Esta tesis contribuye tanto a la literatura teórica como a la literatura empírica sobre proyectos conjuntos de investigación.En primer lugar analizo el problema que los proyectos conjuntos de investigación no garantizan siempre una cooperación beneficiosa porque las empresas que participan no actuan siempre como seria de esperar. También hay vezes que proyectos conjuntos de investigación que parecen beneficiosos no se realizan. Este fenomeno se puede explicar por la existencia de información asimetrica entre los participantes y el hecho que ellos no pueden firmar contratos sobre la transferencía de conocimiento. Este problema es especialmente importante quando las empresas compitenen el mercado de producto o en otras actividades de I+D y consecuentemente no tienen incentivos propios para transferir su conocimiento. En mi tesis propongo una solución para este problema: las empresas se pueden comprometer con su nivel de deuda para transferir su conocimiento. Demuestro que elnivel de deuda tiene influencia sobre la transferencia de información y que existen unas condiciones sobre la función de benefício que guarantizan que las empresas tengan deuda positiva en equilibrio. Gracias a la posibilidad de financiación por deuda el nivel de trancferencia de información en equilibrio es más alto que en caso de financiación interna. Es decir que la deuda funciona como instrumento de compromiso para compartir información. Por eso contratos sobre el nivel de la deuda sustituyen parcialmente los contratos sobre la transferencia de conocimiento y esta posibilidad aumenta el nivel de bienestar. Tambien presento una prueba empirica de mi modelo y concluyo que empresas con mas deuda participan en proyectos conjuntos de investigación con una probabilidad más alta.En la segunda parte de mi disertación utilizo tecnicas de microeconometria para investigar la relación entre participación en proyectos conjuntos de investigación y productividad. Hay que tener mucho cuidado con la evaluación de beneficios en productividad de cooperación en I+D porque la cooperación también tiene un impacto sobre los gastos de investigación y la estructura de competencia en la industría. Teniendo en cuenta estos efectos utilizo un panel muy grande de empresas de los EEUU, Japón y la Unión Europea. Encuentro que los proyectos conjuntos de investigación aumentan la productividad de los participantes. También presento resultados que indican indirectamente que empresas en cooperación horizontal de I+D comparten los gastosde la investigación.En la tercera parte de mi tesis analizo los incentivos para iniciar proyectos conjuntos de investigación. Ademas de investigar los incentivos generales de empresas presto atención a la cooperación horizontal de I+D. Encuentro que empresas en este tipo de cooperación comparten los gastos de de investigación. Este resultado confirma los resultados de la literatura teorica. / The work presented in this dissertation contributes both to the theoretical and the empirical literature on research joint ventures.Firstly, I analyse the problem that in spite of the advantages mentioned above, research joint ventures do not always guarantee fruitful cooperation as partners may not deliver what is expected from them. Also, there are cases when firms do not start potentially very profitable RJVs. These failures can be due to the problem that firms cannot contract the transfer of the know-how and without the required amount of information disclosure the RJV is not profitable. This problem arises especially when firms are competitors either in the product market or in other R&D activities and therefore do not have the right incentives to share their knowledge. I propose a novel way to alleviate this problem. I show that firms can use their debt level as a commitment to disclose know-how. I find that there is a direct relationship between the debt of a firm and the incentives to disclose its know-how in a RJV. Moreover, I show conditions on the profit functions under which firms, in equilibrium, finance at least partially with debt. Due to the possibility of debt financing, the equilibrium level of disclosure is higher than in case of equity/internal financing. That is, the leverage acts as a commitment device to share knowledge. Hence, contracting on debt levels is sometimes a partial substitute of contracting on disclosure of know-how. Therefore, the possibility of debt financing is likely is improve welfare. I also present empirical evidence that firms with more leveraged financial structure are more likely to participate in horizontal research joint ventures.In the second section of the thesis I provide a microeconometric analysis of the impact of RJV participation on productivity. Evaluating the overall benefits of cooperative research is very difficult because the cooperation may have an impact both on R&D spending and the competitive structure of the industry. Controling for this effects, I study the productivity implications of research joint venture participation using a large panel of European, Japanese and US companies. I find evidence that joint R&D increases productivity. I also find indirect evidence for cost sharing in horizontal research consortia.Finally, I analyse the firms' incentives to engage in cooperative research. After conducting a simple investigation into general firm characteristics that are associated with RJV participation, the analysis mainly focuses on horizontal research joint ventures, i.e. when firms engage in cooperative research with their direct competitors. I find evidence for cost sharing in horizontal research joint ventures, which is consistent with the results of the theoretical literature.

Tourism has come to be recognised as a major contributor to national economies. In a knowledge-based economy (that emphasises the benefits of industry/government and academic research), a strong research base must underpin management of a tourist destination if it is to realise its full potential. The establishment of collaborative networks between industry, academia, and government in the strategic planning and management of cities and towns is becoming increasingly popular. However, the way in which the processes underlying these settings facilitate or inhibit eventual outcomes is poorly understood. If knowledge is to drive innovation and economic growth optimally, it is important not just to develop an understanding of the processes underlying the creation, diffusion and utilisation of knowledge in cooperative research settings, but also the relationships among them. Accordingly, the aim of this investigation is to examine the relationships among knowledge creation, diffusion and utilisation occurring in the Cooperative Research Centres (CRC) Program, specifically, the Gold Coast Visioning Project, with a view to identifying the most efficient means for formulating and disseminating research designed for industry and/or government application. Knowledge is defined as information that is imbued with meaning or relevance. However, this definition says little of the ways that individuals, groups and organisations acquire knowledge. While cognitive psychologists have produced several theories suggesting the structure and mechanisms of individual cognitive processes underlying the acquisition and use of knowledge, social scientists have sought to describe and explain the process by investigating the influence of social factors. Recent contributions to group learning have examined group composition, group size, familiarity among group members, and communication processes in an attempt to understand the ways in which groups acquire knowledge. Research shows that knowledge utilisation in organisations results from the interdependent influences of organisational processes and the control opportunities and control problems that arise through organisational structure. These frameworks provide accounts of how knowledge is utilised within an organisation, but not of how organisations learn. Recent research suggests that organisations learn through knowledge networks where organisational focus moves from the consideration and protection of boundaries to the management of (and care for) relationships. Therefore, organisations contain static (rules, norms and procedures) and dynamic (social relationships) elements that mutually influence the degree to which organisations learn. A synthesis of the available literature resulted in the development of a series of models that served not only to inform, but also be informed by the analysis of this investigation. A single case study, namely the Gold Coast Visioning Project, was used to examine the ways in which knowledge was created, disseminated and utilised in a CRC setting. This ethnographic investigation considered the process of knowledge creation through to utilisation at individual, group, organisational, and inter-organisational levels, while simultaneously examining the interrelated influences of social, cognitive, affective and communication factors. Throughout the project, data were collected through stakeholder interviews, various documents and participant observation of stakeholder meetings and workshops. Data were analysed using a grounded theory approach and methods of thick description. The results show that researchers and industry stakeholders bring different frames of reference, different expectations, and different knowledge bases to the exercise. This inhibited communication, and gave the appearance of dissension when, in fact, what was being sought was a common frame for understanding and communication. Additionally, the gap between industry and researcher worldviews generated the sense that industry was resisting or failing to understand what the research was seeking to achieve. Consequently, in order to manage the relationship, research plans and findings were communicated to industry in a teacher-to-student fashion, which fostered single-loop learning, and reduced industry stakeholders' sense of ownership in the process and findings. During the project, industry stakeholders frequently sought to have research come pre-packaged with "meaning", but researchers lacked the contextual knowledge necessary to specify the relevance of their research. The results also show that research findings need to be integrated and diffused to industry over time, and specific applications need to be formulated (and reformulated) in response to particular and changing needs of industry. As a result of this investigation, a model of 'best practice' has been developed with detailed recommendations for the design, implementation, and reporting of CRC-sponsored research to optimise its utility for end-users of such research. From a theoretical perspective, the findings of this study challenge the ways that current theories account for the ways in which knowledge is acquired and utilised since the results show that knowledge is constructed both socially and emotionally. Any investigation that seeks to understand how knowledge is acquired and utilised must consider social and affective influences. To ignore the role of emotion and values in the process of knowledge acquisition is to ignore a key component of an individual's reasoning capacity.

The research presented in this thesis has identified and developed a sophisticated computer model for the analysis of railway track dynamic behaviour to be used by the Rail Cooperative Research Centre for Railway Engineering and Technologies (Rail CRC) in Australia. To be competitive railway track owners need to extract as much performance as possible from their asset without serviceability or catastrophic failure. Railway track designers therefore need to develop more knowledge of the static and dynamic loadings that track may be subjected to in its lifetime. This would be best undertaken using computer modelling capable of quantifying the effects of train speed, traffic mix, wheel impact loading and distribution of vehicle loads into the track. A comprehensive set of criteria for the selection of a model of track dynamic behaviour was developed. An international review of state-of-the-art models which represented the railway track structure under the loading of a passing train was undertaken. The models' capabilities were assessed and a number of potential models identified. A benchmark test was initiated to compare current models available throughout the international railway research community. This unique benchmark test engaged six researchers to compare their railway track models using a set of theoretical vehicle and track data. The benchmark results showed that significantly different results may be obtained by models, depending on the assumptions of the user in representing a particular track scenario. Differing complexities and modelling methods, the number of different input parameters required and the representation of the irregularities in the wheel and rail all have effect on the results produced. As a result of these initiatives, the DARTS (Dynamic Analysis of Rail Track Structures) computer model was chosen for use by the Rail CRC. A user-friendly interface was created for DARTS by the writer, which was readily interpretable by railway design engineers. At the time of writing, DARTS was found to be suitable for detailed investigations planned by the Rail CRC for future research and was provided for use through an Intellectual Property agreement with its author.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T18:49:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSSERTACAO_ Carlos Augusto Carvalho - novo.pdf: 2648884 bytes, checksum: 73a1d711b83d0c83997dcefb885091d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-28 / O presente estudo buscou refletir sobre a questão da atuação do professor de educação física nas séries iniciais, considerando-se que no estado de São Paulo houve um hiato entre os anos de 1995 quando houve a suspensão das aulas e 2003 com o retorno das aulas de Educação Física para séries iniciais. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi constituir junto com os professores uma nova ação pedagógica a partir de referenciais de mudança. Procurando destacar as experiências e vivências dos professores A presente pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa com referencial teórico na pesquisa colaborativa. A preocupação desta pesquisa foi procurar investigar como os professores de Educação Física podem construir um trabalho coletivo em que as dimensões da teoria e da prática se relacionem de forma integrada, recíproca e unitária. Princípios e fundamentos para a prática pedagógica em Educação Física Escolar que se pretende libertadora e conscientizadora do corpo em movimento são analisados. A pesquisa configurou-se em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa, realizamos uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental na qual buscamos organizar um material bibliográfico que nos pudesse fornecer uma fundamentação teórica para a pesquisa. A pesquisa documental, também foi importante para nos fornecer dados sobre os sujeitos históricos, ações governamentais e opções políticas que permearam o objeto de estudo da pesquisa. Na segunda etapa, realizamos uma pesquisa de campo junto a Diretoria de Ensino de Presidente Prudente, que contou com a participação de 26 professores de Educação Física atuantes nos Ciclo I, 01 professor de Educação Física que atua nas séries iniciais do Ensino Fundamental; 01 Assistente Técnico Pedagógico; 01 Dirigente de Ensino, 01 colaboradora e o pesquisador. Para a coleta de dados, utilizamos entrevistas semi-estruturadas e observações dos encontros neste grupo de pesquisa. O trabalho investigou a experiência vivida pelos professores na procura da qualidade em suas ações docentes. Ao fazermos à análise e discussão dos encontros, possibilitou-nos discutir alguns problemas da prática pedagógica e como lidar com eles, a troca de experiências, práticas e de conhecimentos teóricos que dão sentido ao ato de educar. Nos encontros não só se otimizaram e se elucidaram alguns pontos da prática pedagógica, mas, sobretudo foram encontros de descobertas, possibilitando o aumento da auto estima dos professores dando novo ânimo em busca da realização profissional com ações pedagógicas de mudança. / O presente estudo buscou refletir sobre a questão da atuação do professor de educação física nas séries iniciais, considerando-se que no estado de São Paulo houve um hiato entre os anos de 1995 quando houve a suspensão das aulas e 2003 com o retorno das aulas de Educação Física para séries iniciais. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi constituir junto com os professores uma nova ação pedagógica a partir de referenciais de mudança. Procurando destacar as experiências e vivências dos professores A presente pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa com referencial teórico na pesquisa colaborativa. A preocupação desta pesquisa foi procurar investigar como os professores de Educação Física podem construir um trabalho coletivo em que as dimensões da teoria e da prática se relacionem de forma integrada, recíproca e unitária. Princípios e fundamentos para a prática pedagógica em Educação Física Escolar que se pretende libertadora e conscientizadora do corpo em movimento são analisados. A pesquisa configurou-se em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa, realizamos uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental na qual buscamos organizar um material bibliográfico que nos pudesse fornecer uma fundamentação teórica para a pesquisa. A pesquisa documental, também foi importante para nos fornecer dados sobre os sujeitos históricos, ações governamentais e opções políticas que permearam o objeto de estudo da pesquisa. Na segunda etapa, realizamos uma pesquisa de campo junto a Diretoria de Ensino de Presidente Prudente, que contou com a participação de 26 professores de Educação Física atuantes nos Ciclo I, 01 professor de Educação Física que atua nas séries iniciais do Ensino Fundamental; 01 Assistente Técnico Pedagógico; 01 Dirigente de Ensino, 01 colaboradora e o pesquisador. Para a coleta de dados, utilizamos entrevistas semi-estruturadas e observações dos encontros neste grupo de pesquisa. O trabalho investigou a experiência vivida pelos professores na procura da qualidade em suas ações docentes. Ao fazermos à análise e discussão dos encontros, possibilitou-nos discutir alguns problemas da prática pedagógica e como lidar com eles, a troca de experiências, práticas e de conhecimentos teóricos que dão sentido ao ato de educar. Nos encontros não só se otimizaram e se elucidaram alguns pontos da prática pedagógica, mas, sobretudo foram encontros de descobertas, possibilitando o aumento da auto estima dos professores dando novo ânimo em busca da realização profissional com ações pedagógicas de mudança

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:54:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSSERTACAO_ Carlos Augusto Carvalho - novo.pdf: 2648884 bytes, checksum: 73a1d711b83d0c83997dcefb885091d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-28 / O presente estudo buscou refletir sobre a questão da atuação do professor de educação física nas séries iniciais, considerando-se que no estado de São Paulo houve um hiato entre os anos de 1995 quando houve a suspensão das aulas e 2003 com o retorno das aulas de Educação Física para séries iniciais. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi constituir junto com os professores uma nova ação pedagógica a partir de referenciais de mudança. Procurando destacar as experiências e vivências dos professores A presente pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa com referencial teórico na pesquisa colaborativa. A preocupação desta pesquisa foi procurar investigar como os professores de Educação Física podem construir um trabalho coletivo em que as dimensões da teoria e da prática se relacionem de forma integrada, recíproca e unitária. Princípios e fundamentos para a prática pedagógica em Educação Física Escolar que se pretende libertadora e conscientizadora do corpo em movimento são analisados. A pesquisa configurou-se em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa, realizamos uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental na qual buscamos organizar um material bibliográfico que nos pudesse fornecer uma fundamentação teórica para a pesquisa. A pesquisa documental, também foi importante para nos fornecer dados sobre os sujeitos históricos, ações governamentais e opções políticas que permearam o objeto de estudo da pesquisa. Na segunda etapa, realizamos uma pesquisa de campo junto a Diretoria de Ensino de Presidente Prudente, que contou com a participação de 26 professores de Educação Física atuantes nos Ciclo I, 01 professor de Educação Física que atua nas séries iniciais do Ensino Fundamental; 01 Assistente Técnico Pedagógico; 01 Dirigente de Ensino, 01 colaboradora e o pesquisador. Para a coleta de dados, utilizamos entrevistas semi-estruturadas e observações dos encontros neste grupo de pesquisa. O trabalho investigou a experiência vivida pelos professores na procura da qualidade em suas ações docentes. Ao fazermos à análise e discussão dos encontros, possibilitou-nos discutir alguns problemas da prática pedagógica e como lidar com eles, a troca de experiências, práticas e de conhecimentos teóricos que dão sentido ao ato de educar. Nos encontros não só se otimizaram e se elucidaram alguns pontos da prática pedagógica, mas, sobretudo foram encontros de descobertas, possibilitando o aumento da auto estima dos professores dando novo ânimo em busca da realização profissional com ações pedagógicas de mudança. / O presente estudo buscou refletir sobre a questão da atuação do professor de educação física nas séries iniciais, considerando-se que no estado de São Paulo houve um hiato entre os anos de 1995 quando houve a suspensão das aulas e 2003 com o retorno das aulas de Educação Física para séries iniciais. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi constituir junto com os professores uma nova ação pedagógica a partir de referenciais de mudança. Procurando destacar as experiências e vivências dos professores A presente pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa com referencial teórico na pesquisa colaborativa. A preocupação desta pesquisa foi procurar investigar como os professores de Educação Física podem construir um trabalho coletivo em que as dimensões da teoria e da prática se relacionem de forma integrada, recíproca e unitária. Princípios e fundamentos para a prática pedagógica em Educação Física Escolar que se pretende libertadora e conscientizadora do corpo em movimento são analisados. A pesquisa configurou-se em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa, realizamos uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental na qual buscamos organizar um material bibliográfico que nos pudesse fornecer uma fundamentação teórica para a pesquisa. A pesquisa documental, também foi importante para nos fornecer dados sobre os sujeitos históricos, ações governamentais e opções políticas que permearam o objeto de estudo da pesquisa. Na segunda etapa, realizamos uma pesquisa de campo junto a Diretoria de Ensino de Presidente Prudente, que contou com a participação de 26 professores de Educação Física atuantes nos Ciclo I, 01 professor de Educação Física que atua nas séries iniciais do Ensino Fundamental; 01 Assistente Técnico Pedagógico; 01 Dirigente de Ensino, 01 colaboradora e o pesquisador. Para a coleta de dados, utilizamos entrevistas semi-estruturadas e observações dos encontros neste grupo de pesquisa. O trabalho investigou a experiência vivida pelos professores na procura da qualidade em suas ações docentes. Ao fazermos à análise e discussão dos encontros, possibilitou-nos discutir alguns problemas da prática pedagógica e como lidar com eles, a troca de experiências, práticas e de conhecimentos teóricos que dão sentido ao ato de educar. Nos encontros não só se otimizaram e se elucidaram alguns pontos da prática pedagógica, mas, sobretudo foram encontros de descobertas, possibilitando o aumento da auto estima dos professores dando novo ânimo em busca da realização profissional com ações pedagógicas de mudança

ITC/USA 2007 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Third Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 22-25, 2007 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / The Joint Advanced Missile Instrumentation (JAMI) Program’s main thrust has been the integration of Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking technology into the Department of Defense (DoD) Missile Test Ranges. This technology could be used for Time, Space, Position, and Information (TSPI), Flight Termination (FTS), or End Game Scoring purposes. However the Program’s main goal is to develop Proof-of-Concept components only. Transitioning Missile technology developed by the Government to Private Industry, so that it can be economically mass produced, has been quite a challenge. Traditionally, private industry has had to bid on proposals without much detailed information on how these components have been designed and fabricated. These unknown risks, Non-Recurring Engineering (NRE) and Missile Flight Qualification costs, routinely have significantly increased the price of these procurement contracts. In order so that the Fleet can economically utilize these components in the field, Cooperative Research and Development Agreements (CRADA) between the Government and Private Industry have been used to successfully transition Government developed technology to mass production. They can eliminate the NRE and flight qualification costs to provide for an economical and low risk method of providing the Fleet with the latest advances in GPS Tracking Technology. This paper will discuss how this is currently being accomplished in the development of a conformal wraparound instrumentation antenna for a five-inch diameter Missile Telemetry (TM) Section.

This research provides performance metrics for cooperative research centers that enhance translational research formed by the partnership of government, industry and academia. Centers are part of complex ecosystems that vary greatly in the type of science conducted, organizational structures and expected outcomes. The ability to realize their objectives depends on transparent measurement systems to assist in decision making in research translation. A generalizable, hierarchical decision model that uses both quantitative and qualitative metrics is developed based upon program goals. Mission-oriented metrics are used to compare the effectiveness of the cooperative research centers through case studies. The US National Science Foundation (NSF) industry university cooperative research center (IUCRC) program is the domain of organizational effectiveness because of its longevity, clear organizational structure, repeated use and availability of data. Not unlike a franchise business model, the program has been replicated numerous times gaining recognition as one of the most successful federally funded collaborative research center (CRC) programs. Understanding IUCRCs is important because they are a key US policy lever for enhancing translational research. While the program model is somewhat unique, the research project begins to close the gap for comparing CRCs by introducing a generalizable model and method into the literature stream. Through a literature review, program objectives, goals, and outputs are linked together to construct a four-level hierarchical decision model (HDM). A structured model development process shows how experts validate the content and construct of the model using these linked concepts. A subjective data collection approach is discussed showing how collection, analysis and quantification of expert pair-wise-comparison data is used to establish weights for each of the decision criteria. Several methods are discussed showing how inconsistency and disagreement are measured and analyzed until acceptable levels are reached. Six case studies are used to compare results, evaluate the impact of expert disagreement and conduct criterion-related validity. Comparative analysis demonstrates the ability of the model to efficiently ascertain criteria that are relatively more important towards each center's performance score. Applying this information, specific performance improvement recommendations for each center are presented. Upon review, experts generally agreed with the results. Criterion-related validity discusses how the performance measurement scoring system can be used for comparative analysis among science and engineering focused research centers. Dendrograms highlight where experts disagree and provide a method for further disagreement analysis. Judgment quantification values for different expert clusters are substituted into the model one-at-a-time (OAT) providing a method to analyze how changes in decisions based on these disagreements impact the results of the model's output. This research project contributes to the field by introducing a generalizable model and measurement system that compares performance of NSF supported science and engineering focused research centers.

This study explored the importance attached to and the degree of satisfaction with 53 job aspects in the work environment of cooperative research center directors. A survey instrument was mailed to the 105 individuals identified as directors of research units that are (a) committed to multidisciplinary or engineering research, (b) organized as integral units of a university, and (c) supported and funded by industry and other sources. Responses were categorized into two groups: directors involved in NSF (National Science Foundation) Industry/University Cooperative Research Centers (I/UCRC), and directors involved in other types of cooperative research endeavors. A 69% response rate was obtained. One purpose of this study was to measure: (a) factors that influence job satisfaction; (b) factors likely to influence center performance; and (c) success factors in industry/university cooperative research. This study was also designed to: (a) compare job attitudes between the two groups of directors; (c) determine the relationship between measures of importance and satisfaction for each group; and (d) develop predictive models of centers' performance using collected data; Directors assign a high degree of importance and a low degree of satisfaction to the majority of the job aspects; and they tend to be somewhat dissatisfied with those factors they consider most important in their work environment. Directors in the NSF I/UCRC group rated factors related to professional activities and industry/university interactions as significantly more important. In developing models to predict the total operating budget and the number of industrial members at a center, combinations of importance and satisfaction ratings were found to be significant factors.

This thesis examines the perceived importance by two-tiered management of Cooperative Research Centres (CRCs) for managing a range of intellectual property issues. Fifty survey items are presented to the executive directors and commercialization managers of 62 CRCs. The survey items are categorized under four themes: relationships with collaborators, project management; design and implementation of agreements; and specific licensing issues. An analysis of the data, using a series of independent samples t-tests, repeated measures t-tests, chi-square tests for independence or relatedness and goodness of fit, shows a range of results. There are significant differences between executive directors and commercialization managers on a number of issues. There are particular emphases or trends about certain issues for the whole sample of managers. These findings are compared with text analyses of 23 CRC strategic planning documents. This is done in order to explore any similarity, difference or nuance between what the managers say in response to the survey items, compared with what is stated in the codified policies of the CRCs. While there is a high degree of consistency among certain themes between the two sets of findings, the overall analysis points to the need for the CRCs to have a better understanding and practice of commercialization opportunities, especially through the involvement of third party commercial interests. It is argued that accommodating third party commercialization interests involves the application of an important knowledge economy principle that has an important bearing on the future economic viability and competitiveness of the CRCs.