Ph.D. / This study comprises the preparation and characterization of new carbene complexes of iron, molybdenum, gold, copper and silver from azolyl and thienyl precursors. In addition, the syntheses of aminoacyl chelate and metallacyclic iron compounds as well as unique 6-membered dimeric and 18-membered trimeric thienyl gold compounds are reported. Furthermore, di(vinyl)carbene complexes, which are not yet known for gold and which are very rare for most other metals, are also described. In contrast to most other carbene complexes that result from precursors in which the heteroatom is situated a or y to the coordinated carbon atom, the new amino(organo)-, organo(thio)- and di(organo) carbene complexes are unique in that they have been prepared from azolyl or thienyl precursors in which the nucleophilic heteroatom is located outside the coordinated ring system and is separated from the coordinated carbon by several bonds. The complex [CpFe(CO)2C1] reacts with lithiated pyrazole, (thienyl)oxazoline or (thienyl)pyridine to form precursor pyrazolyl and thienyl iron(II) compounds which upon alkylation or protonation with CF3SO3Me or CF3SO3H afford amino(organo)-, organo(thio)- or heterometallacyclic alkoxy(amino)- and hydroxy(amino)carbene complexes as well as compounds which show pyridinium character. The heterometallacyclic complexes incorporate unusual ferropyridine or ferropyrole rings. ' 3C-{'}I} NAIR data of the above compounds show that the coordinated carbons of the azolyl and thienyl ligands are significantly affected upon carbene formation, although an X-ray crystallographic investigation indicates that carbene formation has little if any effect on bond distances in the azolyl ligand when it becomes a coordinated azolinylidene. The molecular structures of the pyrazolyl complex [CpFe(C0) 2{C=CHCH=NNPh}], the pyrazolinylidene complex [CPFe(C0) 2{CCHHNHI4P11}1[CF3S03], the 2-(2'-oxazolinyl)thien- 5-ylidene complex [CpFe(C0)2{CCHHC(1\1HCMe2CH26)}1[CF3S03] and the heterometallacyclic complex [CpFe(C0){CC(=&CMe 2CH2(5)SCH---9-1)] indicate small variations in iron-carbon distances of 1.981(2), 1.969(5), 1.99(1) and 1.959(7) A. Four equivalents of 2-(4',5'-dihydro-4',4'-dimethy1-2'-oxazolinyl)thien-3-yllithium reacts with the acetate [Mo2(O2CMe)4] to form the stable, neutral, quadruply bonded dimolybdenum complex [Mo2{C=C(6=NCMe2CH26)SCH2CH2} 2(02CMe)2], while 4-methylthiazoly1 lithium reacts with the same acetate to form the unstable, thiazolyl molybdate [Mo 2{6=NCMe—Cfg} 8]4". Reaction of [AuCI(tht)] (tetrahydrothiophene) with 2-(4',5'-dihydro-4',4'-dimethy1-2'-oxazoliny1)- thien-3-yllithium or 2-(4',5'-dihydro-4',4'-dimethy1-2'-oxazolinyl)thien-5-yllithium afforded dimeric and trimeric thienyl oligomers of gold(I). The molecular structure of the six-membered dimeric compound [Au{C=C(=NCMe 2CH2O)SCH=CH}li shows a Au...Au separation of 2.8450(6)A, while such interactions are absent in the trimeric compound [Au{C=C(C=NCMe2CH2O)SCH=CH}] 3 . Protonation of the former compound as well as the stable monomers obtained from [Au(tht)C 6F5] or [Au(Cl)PPh 3J afforded unique di(vinyl)carbene as well as imine complexes. Reaction of 2-(2'-pyridyl)thien-5-yllithium with [Au(COPPh 3] and subsequent alkylation yields an organo(thio)carbene compound. Finally, a series of cationic copper(I) bis(carbene) complexes were formed upon sequential treatment of copper(I) trifluoromethanesulfonate with thiazolyl- or pyrazolyllithium and CF3SO3Me. A similar reaction with 4-methylthiazol-2-yllithium and silver triflate produced the first amino(thio)carbene complex of silver.

No description available.

In this study, reversed phase HPLC with dual UV photodiode (PDA) and fluorescence (FL) detection were used to investigate copper complexes with fulvic, caffeic, vanillic, salicylic, and adipic acids. Application of the RE method provided valuable information on the retention behavior and spectral characteristics of FA and model compounds. Even though the method was only applicable to VA, the use of the PDA detector allowed the UV-V is scanning of the separated peaks. This allowed the comparison between the UV-Vis spectra of uncomplexed species. The overall results provide an experimental framework for validation of the proposed Cu-humate interaction models.

The work described herein focuses on the synthesis and characterisation of copper(I) complexes bearing N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands, their use in catalysis as well as organometallic synthesis and related reaction mechanisms. Two classes of complexes were considered: neutral NHC-Cu(I) species and their cationic analogues. Concerning the former, initial efforts were focused on the development of a general and straightforward synthetic methodology towards complexes of the type [Cu(X)(NHC)] (X = Cl, Br, I). More than 10 NHC-Cu(I) species were synthesised in high yields under mild conditions, in air and using technical grade solvents. These complexes exhibited interesting activity in the catalytic dehydrogenation of formic acid/amine adducts proving in three times more efficiency than the copper salts previously employed in such a reaction. Hydroxide- and tert-butoxide analogues showed to be efficient catalysts in the N-methylation of amines with CO₂ as carbon source, and in the dehydrogenative coupling of silanes and carboxylic acids. Experimental and computational work were carried out in order to elucidate the mechanism of these transformations. Regarding the use of these species in organometallic synthesis, homo- and heteroleptic bis-NHC-Cu(I) complexes were employed as carbene transfer reagents to other transition metals. Aside from well-known cationic gold(I) species, two novel palladium(II) analogues were isolated and fully characterised.

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Copper oxides are currently being implemented in various sectors ranging from agriculture to the industry of the electronic components. Due to their structural, optical and electrical properties copper oxides have been studied in several areas such as solar cells, semiconductor materials and cathodes of lithium ion batteries. This fact demonstrates this material is very versatile. In this work copper oxides films were deposited by spray pyrolysis technique using the method of sucrose. This method consists on use of solution, which sucrose is the chelating agent. The parameters of synthesis and deposition were controlled for depositing both copper (I) and copper (II) oxides. They play an important role in influencing the physical properties of the films mainly by changing of the sucrose concentration and temperature of deposition of the film. Measurements of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrical measure for determining the structural, morphological and electrical properties were carried out. The results shows nanostructured films were grown and the phases can be controlled as much changing the parameter depositions (temperature) as changing the sucrose concentration. It was carried out a heat treatment on the samples in order to analyze the influence of heating on the physical properties. / Os Óxidos de cobre estão atualmente sendo implementados em vários setores, que vão desde a agricultura até a indústria de componentes eletrônicos. Devido às suas propriedades estruturais, ópticas e elétricas, os óxidos de cobre têm sido alvos de pesquisas em várias áreas, tais como células solares, materiais semicondutores e cátodos de baterias de íon de lítio, este fato demonstra ser um material muito versátil. Neste trabalho, filmes de óxidos de cobre, foram depositadas pela técnica spray pirólise, usando o método da sacarose para produção da solução precursora. Este método consiste na utilização de uma solução precursora cuja sacarose tem a função de agente quelante. Os parâmetros de síntese e deposição foram controlados para depositar filmes de óxidos de cobre (I) e óxidos de cobre (II). Estes parâmetros desempenham um papel importante na influencia das propriedades físicas dos filmes, principalmente por alterar a concentração de sacarose e a temperatura de deposição dos filmes. Medidas de difração de raios-X (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e duas pontas foram realizadas para determinar as propriedades estruturais, morfológicas e elétricas. Os resultados mostram filmes nanoestruturados e as fases podem ser controladas tanto pela alteração da temperatura de deposições quanto pela concentração de sacarose. Foi efetuado um tratamento térmico nas amostras, a fim de analisar a influência do aquecimento sobre as propriedades físicas.

[ES] Se investigó la reacción de metano a metanol (MTM) en zeolitas y zeotipos utilizando clústeres subnanométricos de cobre soportados usando como oxidante O2 y sin la intervención de moléculas de agua en todo momento. Para empezar, se realizó en clústeres aislados de Cu5 y Cu7 para descubrir los principales caminos de reacción y así identificar los principales problemas que pueden ocurrir en cada etapa de la reacción. Se encontró que la reacción transcurre eficientemente a través de un mecanismo Eley-Rideal cuando existen átomos de O bicoordinados estabilizados en las aristas de los clústeres, conduciendo a menores barreras de activación. Sin embargo, la adsorción del grupo metilo y la formación de grupos metoxilo en los clústeres es inevitable, lo que es un importante obstáculo para el proceso. A continuación, se usó el modelo zeolítico SSZ-13 para soportar los clústeres y ver si cuando éstos se encuentran confinados en las cavidades de una zeolita con cantidades variables de Al, este sistema catalítico puede paliar los problemas relacionados con los caminos secundarios y la adsorción de los metilo. Las simulaciones en la disociación de O2 arrojaron un incremento en la carga total positiva de los clústeres Cun conforme al número de átomos de Al en la matriz zeolítica y que una mayor concentración de densidad de carga sobre los átomos de O facilita este paso. Asimismo, los clústeres Cun soportados son capaces de restringir la sobreoxidación en presencia de nuevas moléculas de O2, evitando así la formación de especies Cun-4O, lo cual puede aprovecharse para estabilizar un sistema catalítico bajo condiciones oxidantes a la vez que se mantiene un estado de oxidación metálico. Para la activación de CH4, solo el escenario con 2 átomos de Al fue contemplado. El mecanismo de reacción descubierto es análogo al encontrado en fase gas, con energías de activación de Gibbs menores a 115 kJ·mol-1 siendo similares a las vistas experimentalmente para las zeolitas de Cu intercambiado junto a una gran importancia de los estados mayores de spin, que mejoran la transferencia de H desde el metano al O bicoordinado estabilizado en el clúster. El Cu5 es capaz de convertir metano en metanol mientras evita la generación de especies CH2 y la bicoordinación de los metilo en contraposición al Cu7, el cual ofrece una alternativa peor en casi todos los aspectos. Además, los clústeres de Cu5 abren la posibilidad de producir nuevos productos como el formaldehído o el DME cuando se generan especies metoxilo en el clúster, aportando valor añadido al proceso. Por último, se estudiaron sistemas SAPO-34 y MeAPO-34 con dos átomos metálicos (Zn, Fe, Mg, Ti, Zr y Sn) para descubrir sistemas zeotipo que promuevan mejores propiedades catalíticas y unos mecanismos de reacción dirigidos a la producción de metanol. Considerando los resultados anteriores, solo se exploró la reactividad del Cu5. Estos sistemas se rigen por los mismos principios que el modelo SSZ-13, obteniendo tendencias muy similares en la carga total positiva de los cobres y en la densidad electrónica localizada en los átomos de O, las cuales varían dependiendo del metal seleccionado. No obstante, se obtuvieron mejoras en las barreras energéticas de activación para la disociación de O2 excepto para los casos del Si y el Mg, con valores entre los 34 y los 111 kJ·mol-1. Se encontraron dos candidatos capaces de realizar óptimamente la reacción MTM en comparación con el modelo SSZ-13 con dos átomos de Al en el primer ciclo de reacción con un mecanismo ER: SAPO-34 y TiAPO-34, con perfiles energéticos de Gibbs por debajo de los 80 kJ·mol-1. De hecho, el TiAPO-34 resultó el sistema más prometedor consiguiendo esto a pesar de formar un metilo bicoordinado junto a la menor energía de desorción de metanol encontrada en esta tesis, 21 kJ·mol-1. Además de evitar la producción de especies Cu5-4O al igual que la SSZ-13, el TiAPO-34 mejora las energías relativas de Gibbs con sistemas de Cu5-3O. / [CA] S'investigà la reacció de metà a metanol (MTM) en zeolites i zeotips utilitzant clústers subnanométrics de coure suportats usant com oxidant O2 i sense la intervenció de molècules d'aigua en tot moment. Per començar, es realitzà en clústers aïllats de Cu5 i Cu7 per descobrir els principals camins de reacció i així identificar els principals problemes que poden ocórrer en cada etapa de la reacció. Es trobà que la reacció transcorre eficientment a través d'un mecanisme Eley-Rideal quan existixen àtoms d'O bicoordinats estabilitzats en les aristes dels clústers, conduint a menors barreres d'activació. No obstant, l'absorció del grup metil i la formació de grups metoxil en els clústers és inevitable, cosa que és un important obstacle pel procés. A continuació s'utilitzà el model zeolític SSZ-13 per suportat els clústers i vore si quan estos es troben confinats en les cavitats d'una zeolita amb quantitats variables de Al, este sistema catalític pot paliar els problemes relacionats amb els camins secundaris i l'absorció dels metil. Les simulacions en la dissociació d'O2 llançaren un increment en la càrrega total positiva dels clústers Cun conforme al nombre d'àtoms de Al en la matriu zeolítica i que una major concentració de densitat de càrrega sobre els àtoms de O facilita este pas. Així mateix, els clústers Cun suportats són capaços de restringir la sobreoxidació en presència de noves molècules d'O2, evitant així la formació d'espècies Cun-4O, cosa que pot aprofitar-se per a estabilitzar un sistema catalític baix condicions oxidants a la volta que es manté un estat d'oxidació metàl·lic. Per a l'activació de CH4, sols l'escenari amb 2 àtoms de Al va ser contemplat. El mecanisme de reacció descobert és anàleg al trobat en fase fas, amb energies d'activació de Gibbs menors a 115 kJ·mol-1 sent similars a les vistes experimentalment per a les zeolites de Cu intercanviant junt amb una gran importància dels estats majors de spin, que milloren la transferència de H des del metà al O bicoordinat estabilitzat en el clúster. El Cu5 és capaç de convertir metà en metanol mentre evita la generació d'espècies CH2 i la bicoordinació dels metil en contraposició al Cu7, el qual oferix una alternativa pitjor en quasi tots els aspectes. A més, els clústers de Cu5 obtín la possibilitat de produir nous productes com el formaldehid o el DME quan es generen espècies metoxil en el clúster, aportant valor afegit al procés. Per últim, s'estudiaren sistemes SAPO-34 i MeAPO-34 amb dos àtoms metàl·lics (Zn, Fe, Mg, Ti, Zr i Sn) per descobrir sistemes zeotip que promouen millors propietats catalítics i uns mecanismes de reacció dirigits a la producció de metanol. Considerant els resultats anteriors, sols s'explorà la reactivitat del Cu5. Estos sistemes es rigen pels mateixos principis que el model SSZ-13, obtenint tendències molt similars en la càrrega total positiva dels coures i en la densitat electrònica localitzada en els àtoms d'O, les quals varien depenent del metal seleccionat. No obstant, s'obtingueren millores en les barreres energètiques d'activació per la dissociació d'O2 excepte pels casos del Si i el Mg, amb valors entre els i els 111 kJ·mol-1. Es trobaren dos candidats capaços de realitzar òptimament la reacció MTM en comparació amb el model SSZ-13 amb dos àtoms de Al en el primer cicle de reacció amb un mecanisme ER: SAPO-34 i TiAPO-34, amb perfils energètics de Gibbs per sota dels 80 kJ·mol-1. De fet, el TiAPO-34 resultà el sistema més prometedor aconseguint açò a pesar de formar un metil bicoordinat junt amb la menor energia de desorció de metanol encontrada en esta tesi, 21 kJ·mol-1. A més d'evitar la producció d'espècies Cu5-4O igual que la SSZ-13, el TiAPO-34 millora les energies relatives de Gibbs amb sistemes de Cu5-3O. / [EN] The catalytic behaviour of sub-nanometre copper clusters was investigated in the methane to methanol (MTM) reaction supported in zeolites and zeotypes using O2 as oxidant with no water molecules assisting the process. To begin with, the research was conducted on isolated Cu5 and Cu7 clusters in order to settle the main pathways involved in this complex reaction and to identify the main problems in each step of the reaction. It was found that the reaction can effectively proceed through an Eley-Rideal mechanism when bicoordinated oxygen atoms are stabilised at the edges of the clusters, involving relatively low activation energy barriers. However, the adsorption of the methyl group and the formation of methoxy groups on the clusters are inevitable, which entails a significant obstacle to the process. Next, an SSZ-13 zeolite model was selected as support for the copper clusters to explore whether when the clusters are confined within the cavities of an Al-containing zeolite, this catalytic system can relieve the issues encountered in isolated systems. The O2 dissociation simulations reported an increase in the total positive charge on the Cun clusters with the number of Al atoms in the zeolite framework and a more concentrated electron density over the O atoms that facilitates the dissociation step. Additionally, supported Cun clusters restrain deep oxidation in presence of new O2 molecules evading the formation of Cun-4O species, which can be exploited to stabilise a catalytic system under oxidising conditions while preserving a metallic oxidation state. For CH4 activation, only the scenario with 2 Al atoms was contemplated. The uncovered reaction mechanism is analogous to the one found in gas phase with Gibbs activation barriers less than 115 kJ·mol-1 as those reported experimentally for Cu-exchanged zeolites along with a remarkable importance of higher spin states that enhance the H transfer step from the methane to the anchored O atom on the cluster. Cu5 is able to transform methane into methanol while avoiding the generation of CH2 species and the bi-coordination of methyl groups in contrast to Cu7, which offers a worse alternative in almost every aspect. In addition, Cu5 clusters open the possibility to generate new chemicals like formaldehyde and DME when methoxy species are generated on the cluster, providing added value to the process. Lastly, SAPO-34, and MeAPO-34 models with two metal atoms (Me: Zn, Fe, Mg, Ti, Zr and Sn) were explored to foster better catalytic properties and more optimised mechanistic insights for the production of methanol. Considering the results above, only Cu5 clusters were studied. These zeotype systems follow the same principles as the SSZ-13 in reference to the total positive charge of copper atoms and more localised electron density on O atoms which vary depending on the selected metal. However, improvements on the O2 dissociation activation barriers were found except for the Si and Mg zeotypes, with values ranging from 34 to 111 kJ·mol-1. The CH4 activation in these systems resulted as reported above, an ER reaction path that cannot evade the adsorption of methyl groups; but in which two candidates were found to be more efficient than the SSZ-13 with two Al atoms in terms of a lower Gibbs energy profile for the first cycle: SAPO-34 and TiAPO-34 zeotypes, being both of them below 80 kJ·mol-1. In fact, the TiAPO-34 turned out to be the most promising system since it achieves these results despite the formation of a bicoordinated methyl group along with the lowest methanol desorption energy reported in this dissertation, 21 kJ·mol-1. To further explore the TiAPO-34 system, additional oxidation simulations were carried out, confirming the catalytic system avoids the production of Cu5-4O species just as reported in the zeolite model. The resultant Cu5-3O is alike to the one reported in SSZ-13, improving the Gibbs relative energies. / Gallego Rodríguez, M. (2024). Selective Oxidation of Methane into Methanol using Sub-Nanometre Copper Clusters: A Computational Study [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/207338