It is evident from the data included in the Czech-Japanese Parallel Corpus that apparent qualitative shifts between corresponding sentence segments in source and target languages appear due to the process of translation from Japanese. My goal then is the analysis of this asymmetry of sentences in translations from Japanese to Czech and evaluation of its causes and effects. This issue is viewed through the theory of translation universals (explicitation, implicitation, normalization, simplification). However, it is also concerned with the theory of information density, although its application has during the research appeared at least problematic. The theoretical outlook of translatology on these theories and the detailed process of sample selection is discussed in the introduction of the thesis. The results of the analysis of asymmetric sentences are discussed in the central part of the thesis, which is mainly concerned with the summary of language features and situations creating this asymmetry but also with the question which general trends can be considered to exist in Japanese-Czech translation based on this summary. Finally, the distribution of asymmetric segments in six analysed translation is studied as well as the potential influence of translators on their creation. Keywords: Japanese,...

Dans une approche multi-théorique, cette étude propose d'observer des emplois en contexte des marqueurs genre en français, like en anglais et so en allemand, à travers des occurrences attestées et issues de productions (principalement orales) présentant un faible degré de planification. Cette analyse contrastive part du constat selon lequel ces trois termes présentent des emplois non-standard similaires à travers les langues, malgré des origines et des fonctionnements standard différents. Nous envisageons leurs caractéristiques communes du point de vue du changement linguistique qu'est la « grammaticalisation ». L'observation du corpus d'étude nous amène ensuite à analyser genre, like et so en convoquant différents outils théoriques syntaxiques et macro-syntaxiques, prosodiques et énonciatifs. Dans des configurations en « liste », telles que des énumérations, des reformulations ou après des segments interrompus de la production orale, nous examinons dans quelle mesure ces trois mots fonctionnent comme marqueurs de la construction progressive du discours. Cette étude se poursuit par l'analyse d'un fort point de congruence entre les trois marqueurs, à savoir l'introduction de discours direct. / Through a multi-theoretical approach, and using a corpus of authentic examples of unplanned conversations, this dissertation aims at describing the markers genre in French, like in English and so in German. This contrastive analysis is based on the observation that these three words display similar non-standard functions across languages despite their different origins and standard functions. Their common features are investigated from the theoretical perspective of « grammaticalization » as a type of linguistic change. Through the observation of the study corpus, we analyze genre, like and so with different theoretical tools, syntactic and macro-syntactic, prosodic and enunciative. In « list » configurations, such as enumerations, reformulations or interrupted segments of spoken discourse, we present how these three words work as markers of the progressive construction of discourse. This study further investigates the quotative function of genre, like and so as a strikingly congruent feature.

Submitted by Livia Mello (liviacmello@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-10-03T12:57:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissRR.pdf: 1171000 bytes, checksum: 788bfa05fbd516920b7782f7f4bf3920 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-10T19:43:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissRR.pdf: 1171000 bytes, checksum: 788bfa05fbd516920b7782f7f4bf3920 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-10T19:43:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissRR.pdf: 1171000 bytes, checksum: 788bfa05fbd516920b7782f7f4bf3920 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-10T19:44:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissRR.pdf: 1171000 bytes, checksum: 788bfa05fbd516920b7782f7f4bf3920 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-14 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Locative verbs establish a locative relation between an object and a location and are very frequent in different types of texts. This thesis aims at describing the phenomenon of locative verb constructions in Portuguese and contrasting two recent studies on the syntactic-semantic classification of these constructions carried out for Brazilian and European Portuguese. This contrastive analysis presents not only the classes of locative constructions already determined, but also the intersection and divergence points between the two variants of the Portuguese language. The data here described is expected to contribute in the construction of language resources, which could be used in several didactic applications and in natural language processing. / Os verbos locativos estabelecem uma relação de localização entre um objeto e um lugar e são muito frequentes. A presente pesquisa descreve o fenômeno das construções verbais locativas em língua portuguesa e apresenta uma análise contrastiva de dois estudos atuais sobre a classificação dessas construções realizados para o português brasileiro e o português europeu, na qual é possível identificar os pontos de intersecção e de divergências entre as duas variantes da língua portuguesa. A partir dos dados aqui descritos, espera-se contribuir na descrição linguística do fenômeno das construções locativas, assim como na construção de recursos linguísticos que possam ser utilizados em diferentes aplicações didáticas e no processamento de língua natural. / FAPESP 2014/07747-7

A presente dissertação tem como objetivo estudar os argumentos espaciais preposicionados selecionados por verbos de deslocamento de forma contrastiva em português e alemão. Para tanto, foram utilizados preceitos da gramática de valências e da gramática de casos que se pautam nos conceitos de centralidade do verbo (que seleciona os argumentos) e papel temático. Dentro do papel temático espacial, considera-se que é possível distinguir seis subtipos: origem, direção, percurso, trajetória, locativo e situativo. Para este trabalho foi feito o recolhimento de um corpus de ocorrências em português e alemão a partir de verbos de deslocamento que selecionam argumentos espaciais introduzidos por preposições. Essas ocorrências foram analisadas e classificadas semanticamente segundo os subtipos do papel espacial encontrados. Contrastando as ocorrências em português e alemão, foi possível verificar similaridades e diferenças entre as duas línguas. Foram observadas construções com o substantivo casa e Haus, a influência do verbo para a seleção do argumento espacial e as diferenças sutis entre os subtipos de papéis espaciais. Um grupo de verbos chamou a atenção por não permitir a classificação clara em um dos subgrupos. Para esses verbos, é levantada a hipótese de criação de mais um argumento espacial: o argumento espacial preposicionado de referência. / This masters thesis aims the study of prepositional spatial arguments that are taken by verbs of movement in a contrastive way in Portuguese and in German. In order to carry out this research, there were used concepts of the valency grammar and the case grammar that present the verb as the core of the sentence (which requires arguments) and the semantic role. Between the spatial semantic roles, it is considered that it is possible to find six subtypes: source, direction, path, trajectory, locative and situative. For this thesis it was collected a corpus of occurrences in Portuguese and German from verbs of movement that select spatial arguments introduced by prepositions. These occurrences were analyzed and semantically classified according to these subtypes of semantic roles. By contrasting the occurrences in Portuguese and German, it was possible to verify similarities and differences between both languages. There were observed constructions with the noun casa and Haus, the influence of the verb for the selection of the spatial argument and the small differences between the subtypes of spatial roles. A group of verbs caught the attention because they did not allow a clear classification in one of the subtypes. For these verbs it is raised the hypothesis of creation of another spatial argument: the spatial prepositional argument of reference.

Nesta dissertação, foi desenvolvida uma análise linguística contrastiva de bulas de medicamento brasileiras e alemãs. O principal objetivo dessa análise era identificar o grau de compreensibilidade de cada um dos textos, segundo as dimensões do modelo de Karlsruhe: Concisão, Correção, Motivação, Estrutura, Simplicidade e Perceptibilidade. Para isso, foram retomados conceitos da Linguística Textual e procedimentos da Textologia Contrastiva, como as definições de texto e gênero textual, o método de comparação de textos paralelos e o estabelecimento de um termo de comparação. De maneira geral, os resultados da análise contrastiva indicaram que termos técnicos (no âmbito da simplicidade) e fonte pequena (no âmbito da perceptibilidade) não são as principais causas de incompreensão na leitura das bulas, como se supôs inicialmente. O estudo evidenciou que desvios na estrutura e na concisão das bulas podem ter um impacto tão ou mais negativo na compreensão desses textos do que os aspectos anteriormente citados. Além disso, foi possível constatar que cada uma das dimensões possui um peso diferente na compreensibilidade das bulas analisadas devido a diferenças linguísticas e culturais entre os pares alemão/português e Alemanha/Brasil. / In this research, a contrastive linguistic analysis of German and Brazilian package inserts was developed. The main aim of this analysis was to identify the degree of comprehensibility in each text, according to the Karlsruhe model dimensions: concision, correctness, motivation, structure, simplicity and perceptibility. To achieve this aim, it was necessary to review some concepts of the Textual Linguistics and procedures of the Contrastive Textology, such as the definitions of text and textual genre, the method of comparing parallel texts and the establishment of a point of comparison. In general, the results of the contrastive analysis have shown that technical terms (in the scope of simplicity) and small font (perceptibility) are not the main causes of misunderstanding of package inserts, as it was supposed initially. The study has highlighted that deviances in the structure and in the concision of package inserts may have an impact in the comprehension of these texts as negative as the aspects forementioned, if not more. Moreover, it was possible to notice that each dimension has a different weight in the comprehensibility of the analyzed package inserts because of the linguistic and cultural differences between German/Portuguese and Germany/Brazil.

v anglickém jazyce This thesis focuses on the analyses of the axiological modality of the group of emotional verbs in French. After defining the basic terms associated with the axiological modality and enumerating the means of its expression, the syntactically and semantically homogenous group of emotional verbs is specified (affectionner, aimer, chérir, adorer, idolâtrer, détester, haïr, abhorrer, exécrer) and then put to the quantitative analysis based on the corpora FRANTEXT, Araneum Francogallicum Maius and l'Est républicain. The following qualitative analysis is based on the parallel corpus InterCorp. On the basis of dictionary definitions and contrastive research, the axiological scale of the examined words is formed and then verified by the native speakers via questionnaires. In the end, the factors influencing the axiological value of the verb aimer are investigated.

This thesis describes the various uses of the passive voice in Norwegian and Czech. The theoretical part defines the category of voice and describes different ways of expressing the passive voice in both languages. The practical part comprises two largely independent chapters. The first one uses text corpora to explore the ratio between the active and passive voice as well as the frequency of different passive constructions in technical, journalistic and literary styles. The second chapter focuses mainly on methods of translating the passive voice used in Norwegian literature to Czech; however, it also touches the topic of the overall frequency of the passive voice in translation.

Nesta dissertação, foi desenvolvida uma análise linguística contrastiva de bulas de medicamento brasileiras e alemãs. O principal objetivo dessa análise era identificar o grau de compreensibilidade de cada um dos textos, segundo as dimensões do modelo de Karlsruhe: Concisão, Correção, Motivação, Estrutura, Simplicidade e Perceptibilidade. Para isso, foram retomados conceitos da Linguística Textual e procedimentos da Textologia Contrastiva, como as definições de texto e gênero textual, o método de comparação de textos paralelos e o estabelecimento de um termo de comparação. De maneira geral, os resultados da análise contrastiva indicaram que termos técnicos (no âmbito da simplicidade) e fonte pequena (no âmbito da perceptibilidade) não são as principais causas de incompreensão na leitura das bulas, como se supôs inicialmente. O estudo evidenciou que desvios na estrutura e na concisão das bulas podem ter um impacto tão ou mais negativo na compreensão desses textos do que os aspectos anteriormente citados. Além disso, foi possível constatar que cada uma das dimensões possui um peso diferente na compreensibilidade das bulas analisadas devido a diferenças linguísticas e culturais entre os pares alemão/português e Alemanha/Brasil. / In this research, a contrastive linguistic analysis of German and Brazilian package inserts was developed. The main aim of this analysis was to identify the degree of comprehensibility in each text, according to the Karlsruhe model dimensions: concision, correctness, motivation, structure, simplicity and perceptibility. To achieve this aim, it was necessary to review some concepts of the Textual Linguistics and procedures of the Contrastive Textology, such as the definitions of text and textual genre, the method of comparing parallel texts and the establishment of a point of comparison. In general, the results of the contrastive analysis have shown that technical terms (in the scope of simplicity) and small font (perceptibility) are not the main causes of misunderstanding of package inserts, as it was supposed initially. The study has highlighted that deviances in the structure and in the concision of package inserts may have an impact in the comprehension of these texts as negative as the aspects forementioned, if not more. Moreover, it was possible to notice that each dimension has a different weight in the comprehensibility of the analyzed package inserts because of the linguistic and cultural differences between German/Portuguese and Germany/Brazil.

<p>Sinestezijska metafora smatra se posebnom vrstom metafore kod koje je izvorni domen utisak primljen preko jednog čula, dok je ciljni domen utisak primljen preko drugog čula, npr. o&scaron;tar ukus, sladak miris, tople boje i sl. Rezultati dosada&scaron;njih istraživanja ukazuju na izvesne op&scaron;te tendencije vezane za smer metaforičkog preslikavanja kod sinestezijskih metafora: hijerarhijski &bdquo;niža&ldquo; čula, kao &scaron;to su dodir i ukus, preslikavaju se na &bdquo;vi&scaron;a&ldquo; čula, kao &scaron;to su zvuk i vid, odnosno, konkretniji i dostupniji čulni modaliteti preslikavaju se na apstraktnije. Primećeno je da ove tendencije postoje u različitim jezicima i različitim diskursima i da su primenjive kako kod dijahronih tako i kod sinhronih istraživanja. S druge strane, utvrđene su i izvesne razlike između različitih jezika koje se mogu pripisati pre svega kulturolo&scaron;kim uticajima. S obzirom na to da su u sinestezijskim metaforama oba domena čulna, posebna pažnja se posvećuje i specifičnoj perceptivnoj ali i kognitivnoj osnovi ovih metafora.<br />Cilj istraživanja u ovoj disertaciji je da se kroz kontrastivnu analizu izuče sinestezijsko-metaforički prenosi značenja u engleskom i srpskom jeziku i ukaže na univerzalne tendencije kao i međujezičke varijacije, dok se posebna pažnja posvećuje upravo perceptivnim, kognitivnim i kulturolo&scaron;kim aspektima ove pojave.<br />Istraživačka građa sačinjena je od sinestezijskih prideva, odnosno prideva koji imaju dva ili vi&scaron;e značenja u različitim čulnim domenima. Istraživanje je rađeno na osnovu rečničke analize, dok su konsultovani i elektronski korpusi. Za svaki čulni domen (a ukoliko je moguće i za poddomene nekih čula) ustanovljene su tendencije u smerovima metaforičkog preslikavanja. Rezultati su obrađeni deskriptivnom i kontrastivnom metodom i obrazloženi uz pomoć saznanja iz oblasti kognitivne lingvistike ali i drugih naučnih oblasti.</p> / <p>Synaesthetic metaphors are considered to be a special type of metaphor in which one sensory modality is described in terms of another, e.g. sharp taste, sweet smell, warm colours etc. Research conducted in different languages indicates that there are certain tendencies concerning the directionality of metaphoric mapping: that hierarchically &ldquo;lower&rdquo; senses, such as touch and taste tend to map onto &ldquo;higher&rdquo; modalities, such as sound and sight; alternatively, we can say that more concrete and more accessible modalities tend to map onto more abstract ones. The determined tendencies proved to be applicable even to linguistically unrelated languages, different registers and to both diachronic and synchronic studies. On the other hand, there are certain differences among different languages, which can be attributed to cultural influences. Also, since both domains in synaesthetic metaphors are sensory modalities, a special emphasis in studies is placed on the particular perceptive as well as cognitive bases of this phenomenon.<br />The research in this thesis is a contrastive analysis of synaesthetic transfers of meaning in English and Serbian. The aim of the research is to point to universal tendencies of synaesthetic metaphors and cross-linguistic variations between the two languages, while special emphasis is placed on the particular perceptive and cognitive bases of this phenomenon, as well as the influences of culture on the formation of these expressions.<br />The language material is composed of synaesthetic adjectives, i.e. adjectives that have two or more meanings in different sensory domains. The research is based on the analyses of dictionary entries of English and Serbian sensory adjectives, while additional examples are collected form electronic corpora. The directionality of mapping is determined for each sensory domain (and, if possible, for sensory subdomains). The research results are analysed using descriptive and contrastive methods and explained using findings from the field of cognitive linguistics as well as other relevant scientific fields.</p>

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