time. But this belief is built on a simplistic vision of the real economic world. When the contract duration is over, some economic interest must be preserved. That is why wise partners anticipate a follow-up to the extinguished contract, by stipulating postcontractual obligations. But, even if there is no anticipation, a regulation does exist with standard legal rules or judges’ framework. A real optimization of the contract law is expanding, to maximize the benefits arising from the contractual experience and minimize the risks led by the postcontractual freedom. That is how the Contract shows a specific aspect: it becomes a social institution which considers its economic context, serving the relational dimension of the partnership. Definitely, the relationship between the partners can last above the duration of the contractual instrument. By this way, the post-contract put into perspective the contract in an existential addition which is composed of three parts: the precontractual, the execution and the postcontractual time periods. In this configuration, the term is seen as a mark which encloses a duration (temporal criterion) and turns the contractual obligation (substantial criterion). Indeed, the post-contract nature is dual, contractual and extracontractual at the same time. That is why we will treat our subject from both and complementary criterions, saying that the post-contract is a time period out of the contract, whereas it shows concurrently the contract out of its own duration.

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Målet med rapporten är att utreda hur samverkansprocessen kan genomföras på ett sådant sätt att nyttan kan maximeras för alla parter inom projektet. Detta görs genom att fokusera på tre delar; samverkan som definition och uppfattning på marknaden, upphandlingsfasen hur skall upplägget inom denna utformas för att anbud med rätt incitament för projektet skall bli antaget, samt hur kontraktet skall utformas för att få samtliga parter att vilja jobba tillsammans mot ett gemensamt mål, vilket ska gagna alla engagerade och därmed projektet. Dessutom skall undersökas hur kontraktsteoretiska risker uppmärksammas och behandlas i dessa situationer. Teorin tydliggör att de faktorer vilka främst är av vikt för en lyckad samverkan är förtroende, uppföljning och kontroller. Dessa styrmedel kan beskrivas som mjuka parametrar varför frågor till stor del har designats för att utreda hur projektet har utformats för att höja kvaliteten på de mjuka parametrarna. Utredningen sker genom att hålla 14 intervjuer, inkluderande beställare, huvudentreprenörer samt underentreprenörer. Vad som kan konstateras är att uppfattningen om vad samverkan är och hur det bör användas är relativt enhetlig på marknaden. Det som uppkommit som en av de största skillnaderna mellan projekt är om de integrerar eller inte integrerar underentreprenörer. Vid upphandling har det diskuterats hur lagen om offentligupphandling kan påverka resultatet samt vikten av ett genomtänkt bedömningssystem av anbudsunderlag. Dessutom tydliggörs vikten av varje individs engagemang under denna typ av samarbete vilket också lyft frågan om hur organisationen skall väljas ut. När det kommer till kontraktet har det konstaterats att incitament inte används eller uppskattas i någon större utsträckning, dock kan bonus vara ett bra medium för att styra kvaliteten på de mjuka parametrarna. Om bonus eller incitament används är det av vikt att dessa har ett tydligt utvärderingsystem vilket håller parterna ständigt uppdaterade om hur de ligger till för att erhålla en utbetalning av eventuell bonus. Vidare kan kontraktet hjälpa till att tydliggöra samarbetet, detta genom att strukturera varje parts ansvarsområde samt tydliggöra respektive parts förväntningar på varandra. Detta kan reducera missförstånd och eventuella konfliketer längre fram. Vilket leder till ett bättre arbetsklimat och förhoppningsvis bättre slutresultat. Vidare är ett riktpris vilket är rimligt för alla parter direkt nödvändigt för ett lyckat projekt. När det kommer till kontraktsteoretiska risker har det uppmärksammats att det inte är något som diskuteras i någon större utsträckning. Det finns en mindre medvetenhet om dess existens men fokus ligger på de ekonomiska- och tidsrelaterade risker vilka kan föreligga. / The goal with the report is to investigate how the partnering process can be performed to maximize the satisfaction of all engaged actors within the project. This will be done by focusing on three main parts; partnering as definition and the markets perception of the concept. The procurement phase, how should it be constructed in order to be able to select the tender which will provide the highest satisfaction for the project in total? The contract, how should it be formed to make all parts engaged and strive together for the same goal, which benefits all actors and the project as a whole? Besides these questions it will also be investigated how risks which stems from contract theory are noticed and dealt with. Theory suggests that the main factors behind a successful partnering project are; trust, monitoring and controls. These instruments could be described as soft parameters, therefore questions has been constructed to investigate how projects are planned in order to increase the quality of the soft parameters. The investigation is performed by holding 14 interviews including clients, contractors and subcontractors. From the interviews it can be concluded that the markets conception of partnering is relatively uniform. What has turned out to be the biggest difference between the projects is if they choose to include the subcontractor within the partnering contract or not. When it comes to the procurement it has been discussed how the law of public procurement could affect the result. The importance of a well-functioning grading system for the tenders has also turned out to be of key importance. Furthermore the individual’s importance within the project has been voiced, which increases the importance of how to select the project organization. When it comes to the contract the conclusion is that incentives is neither being used to any extent, nor is it appreciated when used in partnering. But bonus on the other hand, is said to be a good medium to govern quality when discussing the soft parameters. If bonus or incentives are used it is of importance that the parameters who are connected to them are clear, and that the system which decides if the goals for the bonus is reached is well-functioning and continuously updated. This is important in order for the contractors to know how close they are of reaching the goals. Furthermore the contract could help clarify the cooperation, by structuring every actor’s responsibility and clarify the actor’s expectations of each other, this is important to reduce misunderstandings and eventual conflicts further on in the project. This leads to a better working climate and hopefully a better end result. It is also a direct necessity to reach a target price which is reasonable for all parts in order to achieve a successful project. When it comes to risks within contract theory it has been observed that is it not discussed at any further extent. There is a minor awareness of its existence but focus is on economic and time related risks.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経済学) / 甲第23671号 / 経博第654号 / 新制||経||300(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院経済学研究科経済学専攻 / (主査)准教授 菊谷 達弥, 教授 関口 格, 准教授 安達 貴教 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Economics / Kyoto University / DGAM