Magistro baigiamajame darbe išanalizuota tabako gaminių ženklinimo politika, jos pokyčių svarba ir įtaka tabako vartojimo paplitimo mažinimui. Pirmoje dalyje išskiriama tabako daroma žala sveikatai ir aptariama PSO strategija „Sveikata visiems XXI a.“, Tabako kontrolės pagrindų konvencija bei Tabako gaminių direktyva. Antroje dalyje nagrinėjama tabako gaminių kontrolės ir įgyvendinimo politika Lietuvoje. Šioje dalyje pabrėžiama tabako kontrolės politikos sistema, išskiriant svarbiausias vyriausybės programas ir įstatymus, kontrabandos prevencijos ir akcizų didinimo svarbą šalies ekonomikai bei sveikatos sektoriui. Trečioje dalyje kalbama apie tabako gaminių ženklinimo svarbą, aptariami ženklinimo būdai Lietuvoje ir kitose šalyse, išsakoma gamintojų pozicija. Ketvirtoje dalyje pateikiama kokybinio tyrimo metodika, analizė ir apibendrinimas. Darbas užbaigiamas pateikiant išvadas ir rekomendacijas, kaip būtų galima tobulinti tabako gaminių ženklinimo politiką Lietuvoje. / Master's thesis analyzed tobacco labeling policy, the importance of it’s changes and the impact of reducing the prevalence of tobacco use. The first part identifies the tobaccorelated harm to health and discusses the WHO strategy "Health for all XXIst century ", Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and Tobacco Products Directive. The second part analyzed tobacco control policy implementation in Lithuania. It highlights tobacco control policy framework, highlighting the most important government programs and laws, smuggling prevention and excise increase importance for the national economy and the health sector. The third part presents importance of the labeling of tobacco products, discusses methods of labeling in Lithuania and other countries, conveys producers’ position. The fourth part is based on analysis and generalization. The thesis is completed by the findings and recommendations on how to improve the labeling of tobacco policy in Lithuania.

The presence of uncertainty in model predictive control (MPC) has been accounted for using two types of approaches: robust MPC (RMPC) and stochastic MPC (SMPC). Ideal RMPC and SMPC formulations consider closed-loop optimal control problems whose exact solution, via dynamic programming, is intractable for most systems. Much effort then has been devoted to find good compromises between the degree of optimality and computational tractability. This thesis expands on this effort and presents robust and stochastic MPC strategies with reduced online computational requirements where the conservativeness incurred is made as small as conveniently possible. Two RMPC strategies are proposed for linear systems under additive uncertainty. They are based on a recently proposed approach which uses a triangular prediction structure and a non-linear control policy. One strategy considers a transference of part of the computation of the control policy to an offline stage. The other strategy considers a modification of the prediction structure so that it has a striped structure and the disturbance compensation extends throughout an infinite horizon. An RMPC strategy for linear systems with additive and multiplicative uncertainty is also presented. It considers polytopic dynamics that are designed so as to maximize the volume of an invariant ellipsoid, and are used in a dual-mode prediction scheme where constraint satisfaction is ensured by an approach based on a variation of Farkas' Lemma. Finally, two SMPC strategies for linear systems with additive uncertainty are presented, which use an affine-in-the-disturbances control policy with a striped structure. One strategy considers an offline sequential design of the gains of the control policy, while these are variables in the online optimization in the other. Control theoretic properties, such as recursive feasibility and stability, are studied for all the proposed strategies. Numerical comparisons show that the proposed algorithms can provide a convenient compromise in terms of computational demands and control authority.

Dans le contexte international actuel, les entreprises doivent être capables de développer des stratégies leur permettant d’augmenter leurs performances et d'être plus compétitives. Cet environnement très évolutif introduit de nombreuses incertitudes et contraintes qui rendent beaucoup plus difficile la détermination de la meilleure stratégie à adopter selon les objectifs fixés. Le travail développé dans cette thèse, s’inscrit dans ce cadre et nous nous intéressons plus précisément à l'optimisation du pilotage de systèmes de production soumis à aléas (comme les pannes des machines) de façon à minimiser les coûts globaux. Pour la modélisation, le modèle à flux continus est choisi afin de représenter le flux de matières transitant dans le système. Ce modèle, nous permet également d'intégrer les délais de transfert et de transport entre les différents éléments qui composent le système.La méthode de résolution analytique utilisée est issue des méthodes d’analyse de sensibilité et correspond à la méthode d’analyse des perturbations infinitésimales (IPA). Cette méthode nous permet de déduire à partir d'une étude de trajectoires, un gradient du coût global pour chacune des études menées. Nous prouvons alors que ces gradients ne sont pas biaisés. Cela nous permet de les utiliser dans des simulations numériques. Ces simulations nous permettent de déterminer les variables de décision des stratégies de pilotage du système considéré. Le pilotage intègre la maintenance à la production. Pour le pilotage des systèmes considérés, nous considérons également des contraintes liées aux trois piliers du développement durable. Ces contraintes sont intégrées à nos modèles sous forme de coûts. Ainsi, les coûts globaux peuvent comporter en plus de coûts purement économiques, des coûts environnementaux et sociaux. Nous montrons donc que l'approche de résolution proposée peut être utilisée pour optimiser d'autres objectifs dans un cadre de durabilité / In the current international context, companies need to be able to develop strategies to increase their performance and become more competitive. This rapidly changing environment introduces many uncertainties and constraints, making much more difficult to determine the best strategy according to the objectives set. The work developed in this thesis falls within this context and, more precisely, we are interested in the optimization of the control of production systems subject to uncertainties (such as machine failures) in order to minimize the overall costs. For modeling, the continuous-flow model is chosen to represent the material flow moving through the system. This model allows us to integrate transfer and transportation delays between the different components of the system. The analytical resolution method used is based on the sensitivity analysis methods and corresponds to the infinitesimal perturbation analysis method (IPA). This method allows us to deduce, based on learning from sample-paths, a gradient of the overall cost for each of the studies conducted. We prove that these gradients are unbiased, which allows us to use them in numerical simulations. The simulations allow us to determine the decision variables of control strategies of the studied systems. The control integrates the maintenance to the production. For the control of the considered systems, we also take into account constraints linked to the three pillars of sustainable development. These constraints are integrated into our models in terms of costs. Thus, the overall costs may not only include purely economic costs, but also environmental and social costs. We show that the proposed resolution approach may be used to optimize other objectives within a sustainability framework

Existe um consenso que o modelo atual de Conferências de Saúde se esgotou e questionamentos quanto à efetividade do controle social efetuado via Conselhos de Saúde. Objetivo: Descrever a percepção dos membros do Conselho Estadual de Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul (CES/RS) quanto ao modelo de controle social por meio de conselhos de saúde. Métodos: Entrevistas semiestruturadas com representantes titulares dos quatro segmentos do Conselho Estadual de Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul (CES/RS), realizadas em 2016. Resultados: Embora com graus diferentes de problematização, todos os entrevistados percebem que o modelo de conselhos para o controle social na saúde urge aprimoramento e que a realidade do CES/RS é semelhante aos demais conselhos no país. Os mecanismos percebidos como falhos pelos entrevistados e que deveriam ser aprimorados relacionam-se, principalmente: ao quadro de conselheiros; ao imperativo de maior reconhecimento, flexibilidade e integração do órgão; e, à necessidade de um modelo fortalecido e que cumpra integralmente suas atribuições com efetiva representatividade. Como pontos positivos, quase que por unanimidade, convenciona-se destacar a existência dos conselhos como uma conquista social. Ao se buscar a existência de proposta alternativa à atual dos conselhos chegou-se à constatação do desconhecimento da existência de tais propostas pelos entrevistados, ainda que tenha sido percebida a necessidade de novo modelo. Conclusão: Segundo a percepção dos conselheiros entrevistados, semelhante aos relatos encontrados na literatura, são várias as dificuldades que os conselhos enfrentam enquanto órgãos de controle social. Neste contexto, sua adequação como modelo de democracia participativa deve ser, ao menos, interrogada. / There is a consensus that the current model of Health Conferences are exhausted and there are questions about the effectiveness of social control carried out through Health Councils. Objective: To describe the perception of members of the State Health Council of Rio Grande do Sul (CES/RS) regarding the model of social control through health councils. Methods: Semistructured interviews with representatives of the four segments of the State Health Council of Rio Grande do Sul (CES/RS), held in 2016. Results: Although with different degrees of questioning, all respondents realize that the advice model for social control in health improvement is urgent and that the reality of CES / RS is similar to other councils in the country. The mechanisms perceived as flawed by respondents and should be improved relate mainly: the advisory board composition; the need for greater recognition, flexibility and integration of the Council; and the need for a strengthened model that fully fulfills its attributions. As a positive point, almost unanimously, stands out the existence of councils as a social achievement. Regarding the existence of an alternative proposal to the current councils, it was verified the lack of knowledge of the existence of such proposals by the interviewees, even though the need for a new model was perceived. Conclusion: According to the perception of the counselors interviewed, similar to the reports found in the literature, the councils face several difficulties as a mechanism of social control. In this context, its adequacy as a model of participatory democracy must be at least questioned.

Flexible structures are increasingly used in various applications such as aerospace, automotive and so on. Since they are lightly damped and susceptible to vibrations, active vibration control is desirable. In practice, in addition to achieving effective vibration reduction, we have also to consider the required control energy to avoid the energy insufficiency, the control input to avoid control saturation and reduce the effects of measurement noises. On the other hand, as flexible structures have infinite number of resonant modes and only the first few can be employed in the system modeling and the controller design, there always exist neglected high-frequency dynamics, which can induce the spillover instability. Furthermore, the parametric uncertainties on modal parameters can degrade the control performances and even destabilize the closed-loop system. In this context, a quantitative robust control methodology for active vibration control of flexible structure is proposed in this thesis. Phase and gain control polices are first proposed to enforce frequency-dependent phase and gain requirements on the controller, which can be realized by the output feedback H1 control design. The phase and gain control polices based H1 control can make a trade-off among the complete set of control objectives and offer a qualitative robust controller. Especially, the LPV H1 control is used to reduce the required control energy for LPV systems. The generalized polynomial chaos (gPC) framework with finite element analysis is employed for uncertainty quantification. It allows us to investigate the effects of structural property uncertainties on natural frequencies and achieve their probabilistic information. Then, in the presence of parametric and dynamic uncertainties, µ / v analysis and the random algorithm using Monte Carlo Method are used to quantitatively ensure the closed-loop stability and performance robustness properties both in deterministic and probabilistic senses. The proposed quantitative robust control methodology is thus developed by employing various techniques from automatic control and mechanical engineering, thus reducing the gap between them for robust vibration control of flexible structures. Its effectiveness are verified by numerical simulations and experimental validation on LTI and LPV non-collocated piezoelectric cantilever beams.

In this thesis, by being motivated from the challenges in perinatal networks, we address design, evaluation and flow control of a stochastic healthcare network where there exist multiple levels of hospitals and different types of patients. Patients are supposed urgent; thus they can be rejected and overflow to another facility in the same network if no service capacity is available at their arrival. Rejection of patients due to the lack of service capacity is the common phenomenon in overflow networks. We approach the problem from both strategic and operational perspectives. In strategic part, we address a location & capacity planning problem for adjusting the network to better meet demographic changes. In operational part, we study the optimal patient admission control policies to increase flexibility in allocation of resources and improve the control of patient flow in the network. Finally, in order to evaluate the performance of the network, we develop new approximation methodologies that estimate the rejection probabilities in each hospital for each arriving patient group, thus the overflow probabilities among hospitals. Furthermore, an agent-based discrete-event simulation model is constructed to adequately represent our main applicationarea: Nord Hauts-de-Seine Perinatal Network. The simulation model is used to evaluate the performance of the complex network and more importantly evaluate the strength of the optimal results of our analytical models. The developed methodologies in this thesis are combined in a decision support tool, foreseen under the project "COVER", which aims to assist health system managers to effectively plan strategic and operational decisions of a healthcare network and evaluate the performance of their decisions.

Existe um consenso que o modelo atual de Conferências de Saúde se esgotou e questionamentos quanto à efetividade do controle social efetuado via Conselhos de Saúde. Objetivo: Descrever a percepção dos membros do Conselho Estadual de Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul (CES/RS) quanto ao modelo de controle social por meio de conselhos de saúde. Métodos: Entrevistas semiestruturadas com representantes titulares dos quatro segmentos do Conselho Estadual de Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul (CES/RS), realizadas em 2016. Resultados: Embora com graus diferentes de problematização, todos os entrevistados percebem que o modelo de conselhos para o controle social na saúde urge aprimoramento e que a realidade do CES/RS é semelhante aos demais conselhos no país. Os mecanismos percebidos como falhos pelos entrevistados e que deveriam ser aprimorados relacionam-se, principalmente: ao quadro de conselheiros; ao imperativo de maior reconhecimento, flexibilidade e integração do órgão; e, à necessidade de um modelo fortalecido e que cumpra integralmente suas atribuições com efetiva representatividade. Como pontos positivos, quase que por unanimidade, convenciona-se destacar a existência dos conselhos como uma conquista social. Ao se buscar a existência de proposta alternativa à atual dos conselhos chegou-se à constatação do desconhecimento da existência de tais propostas pelos entrevistados, ainda que tenha sido percebida a necessidade de novo modelo. Conclusão: Segundo a percepção dos conselheiros entrevistados, semelhante aos relatos encontrados na literatura, são várias as dificuldades que os conselhos enfrentam enquanto órgãos de controle social. Neste contexto, sua adequação como modelo de democracia participativa deve ser, ao menos, interrogada. / There is a consensus that the current model of Health Conferences are exhausted and there are questions about the effectiveness of social control carried out through Health Councils. Objective: To describe the perception of members of the State Health Council of Rio Grande do Sul (CES/RS) regarding the model of social control through health councils. Methods: Semistructured interviews with representatives of the four segments of the State Health Council of Rio Grande do Sul (CES/RS), held in 2016. Results: Although with different degrees of questioning, all respondents realize that the advice model for social control in health improvement is urgent and that the reality of CES / RS is similar to other councils in the country. The mechanisms perceived as flawed by respondents and should be improved relate mainly: the advisory board composition; the need for greater recognition, flexibility and integration of the Council; and the need for a strengthened model that fully fulfills its attributions. As a positive point, almost unanimously, stands out the existence of councils as a social achievement. Regarding the existence of an alternative proposal to the current councils, it was verified the lack of knowledge of the existence of such proposals by the interviewees, even though the need for a new model was perceived. Conclusion: According to the perception of the counselors interviewed, similar to the reports found in the literature, the councils face several difficulties as a mechanism of social control. In this context, its adequacy as a model of participatory democracy must be at least questioned.

Existe um consenso que o modelo atual de Conferências de Saúde se esgotou e questionamentos quanto à efetividade do controle social efetuado via Conselhos de Saúde. Objetivo: Descrever a percepção dos membros do Conselho Estadual de Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul (CES/RS) quanto ao modelo de controle social por meio de conselhos de saúde. Métodos: Entrevistas semiestruturadas com representantes titulares dos quatro segmentos do Conselho Estadual de Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul (CES/RS), realizadas em 2016. Resultados: Embora com graus diferentes de problematização, todos os entrevistados percebem que o modelo de conselhos para o controle social na saúde urge aprimoramento e que a realidade do CES/RS é semelhante aos demais conselhos no país. Os mecanismos percebidos como falhos pelos entrevistados e que deveriam ser aprimorados relacionam-se, principalmente: ao quadro de conselheiros; ao imperativo de maior reconhecimento, flexibilidade e integração do órgão; e, à necessidade de um modelo fortalecido e que cumpra integralmente suas atribuições com efetiva representatividade. Como pontos positivos, quase que por unanimidade, convenciona-se destacar a existência dos conselhos como uma conquista social. Ao se buscar a existência de proposta alternativa à atual dos conselhos chegou-se à constatação do desconhecimento da existência de tais propostas pelos entrevistados, ainda que tenha sido percebida a necessidade de novo modelo. Conclusão: Segundo a percepção dos conselheiros entrevistados, semelhante aos relatos encontrados na literatura, são várias as dificuldades que os conselhos enfrentam enquanto órgãos de controle social. Neste contexto, sua adequação como modelo de democracia participativa deve ser, ao menos, interrogada. / There is a consensus that the current model of Health Conferences are exhausted and there are questions about the effectiveness of social control carried out through Health Councils. Objective: To describe the perception of members of the State Health Council of Rio Grande do Sul (CES/RS) regarding the model of social control through health councils. Methods: Semistructured interviews with representatives of the four segments of the State Health Council of Rio Grande do Sul (CES/RS), held in 2016. Results: Although with different degrees of questioning, all respondents realize that the advice model for social control in health improvement is urgent and that the reality of CES / RS is similar to other councils in the country. The mechanisms perceived as flawed by respondents and should be improved relate mainly: the advisory board composition; the need for greater recognition, flexibility and integration of the Council; and the need for a strengthened model that fully fulfills its attributions. As a positive point, almost unanimously, stands out the existence of councils as a social achievement. Regarding the existence of an alternative proposal to the current councils, it was verified the lack of knowledge of the existence of such proposals by the interviewees, even though the need for a new model was perceived. Conclusion: According to the perception of the counselors interviewed, similar to the reports found in the literature, the councils face several difficulties as a mechanism of social control. In this context, its adequacy as a model of participatory democracy must be at least questioned.

Les structures flexibles sont de plus en plus utilisées dans des domaines variés comme l'aérospatiale, l'automobile, etc. Les avantages du contrôle actif des vibrations sont son faible amortissement et sa sensibilité aux vibrations. Dans la réalité, en plus des exigences de réduction effective des vibrations, il faut également prendre en compte la quantité d'énergie nécessaire pour le contrôle, les entrées du contrôle pour éviter la saturation de commande, ainsi que la réduction des effets des bruits de mesure. D'autre part, comme les structures flexibles ont une infinité de modes de résonance et que seuls les premiers modes peuvent être utilisés dans la modélisation du système et dans la conception de contrôleur, les dynamiques négligées en hautes fréquences peuvent induire une instabilité dite "spill over". De plus, les incertitudes sur les paramètres modaux peuvent dégrader les performances de contrôle et même déstabiliser le système en boucle fermée. Dans ce contexte, on propose dans cette thèse une méthodologie quantitative de contrôle actif et robuste des vibrations des structures flexibles. Des stratégies de contrôle de la phase et du gain sont d'abord proposées pour assurer des spécifications dépendant de la fréquence sur la phase et le gain du contrôleur. Ces spécifications peuvent être réalisées par la conception du contrôleur par la méthode Hoo . Le contrôle H00 basé sur ces stratégies permet d'obtenir un compromis entre l'ensemble des objectifs de contrôle et d'offrir un contrôleur robuste qualitatif. En particulier, nous avons utilisé le contrôle LPV Hoo pour réduire l'énergie nécessaire au contrôle du système LPV. Le cadre généralisé du chaos polynomial (gPC) avec analyse par éléments finis, qui permet l'étude des effets des incertitudes de propriétés structurelles sur les fréquences naturelles et qui permet d'obtenir leurs informations probabilistes, est employé pour la quantification des incertitudes. Ensuite, en présence des incertitudes paramétriques et dynamiques, nous avons utilisé l'analyse 11/v et l'algorithme aléatoire en utilisant la méthode de Monte-Carlo pour assurer en même temps la stabilité en boucle fermée et les propriétés de robustesse de la performance à la fois dans le sens déterministe et le sens .probabiliste. La méthodologie de contrôle robuste quantitatif proposée est donc développée en employant des techniques diverses du contrôle automatique et du génie mécanique, et ainsi permet de réduire l'écart entre eux pour le contrôle robuste de la vibration pour des structures flexibles. Son efficacité est vérifiée par des simulations numériques et la validation expérimentale sur des poutres équipées de piézoélectriques non-colocalisés, LTI et LPV. / Flexible structures are increasingly used in various applications such as aerospace, automotive and so on. Since they are lightly damped and susceptible to vibrations, active vibration control is desirable. In practice, in addition to achieving effective vibration reduction, we have also to consider the required control energy to avoid the energy insufficiency, the control input to avoid control saturation and reduce the effects of measurement noises. On the other hand, as flexible structures have infinite number of resonant modes and only the first few can be employed in the system modeling and the controller design, there always exist neglected high-frequency dynamics, which can induce the spillover instability. Furthermore, the parametric uncertainties on modal parameters can degrade the control performances and even destabilize the closed-loop system. In this context, a quantitative robust control methodology for active vibration control of flexible structure is proposed in this thesis. Phase and gain control polices are first proposed to enforce frequency-dependent phase and gain requirements on the controller, which can be realized by the output feedback H1 control design. The phase and gain control polices based H1 control can make a trade-off among the complete set of control objectives and offer a qualitative robust controller. Especially, the LPV H1 control is used to reduce the required control energy for LPV systems. The generalized polynomial chaos (gPC) framework with finite element analysis is employed for uncertainty quantification. It allows us to investigate the effects of structural property uncertainties on natural frequencies and achieve their probabilistic information. Then, in the presence of parametric and dynamic uncertainties, µ / v analysis and the random algorithm using Monte Carlo Method are used to quantitatively ensure the closed-loop stability and performance robustness properties both in deterministic and probabilistic senses. The proposed quantitative robust control methodology is thus developed by employing various techniques from automatic control and mechanical engineering, thus reducing the gap between them for robust vibration control of flexible structures. Its effectiveness are verified by numerical simulations and experimental validation on LTI and LPV non-collocated piezoelectric cantilever beams.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Information is the most precious assets to organizations; hence it is necessary to have mechanisms to protect it and to make it available only to whom have factual permission to use it. Considering the need for protection of the information in organizations it is proposed in this work a system to manage access control policies which can be easily used, that is, it does not require any knowledge of policies codification language. Further, as the creation of new policies could generate conflicts with existent ones, this work also proposes algorithms which manage automatically, in a period of policies creation, the control of some kinds of conflicts, such as interest conflicts. As result, we have offer a Access Control Police Management System that enable that the process of generation and editing policies occurs easily and without conflicts. The reference model used in this work refers to health organizations; however this study can be applied in other fields. / A informação é o bem mais valioso para as organizações, logo deve-se ter mecanismos para que ela possa ser bem protegida e que seja disponível somente para quem tem real permissão de utilizá-la. Dado esta necessidade de proteção da informação nas organizações, propõe-se neste trabalho um sistema de gerenciamento de políticas de controle de acesso, que possa ser utilizado de forma facilitada, ou seja, não requerendo conhecimento de linguagem de codificação de políticas. Adicionalmente, como a criação de novas políticas pode gerar conflitos com as já existentes, este trabalho propõe também algoritmos que gerenciam automaticamente, em tempo de criação das políticas, o controle de alguns tipos de conflitos, tais como conflitos de interesse. Como resultado tem-se um Sistema Gerenciador de Políticas de Controle de Acesso que possibilita que o processo de geração e edição de políticas ocorra de maneira facilitada e sem conflitos. O modelo de referência utilizado neste trabalho refere-se no âmbito de organizações da saúde, mas o estudo realizado pode ser utilizado em outras áreas.