The presented diploma thesis is concerned with German-Czech comparison of the passive voice in legal language. In the theoretical part, the issue of German and Czech passive voice is explained through technical secondary literature. One can find there their basic forms differentiation, the way of their formation, their use in sentences and other basic characteristics. Furthermore, this part introduces the issue of technical language as the current area of today's linguistics. The theoretical findings are employed in the practical part, namely on the Maastricht contract. Firstly, the passive of the German variant of the document is analyzed followed by the analysis of the Czech version. Both of these parts are the starting point of the contrasting exploration of the two language varieties of the mentioned legal document. Czech alternatives to their German passive voice constructions were found, following these three criteria: substitution of German passive voice by Czech active voice, semantic dissonance between the two variants, and the absence of certain passive constructions in the Czech contract. At the end of the thesis, there is an evaluation of the following four hypotheses which were stated at the beginning. The first three hypotheses, which are concerned with matters such as the superiority...

Cette recherche identifie et analyse les différentes erreurs, intervenant dans le cadre de la relativisation, commises par des apprenants arabophones saoudiens. L’étude se fonde sur un corpus de 1670 relatives. Constitué dans un cadre institutionnel, ce corpus réunit des productions écrites obtenues dans des emplois contraints, semi-contraints et plus spontanés. Les résultats confirment le fait que la relativisation en français relève d’une complexité linguistique et représente une incontestable difficulté dans le parcours d’un apprenant de FLE. Quelle que soit la fonction relativisée (sujet < OD < syntagme prépositionnel : où < dont < F. Comp.), quelle que soit la forme attendue (quiSU < où < dont < F.comp. < que < qu’) les erreurs sont nombreuses. Les principales difficultés, situées à la jonction de la matrice et de la relative, concernent le choix de la forme requise et l’extraction de la préposition. Si la hiérarchie d’accessibilité de Keenan et Comrie (1977) est globalement respectée (les relativisations les plus basses suscitant plus d’erreurs), certaines données cependant la remettent en cause : la relativisation d’un oblique semble parfois plus accessible que la relativisation d’un objet indirect (où OBL parait plus accessible que dont OI ou que l’emploi d’une forme amalgamée OI ou oblique OI). Il s’avère, en outre, que l’écart entre les langues en contact occasionne des erreurs, dues à des transferts négatifs et, notamment, à une indifférenciation entre stratégie du joncteur (arabe standard moderne) et stratégie du pronom relatif (français) et à la reconduction de modalités de sélection du relativiseur propre à l’arabe standard moderne. On note également un recours à un complémenteur universel (transfert de l’arabe dialectal ?) parfois associé à un pronom résomptif. / This research identifies and analyzes the various errors made by Saudi Arabian-speaking learners in the context of relativization. The study is based on a corpus of 1670 relative. Constituted in an institutional framework, this corpus combines written productions obtained in constrained, semi-constrained and more spontaneous uses. The results confirm the fact that relativisation in French is linguistically complex and represents an undeniable difficulty in the course of a learner. Regardless of the relativized function (sujet < OD < syntagme prépositionnel: où < dont < F. Comp), whatever the expected form (quiSU < où < dont < F.comp. < que < qu’) mistakes are numerous. The main difficulties, located at the junction of the matrix and the relative, concern the choice of the required form and the extraction of the preposition. Although the hierarchy of accessibility of Keenan and Comrie (1977) is generally respected (the lowest relativities causing more errors), some data, however, call it into question: the relativization of an oblique seems sometimes more accessible than the relativisation of an indirect object (où OBL appears more accessible than dont OI or the use of an amalgamated form OI or oblique OI). Moreover, the gap between the languages in contact causes errors, due to negative transfers and, in particular, to an indifference between the strategy of the junctor (modern standard Arabic) and the relative pronoun (French) strategy and to the renewal of modalities for selecting the relativiser of modern standard Arabic. We also note a recourse to a universal complementor (transfer of dialectal Arabic?) Sometimes associated with a resumptive pronoun.

This work explains the types of affixation errors second language learners make when learning English word formation processes, especially derivational and inflectional affixations. The data for the study were collected as primary sources from two secondary schools in Sweden. The data were analyzed with the use of Error Analysis noted by Corder (1967) and the error analysis framework adapted by Ellis et al. (2005, p. 57). The method chosen was to identify, classify, describe,and evaluate derivational and inflectional affixation errors. In total 2,812 answers were retrieved. The results consist of some findings, for example, some of the derivationaland inflectional affixations errors were noticed to be intralingual and interlingual. Also, the nature of the errors issuch that they are either transferred, omissive, additive or substitutive errors. Moreover, the errors were also due to overgeneralization, including substitutionerrors, or additive errors. Previous research findings showedstudents make grammatical errors with letter insertions, letter omission, or substitutionerrors. This study made the same findings as students made errors of letter insertion, letter omission, substitution errors, and errors due to overgeneralization. Some of the most difficult derivational and inflectional affixation errors were also noticed across all the grades.

This essay investigates how mother tongue teachers in Sweden view cross-linguistic influence in the Spanish classroom. It focuses on three areas: the student groups’ linguistic profiles; the evaluation of described/presumed strengths and challenges within Spanish phonology, lexicon and morphosyntax; and perspectives on effective contrastive classroom practices. Six semi-structured interviews were conducted with teachers of Arabic, English, and Somali, which were analyzed phenomenographically. The results showed that the students are generally multilingual in their mother tongue, Swedish, and English, with proficiency varying according to birthplace. Whereas English was considered the main support for English-speaking students, Somali and Arabic students were deemed particularly facilitated by their mother tongue in morphosyntax and Swedish/English in lexicon, while phonology was mixed. Finally, there was consensus that Spanish classroom practices should include comparisons to mother tongues, Swedish, and English, by teachers and/or students. Having some mother tongue knowledge was thus deemed beneficial, albeit not essential, for Spanish teaching. / La presente tesina explora las perspectivas de profesores de lenguas maternas en Suecia hacia la influencia cros-lingüística en la enseñanza de español. Se enfoca en tres áreas: el perfil lingüístico de los estudiantes; la evaluación de fortalezas y desafíos descritos/ presumidos en la fonología, el lexicón y la morfosintaxis español; y las percepciones de buenas prácticas didácticas contrastivas. Se realizaron seis entrevistas con profesores del árabe, el inglés y el somalí, cuales se analizaron fenomenograficamente. Los resultados revelaron un multilingüismo estudiantil general de la lengua materna, el sueco y el inglés, con niveles variando según el país de crianza. Mientras el inglés se consideró el mejor apoyo para los estudiantes ingleses en todas áreas, los estudiantes somalíes y árabes se consideraron más facilitados por la lengua materna en asuntos morfosintácticos y el sueco/inglés en léxico, mientras la fonología resultó mezclada.  Finalmente, se concordó que la enseñanza de español debe incluir comparaciones hacia las lenguas maternas igual que el sueco y el inglés, por estudiantes o/y estudiantes. Consecuentemente, tener conocimientos básicos de lenguas maternas se consideró beneficial, si bien no imprescindible, para enseñar español.

<p>Cilj ovog rada je bio da se izvr&scaron;i kontrastivna ana-<br />IZ liza žanra tekstova o klasičnoj muzici na engleskom i srpskom jeziku koja bi omogućila predstavljanje ključnih jezičkih i sadržajnih sličnosti i razlika koje postoje među njima. U sklopu analize, žanr tekstova o klasičnoj muzici je sagledan i predstavljen kroz različite aspekte, a obavljena je i opsežna jezička analiza korpusa tekstova iz žanra, posebno za tekstove na engleskom jeziku i za one na srpskom. Nakon toga, obavljena je kontrastivna analiza, pomoću koje su uporedno sagledani rezultati dobijeni analizom žanra. Rezultati dobijeni u ovom radu mogu naći primjenu u četiri različita područja: u lingvističkim teorijama iz oblasti analize žanra i kontrastivne analize, pri upotrebi i kreiranju tekstova o klasičnoj muzici u okviru diskursne zajednice profesionalnih muzičara, prevođenju tekstova o klasičnoj muzici sa engleskog jezika na srpski i obrnuto i u nastavi engleskog jezika struke na visokoobrazovnim institucijama iz oblasti muzičke umjetnosti.</p> / <p>The aim of the paper was to perform a contrastive<br />AB genre analysis of texts on classical music in English and Serbian which would enable the presentation of key linguistic similarities and differences which exist between them. Within the analysis, the genre of texts on classical music was observed and presented through different aspects, and a comprehensive linguistic analysis of texts from the genre was performed as well, separately for texts in English and the ones in Serbian. After that, a contrastive analysis was performed, and by means of it the results obtained by the genre analysis were viewed comparatively. The results obtained in this paper introduce the genre of texts on classical music in the literature dedicated to genre analysis and contrastive analysis and can be applied in four different areas: linguistic theories dedicated to genre analysis and contrastive analysis, use and creation of texts on classical music within the discourse community of professional musicians, translation of texts on classical music from English to Serbian and vice<br />versa and ESP teaching at highe</p>

Submitted by Marise Sanches (marisesan@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-08-21T21:05:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE SANCHES FINAL v.2016.pdf: 3099449 bytes, checksum: 142a32827bae01be45350292d7782570 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Auxiliadora da Silva Lopes (silopes@ufba.br) on 2016-08-29T16:05:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE SANCHES FINAL v.2016.pdf: 3099449 bytes, checksum: 142a32827bae01be45350292d7782570 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T16:05:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE SANCHES FINAL v.2016.pdf: 3099449 bytes, checksum: 142a32827bae01be45350292d7782570 (MD5) / Esta tese tem como foco o processo de Construção Colaborativa do Conhecimento, na perspectiva multirreferencial / complexa. Propõe-se a fundamentar e analisar esta Construção como saberes, práticas plurais de duas redes de pesquisa: a Rede Cooperativa de Pesquisa e Intervenção sobre (In)formação, Currículo e Trabalho - REDPECT e a Rede Interativa de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação em Conhecimento e Sociedade - RICS, ambas criadas a partir de iniciativas de pesquisadores da Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA. Propõe-se, ainda, responder à questão: Como a construção colaborativa do conhecimento, em tais Redes, contribui para a construção e difusão do conhecimento acadêmico científico de seus autorespesquisadores? O lastro para este estudo é o aprofundamento teórico do conceito de Construção Colaborativa do Conhecimento construído em 2011, na investigação dissertativa: “Construção Colaborativa do Curso de Formação de Gestores do Conhecimento através da EAD – CFGC”, defendida na Faculdade de Educação da UFBA, na qual foi identificado que, no viés proposto, este ainda carece de teorização. Pretende-se, portanto, a título de fundamentação teórica, não só o aprofundamento mencionado, como também uma argumentação dialógica, desenvolvida a partir de conceitos principais: (1) Colaboração; (2) Complexidade e Multirreferencialidade; e (3) Conhecimento e Cognição, articulados com os conceitos secundários emergentes no processo do estudo. A busca de respostas para as questões de pesquisa realiza-se através do Método/Modelagem em Mosaico Memorial, um desenho que consiste em apresentar como esses saberes, práticas se constituem. Aqui se aprofundam técnicas e procedimentos de análise, que orientam a pesquisa de tessitura em mosaico, numa abordagem Quanti-Qualitativa / Participativa, com características de Etnopesquisa, através do Método de Análise Contrastiva. As informações levantadas no campo empírico, em documentos das Redes investigadas e entrevistas a alguns de seus membros, possibilita o alcance dos objetivos traçados, explicitando ainda a importância do processo de construção colaborativa do conhecimento para a (in)formação de analistas cognitivos e outros pesquisadores, fundamentado como uma modelagem cognitiva em mosaico, complexa e multirreferencial. / ABSTRACT The focus of this thesis is the process of Collaborative Knowledge Construction within a multireferential / complex perspective. The basis for the analysis of this construction was a plurality of knowledge practices in two research networks: the Cooperative Research and Intervention in (In)formation, Curriculum, and Work Network - REDPECT and the Interactive Network of Research and Post-graduate Studies in Knowledge and Society - RICS, both created from researcher initiatives at the Federal University of Bahia - UFBA. How the collaborative construction of knowledge in such networks contributes to the construction and dissemination of scientific academic knowledge of its author-researchers was of central interest. The underlying thread to this study is a deepening of the theoretical understanding of the concept “Collaborative Knowledge Construction”. This concept was central to the research dissertation: "Collaborative Construction on the Training Course for Knowledge Managers in Distance Learning - CFGC", defended in 2011 at the Faculty of Education, Federal University of Bahia, and was found to require greater theoretical underpinning. The deepening of these theoretical grounds is reached through dialogical argumentation during the study, and the key concepts: (1) collaboration; (2) complexity and multireferentiality; and (3) knowledge and cognition, together with secondary concepts raised in the process. The search for answers to the research questions in the Study takes place through the Method / Modeling of Mosaic Memorial. This research design shows how these forms of knowledge practices are constituted, and enriches the techniques and analytic procedures that guide the weaving of the research into a Quanti-Qualitative / Participatory approach, with characteristics of Ethno research through the Contrastive Analysis Method. The information gathered during the fieldwork in documents from the networks researched and interviews with some of their members, achieved the Study objectives as well as clarifying the importance of the collaborative process in building knowledge for the (in) formation of cognitive analysts and other researchers; so establishing a cognitive modeling mosaic, both complex and multireferential. / RESUMEN Esta tesis enfoca el proceso de Construcción Colaborativa del Conocimiento, en la perspectiva multi-referencial compleja. Se propone fundamentar y analizar esta construcción en los saberes, prácticas plurales de dos redes de investigación: La Red Cooperativa de Investigación e Intervención sobre (In)formación, Currículo y Trabajo – REDPECT, por su nombre en portugués – y la Red Interactiva de Investigación y Post-Graduación en Conocimiento y Sociedad - RICS, por su nombre en portugués; ambas criadas por la iniciativas de investigadores de la Universidad Federal de la Bahia - UFBA. Se propone, también, responder a la pregunta: ¿Cómo la construcción colaborativa del conocimiento, en estas Redes, contribuye con la construcción y difusión del conocimiento académico científico de sus autores-investigadores? El fundamento de este estudio es la profundización teórica del concepto de Construcción Colaborativa del Conocimiento construido en 2011, en la investigación de Disertación: “Construção Colaborativa do Curso de Formação de Gestores do Conhecimento através da EAD – CFGC”, defendida en la Facultad de Educación de la UFBA, en la cual fue identificado que, en la perspectiva propuesta, este concepto aún carecía de teorización. Se pretende, consecuentemente, a título de fundamentación teórica, no solo la profundización teórica mencionada, sino también una argumentación dialógica, desarrollada a partir de los siguientes conceptos principales: (1) Colaboración; (2) Complejidad y Multireferencialidad; y (3) Conocimiento y Cognición, articulados con los conceptos secundarios emergentes en el proceso del estudio. La búsqueda de respuestas a la pregunta de investigación se realiza por medio del Método/Modelaje en Mosaico Memorial, un diseño que consiste en presentar como esos saberes, prácticas se constituyen. Aquí se profundiza en técnicas y procedimientos de análisis, que orientan la investigación de “tesitura” en mosaico, en un abordaje Cuanti-Cualitativo / Participativo, con características de Etno-investigación, por medio del Método de Análisis Contrastivo. Las informaciones levantadas en el campo empírico, en documentos de las Redes investigadas y entrevistas a algunos de sus miembros, posibilita alcanzar los objetivos trazados, explicitando también la importancia del proceso de construcción colaborativa del conocimiento para la (in)formación de analistas cognitivos y otros investigadores, fundamentado como un modelaje cognitivo en mosaico, compleja y multi-referencial.

This diploma thesis analyses the initial position of negation in present-day English. The theoretical part is divided into smaller units containing description of individual types of negation. Than the focus is aimed on double negation, inversion, scope of negation and polarity sensitive items. Contrastive approach is applied in the work, especially in the practical part. Analysis of selected language representatives in different genres and text types describes occurance of different kinds of negation in English language. Collected data are presented in the form of table. The frequency of occurrence is summarized at the end of the work.

This study is intended to shed light on similarities and differences in terms of functional structure of the clause when modality is expressed by use of modal operators in Russian and English, in order to arrive at findings which inform, and are applicable to, the process of English language acquisition by the Russian learner. The need for the investigation was prompted by the author’s work experience in the field of English teaching, and the lack of explicit guidance in available textbooks currently used in Russian schools and institutions with regard to the particular issue highlighted. While learning the subject of Systemic Functional Linguistics, I drew parallels between the functional structures in the two languages, the purpose of which is to provide a roadmap which facilitates the learning and teaching of English modality to the Russian learner. The approach of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), focusing on the metafunctions as the correspondence in the sociolinguistic message of the clause, is used as a basis for comparing the functional structures in both languages. The investigation of functional grammar features is carried out in order to spotlight  both the similarities and the differences inherent in expressing a degree of probability of an event or statement indicated, not only by the choice of an appropriate modal verb, but also its placement within the clause. The role of the social context in which the text is set is noted as significant for delivering the precise meaning of the message. Hence, the proposition will be pursued through further investigation in the field of modality, and viewed from perspectives of sociolinguistics.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2015-12-17T16:08:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 adrielibonjourlavioladasilva.pdf: 1760741 bytes, checksum: efcbaa3ab3d79707feca1c417ad959d5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2015-12-17T18:03:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 adrielibonjourlavioladasilva.pdf: 1760741 bytes, checksum: efcbaa3ab3d79707feca1c417ad959d5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-17T18:03:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 adrielibonjourlavioladasilva.pdf: 1760741 bytes, checksum: efcbaa3ab3d79707feca1c417ad959d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-06 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta dissertação está inserida no projeto Frames e Construções em Contraste (SALOMÃO, SAMPAIO & TORRENT, 2013), o qual é um dos empreendimentos da FrameNet Brasil (FN-Br). Nesse sentido, intenciona verificar, dado o funcionamento do Constructicon do Português Brasileiro (PB) – um repertório de construções disponível online – as possíveis alterações necessárias para aprimorá-lo de modo a possibilitar seu alinhamento a outros Constructicons em desenvolvimento. Dessa maneira, esta dissertação busca embasamento em duas abordagens construcionais: a Gramática Cogntitivista das Construções (GOLDBERG, 1995; 2006; 2013) e a Gramática das Construções de Berkeley (FILLMORE, 2012; 2013). Além disso, discute aspectos relacionados à Semântica de Frames e à proposta de estudos construcionais contrastivos de Boas (2010). No trabalho, as análises partiram da observação dos padrões do Inglês descritos no Constructicon de Berkeley, buscando equivalências em PB. Os achados comparativos levaram à classificação das 69 construções válidas do Constructicon de Berkeley em três grupos: (A) padrões equivalentes, quando tanto a forma quanto o significado são possíveis em PB; (B) parcialmente equivalentes, para as construções que, ainda que semanticamente sejam possíveis nas duas línguas, possuem alguma diferenciação na estrutura e (C) não-equivalentes, quando nenhuma aproximação pôde ser verificada em PB. Posteriormente, foi realizada a comparação entre a construção de Dativo com Inifinitivo (DCI) do PB – que já vem sendo amplamente estudada na FN-Br em trabalhos anteriores (TORRENT, 2009; LAGE, 2013) e sua contraparte do Inglês – a construção Infinitival Relative Modal (FILLMORE, 2008). Nessa análise, foram percebidas algumas especificidades na DCI que precisaram ser atestadas através da aplicação de um Teste de Similaridade Semântica a falantes nativos do PB. Por fim, esta dissertação advoga em favor da realização de análises contrastivas que possam ir além da mera comparação superficial entre a forma e o sentido de construções de línguas distintas, quando da implementação de Constructicons multilíngues. / This dissertation is part of the Frames and Constructions in Contrast project (SALOMÃO, SAMPAIO & TORRENT, 2013), which is developed at FrameNet Brasil and aims to add multilinguality features to the Brazilian Portuguese Constructicon. In this work, we build on two constructional approaches – Cognitive Construction Grammar (GOLDBERG, 1995; 2006; 2013) and Berkeley Construction Grammar (FILLMORE, 2012; 2013) – so as to analyze to what extent Boas' (2010) proposition of contrastive constructional analysis can be applied to multilingual constructicography. In the study, the analyses were based on the English patterns described in Berkeley Construction, seeking equivalence in Brazilian Portuguese. Comparative findings led to the classification of the 69 valid constructions of the Berkeley Constructicon in three groups: (A) equivalent patterns, when both the form and the meaning are possible in BP; (B) partially equivalent, when constructions, despite being semantically possible in the two languages, bear some difference in the structure and (C) non-equivalent, when no link can be found between English and BP constructions. Subsequently, the comparison was made between the Dative with infinitive construction in BP – which has already been largely studied by FrameNet Brasil (TORRENT, 2009; LAGE, 2013) and its equivalent in English – the Infinitival Relative Modal construction (FILLMORE, 2008). In this analysis, the application of a semantic similarity test to native speakers of BP showed some peculiarities in the Dative with Infinitive construction not attested for the English construction. Finally, this dissertation argues in favor of performing contrastive analyses that go beyond mere superficial comparison between the form and the meaning of different languages constructions, when implementing Multilingual Constructicons.

Cette thèse étudie l'expression de la concession l'oral dans une perspective contrastive français - vietnamien. A partir d'un corpus d'émissions radiophoniques en français et ensuivant trois approches complémentaires - linguistique, logique et interactionnelle -, le fonctionnement et les caractéristiques des concessions ont été analysés afin de les classer par catégories et d'en proposer un modèle d'expression. Les concessions en vietnamien ont été étudiées à partir de données homologues afin de mettre en évidence les similitudes et les différences. / The aim of this PhD is a linguistic analysis of the concessive clause in a contrastive French/Vietnamese perspective based on a corpus of radio programs. Three complementary approaches (linguistic, logical and interactional) are used to define the functions and the properties of concessive clauses in French as in Vietnamese in order to observe the similarities and the differences toward a modelling.