The Master’s thesis discusses wireless thermostat for a control boiler. In order to complete the project we have to design and realise the whole project with software design. The system contains two units, a master control and a measurement of regulation units. The project initially talks about regulation of heating systems for family houses and larger buildings like schools and stores for example. Next, the project describes the control and regulation units and their potential extension for effective and economical operation. Both units are equipped with microcontrollers, which these control each of function. The communication between both units is provided by wireless interface in free radio band ISM. There is a user interface for the master control unit’s regulation process. The measurement and regulation unit has only the possibility to switch between manual and automatic control for regulation of heating system.

This diploma thesis deals with the design and optimization of the control valve for EHRS exchanger. The first part of the thesis contains a research describing the historical development of internal combustion engines, their impact on the environment and especially the possible ways of waste heat recovery. The second part focuses on the design of the control valve and experimental measurement to verify its functionality. The final part contains an analysis of pressure losses of the designed valve to improve its construction disadvantages.

In this paper numerical flow calculations with respect to the annular gaps with added radial grooves normaly used on the spools of directional control valves were carried out. The impact of various annular gap geometries and radial grooves during variable pressure conditions, and while using different hydraulic fluids, on the flows through annular gaps were investigated for different flow regimes. Samples with different geometries and numbers of radial groves on the spool of the directional control valve were also made for the purpose of carrying out flow measurements. The two different hydraulic fluids that were used in the numerical simulations and for the flow measurements were a hydraulic mineral oil and tap water. The results of the numerical calculations for the different models of the radial grooves with axially symmetric geometries show their impact on the internal leakage with respect to three different regimes of flow. The results of the numerical calculations based on the use of a hydraulic oil show a trend that was established by the experimental investigation.

To minimize the complexity of existing process control valves, the authors derived a new control valve design by functional separation and functional integration of functions. One key element of this new valve design is the functional integration of teh actuator into the valve´s throttle. A hydraulic swivel motor is operated with the process fluid, in this case water. The pressure difference to operate the motor comes from the valve itself. Within this paper we present the control valve design and show in detail how we used the Fail-Early design method to develop the hydraulic swivel motor. The construction is discussed using the experience from manufacturing the prototype and the first exp erimental results are shown. The experiments yield, that the swivel motor principle is promising. Finally, the next development issues are discussed.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Electronic Fuel Control (EFC) valve regulates fuel flow to the injector fuel supply line in the Cummins Pressure Time (PT) fuel system. The EFC system controls the fuel flow by means of a variable orifice that is electrically actuated. The supplier of the EFC valves inspects all parts before they are sent out. Their inspection test results provide a characteristic curve which shows the relationship between pressure and current provided to the EFC valve. This curve documents the steady state characteristics of the valve but does not adequately capture its dynamic response. A dynamic test procedure is developed in order to evaluate the performance of the EFC valves. The test itself helps to understand the effects that proposed design changes will have on the stability of the overall engine system. A by product of this test is the ability to evaluate returned EFC valves that have experienced stability issues. The test determines whether an EFC valve is faulted or not before it goes out to prime time use. The characteristics of a good valve and bad valve can be observed after the dynamic test. In this thesis, a mathematical model has been combined with experimental research to investigate and understand the behavior of the characteristics of different types of EFC valves. The model takes into account the dynamics of the electrical and mechanical portions of the EFC valves. System Identification has been addressed to determine the transfer functions of the different types of EFC valves that were experimented. Methods have been used both in frequency domain as well as time domain. Also, based on the characteristic patterns exhibited by the EFC valves, fuzzy logic has been implemented for the use of pattern classification.

<p>The development in the steam turbine business is heading for applications with much higher steam parameters since this enables a raised efficiency. Steam parameters refer to the pressure and the temperature of the steam. The aim of this study was to generate concepts for steam turbine inlet control valves designed for higher pressure and temperature in comparison with the present design. Future steam power plants using solar energy, based on tower technology, request this kind of performance and are an important potential market.</p><p>This master thesis at Linköping University has been written in collaboration with Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB. The performed work has incorporated literature studies, functional analysis and solid mechanics analysis, flow analysis, evaluation of sealings and cup springs and development of the dimensioning data for the future control valve. The aim was to find a design concept that sustains the new and higher steam parameters and is tolerant concerning vibrations.</p><p>A systematical way to work has been applied during the project and a detailed planning was continuously followed and adjusted. Major methods used were product design specification, quality function deployment, morphological matrices, decision matrices and failure mode and effect analysis. Important programs used during the project were Pro/ENGINEER, MATLAB, FloEFD and MS Excel.</p><p>Today’s valves are dimensioned for much lower performance than the new requirements in terms of pressure and temperature. The main problem for the present design is that the opening and closing forces requirements, with the new higher pressure, get unreasonably large. Therefore were many of the developed concepts equipped with a pressure balancing feature. This feature also gives another desirable result; the vibrations (that is the source of many of the problems with the present design) will also be reduced.</p><p>During the early concept development phase, 15 different concepts were generated and after the concept evaluation only three concepts remained. These concepts were further developed in different areas of interest and finally one of the three was chosen to be the winning concept. The new valve design will most likely meet the requirements and has the potential to be refined for even higher pressure for future demands.</p> / <p>Utvecklingen inom ångturbiner går mot applikationer med mycket högre ångdata eftersom detta möjliggör en ökad effektivitet. Ångdata refererar till ångans tryck och temperatur. Uppgiften var att generera koncept för inloppsreglerventiler (till ångturbiner) dimensionerade för högre tryck och temperatur jämfört med dagens design. Framtida ångkraftverk som drivs av solenergi, så kallade soltorn, efterfrågar denna prestanda och är en viktig framtida marknad.</p><p>Detta examensarbete vid Linköpings Universitet har skrivits i samverkan med Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB. Det genomförda arbetet har innefattat litteraturstudier, funktionsanalys och hållfasthetsanalys, flödesanalys, utvärdering av tätningar och tallriksfjädrar samt framtagning av dimensioneringsunderlag för den framtida reglerventilen. Målet var att finna ett koncept som klarar av dessa nya och högre ångdata och är tåligt beträffande vibrationer.</p><p>Ett systematiskt arbetssätt har anammats under projektet och en detaljerad planering upprättades och uppdaterades kontinuerligt. Viktiga metoder som använts är PDS (Product Design Specification), QFD (Quality Function Deployment), morfologisk matris, relativ beslutsmatris och feleffektanalys. Viktiga program som använts i projektet är Pro/ENGINEER, MATLAB, FloEFD och MS Excel.</p><p>Dagens ventiler är dimensionerade för mycket lägre prestanda än de nya kraven kräver i termer av tryck och temperatur. Det huvudsakliga problemet med den nuvarande designen var att kraven på de öppnande och stängande krafterna, med dessa nya ångdata, blir orimligt höga. Därför har många av de framtagna koncepten utrustats med tryckbalanserande funktion. Denna funktion ger också ett annat önskvärt resultat; vibrationerna (som är källan till många problem med dagens design) kommer även de att reduceras.</p><p>Under den tidiga konceptutvecklingsfasen genererades 15 olika koncept och efter konceptutvärderingen återstod bara tre. Dessa koncept vidareutvecklades inom olika intressanta områden och slutligen valdes ett av koncepten som det vinnande. Den nya ventildesignen kommer med stor sannolikhet att uppfylla kraven och har potential att förfinas för ännu högre tryck för framtida krav.</p>

The development in the steam turbine business is heading for applications with much higher steam parameters since this enables a raised efficiency. Steam parameters refer to the pressure and the temperature of the steam. The aim of this study was to generate concepts for steam turbine inlet control valves designed for higher pressure and temperature in comparison with the present design. Future steam power plants using solar energy, based on tower technology, request this kind of performance and are an important potential market. This master thesis at Linköping University has been written in collaboration with Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB. The performed work has incorporated literature studies, functional analysis and solid mechanics analysis, flow analysis, evaluation of sealings and cup springs and development of the dimensioning data for the future control valve. The aim was to find a design concept that sustains the new and higher steam parameters and is tolerant concerning vibrations. A systematical way to work has been applied during the project and a detailed planning was continuously followed and adjusted. Major methods used were product design specification, quality function deployment, morphological matrices, decision matrices and failure mode and effect analysis. Important programs used during the project were Pro/ENGINEER, MATLAB, FloEFD and MS Excel. Today’s valves are dimensioned for much lower performance than the new requirements in terms of pressure and temperature. The main problem for the present design is that the opening and closing forces requirements, with the new higher pressure, get unreasonably large. Therefore were many of the developed concepts equipped with a pressure balancing feature. This feature also gives another desirable result; the vibrations (that is the source of many of the problems with the present design) will also be reduced. During the early concept development phase, 15 different concepts were generated and after the concept evaluation only three concepts remained. These concepts were further developed in different areas of interest and finally one of the three was chosen to be the winning concept. The new valve design will most likely meet the requirements and has the potential to be refined for even higher pressure for future demands. / Utvecklingen inom ångturbiner går mot applikationer med mycket högre ångdata eftersom detta möjliggör en ökad effektivitet. Ångdata refererar till ångans tryck och temperatur. Uppgiften var att generera koncept för inloppsreglerventiler (till ångturbiner) dimensionerade för högre tryck och temperatur jämfört med dagens design. Framtida ångkraftverk som drivs av solenergi, så kallade soltorn, efterfrågar denna prestanda och är en viktig framtida marknad. Detta examensarbete vid Linköpings Universitet har skrivits i samverkan med Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB. Det genomförda arbetet har innefattat litteraturstudier, funktionsanalys och hållfasthetsanalys, flödesanalys, utvärdering av tätningar och tallriksfjädrar samt framtagning av dimensioneringsunderlag för den framtida reglerventilen. Målet var att finna ett koncept som klarar av dessa nya och högre ångdata och är tåligt beträffande vibrationer. Ett systematiskt arbetssätt har anammats under projektet och en detaljerad planering upprättades och uppdaterades kontinuerligt. Viktiga metoder som använts är PDS (Product Design Specification), QFD (Quality Function Deployment), morfologisk matris, relativ beslutsmatris och feleffektanalys. Viktiga program som använts i projektet är Pro/ENGINEER, MATLAB, FloEFD och MS Excel. Dagens ventiler är dimensionerade för mycket lägre prestanda än de nya kraven kräver i termer av tryck och temperatur. Det huvudsakliga problemet med den nuvarande designen var att kraven på de öppnande och stängande krafterna, med dessa nya ångdata, blir orimligt höga. Därför har många av de framtagna koncepten utrustats med tryckbalanserande funktion. Denna funktion ger också ett annat önskvärt resultat; vibrationerna (som är källan till många problem med dagens design) kommer även de att reduceras. Under den tidiga konceptutvecklingsfasen genererades 15 olika koncept och efter konceptutvärderingen återstod bara tre. Dessa koncept vidareutvecklades inom olika intressanta områden och slutligen valdes ett av koncepten som det vinnande. Den nya ventildesignen kommer med stor sannolikhet att uppfylla kraven och har potential att förfinas för ännu högre tryck för framtida krav.

I industrin finns det många pumpar som inte kör i de optimala driftfall som de är skapade för. Detta bidrar till stora och onödiga kostnader för fabriker och industrier. Det finns olika reglermetoder för att få pumpen att köra så optimalt som möjligt, det vanligaste är att avända sig av en reglerventil som stryper bort flödet. Ett annat sätt är att investera i en frekvensomriktare. En frekvensomriktare kan reglera varvtalet på pumpen och göra så driften blir så optimal som möjligt för det driftfall som körs. Blir driften så optimal som möjligt kommer kostnaden att reduceras. För att lätt kunna beräkna om det är lönsamt att investera i en frekvensomriktare behövs ett standardiserat beräkningsprogram. Detta arbete har gjorts för ÅF Pöyry i Karlstad i samverkan med BillerudKorsnäs AB, Gruvön. Datainsamling har skett på BillerudKorsnäs AB på en MC-pump (423P008) denna sitter på SK 2, som även kallas barrlinjen, där man behandlar barrträd. Resultatet är ett standardiserat beräkningsprogram för att kunna beräkna både MC-pumpar och centrifugalpumpar i pappersmassaindustrin. Detta beräkningsprogram kan bland annat beräkna den totala tryckhöjden för respektive pump för att sedan kunna beräkna payoff-tiden, alltså om det är lönsamt att investera i en frekvensomriktare. Vid beräkning med hjälp av beräkningsprogrammet på MC-pump 423P008 visas det att ca 120 000 SEK/år är de kostnader som ”stryps” bort med den nuvarande reglermetoden, detta är också den besparingspotetnial som kan göras vid investering av en frekvensomriktare och detta är endast för en pump på ett bruk. Slutsatsen man kan dra med hjälp av beräkningsprogrammet är att det finns stora kostnader att spara i industrin genom att optimera drifterna hos de pumpar som finns. / In the industry, there are many pumps that do not running in the optimal operating conditions that they are created for. This contributes to large, unnecessary costs for industries. There are some different “control methods” to make the pump run as optimally as possible. One way is to invest in a frequency converter. A frequency converter can regulate the speed (rpm) of the pump and make the operation as optimal as possible for the running case. If the operation becomes as optimal as possible, money will be saved. In order to easily calculate whether it is profitable to invest in a frequency converter, a standardized calculation program is needed. This work has been made for ÅF Pöyry in Karlstad in a collaboration with BillerudKorsnäs AB, Gruvön. Data collection has taken place at BillerudKorsnäs AB on an MC-pump (423P008), which is stationary at SK 2, which is also called the coniferous-line, where you process conifers. The result is a standardized calculation program for calculating both MC-pumps and centrifugal pumps in the pulp industry. This calculation program can calculate the total pump head for each pump in order to then calculate the payoff time, i.e. whether it is profitable to invest in a frequency converter, or not. When using the calculation program for the MC-pump named 423P008, it is shown that about SEK 120,000 SEK / year are the costs that are "throttled" away with the current “control method”. This is data for just one pump out at BillerudKorsnäs. The conclusion is that with the help of the calculation program you can see there are large costs to save in the industry by optimizing the runs of the pumps that are available. / Nej

[pt] Sistemas pneumáticos são equipamentos leves, baratos, limpos e de baixo risco, sendo apropriados para aplicações que necessitem de força e rapidez de resposta. Por outro lado, esse tipo de sistema apresenta restrições devido à principal característica do ar: sua compressibilidade confere efeitos não lineares ao sistema, desde um escoamento turbulento pelas válvulas de controle até sua atuação dentro do cilindro – a qual inclui alta sensibilidade ao atrito e volumes inativos durante o curso do pistão. Essas características particulares dificultam seu controle e posicionamento preciso e limitam sua aplicação, principalmente considerando seu emprego em um mecanismo tipo Plataforma de Stewart em escala reduzida. No presente trabalho apresenta-se a modelagem, simulação computacional e análise experimental do comportamento dinâmico de um sistema de atuação pneumático que inclui uma válvula de controle de vazão não convencional, composta de quatro válvulas proporcionais, e um atuador com haste simples de dupla ação. O objetivo deste trabalho é, baseado nos resultados experimentais, determinar as características desses componentes para desenvolver estratégias de controle em tempo real capazes de minimizar os efeitos das não linearidades típicas, visando sua utilização no mecanismo anteriormente mencionado. / [en] Pneumatic equipment is lightweight, cheap, clean and low-risk, being suitable for applications that require strength and high responsiveness. Nevertheless, this type of system has some limitations due to the air main feature: its compressibility results in nonlinear effects in the system, from the turbulent flow control valves to its performance inside the cylinder - which includes high sensitivity to friction and dead volumes during the stroke piston. These particular characteristics make its control and precise positioning difficult, limiting its application, especially when considered its use in a mechanism such as a Stewart Platform in a reduced scale. The present paper presents the modeling, computational simulation and experimental analysis of the dynamic behavior of a pneumatic actuation system that includes an unconventional flow control valve, consisting of four proportional valves, and a double acting single rod actuator. The final goal of this work is to, based on experimental results, determine the characteristics of these components in order to develop real-time control strategies which can minimize the effects of those typical nonlinearities for their use in the mechanism mentioned above.

A high-pressure actuator of regulatory valves of steam turbines is designed in this thesis. The first part of the thesis discusses different types of steam turbines and the alternatives of their regulation. In the second part, one particular arrangment, with directional control valve, double poppet valve and hydraulic curtain, is described. Technical documentation including the conceptual proposal, the choice of individual components and all calculations is the output of this thesis. Drawing documentation of the set and drawing documentation required for the construction of the hydraulic block is attached.