This is a literature review article. The purpose of this article is to explain and provide a deeperunderstanding of economic and industrial espionage. Furthermore, it describes legal andillegal methods of espionage and highlights the different aspects of preventing espionage suchas; technical, operational, physical and personnel security. A number of theoretical conceptshave been extracted and analyzed from different scientific articles which have beensummarized and anticipated in the form of theoretical framework. Incredible results are oftenproduced by exploiting industrial espionage. By concentrating on complete security, and notsimply specialized security, data security experts can altogether hamper enemy endeavors totake their association's data resources.

Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime (1990) has received a great deal of empirical examination in the criminology, yet the application of this theory to white-collar crime offenders has not received a great deal of attention. Research that has been conducted in the realm of white-collar crime has yielded mixed support for low self-control in explaining such offenses (Simpson and Piquero, 2002; Reed and Yeager, 1996; Langton et al., 2006; Blickle, 2006). The current study seeks to supplement the literature by focusing not simply on the direct causal links between self-control and white-collar offending, but also exploring how attitudes play a role between self-control and intentions to engage in white-collar crime. Specifically, this study examines whether attitudes towards environmental offending mediate and moderate the relationship between self-control and intentions to engage in environmental white-collar crime. The results indicated that attitudes toward environmental offending did have a mediating effect, but the effect of attitudes did not significantly vary as a function of self-control. Subsequently, simple slopes analysis found that the effect of attitudes was only significant among those with average and high levels of self-control. Implications for the general theory of crime and future directions for white-collar crime research are discussed.

The original purpose or motive of the sacrifice, rooted in ceremonious or religious acts, was as a gift to a centralized power that ensured a common good or prosperity. In modern capitalist society, sacrifice is about “a willingness to sacrifice short-term gains for long-term gains” (Keenan 2005: 11) of freedom and fortune. What is concealed in this propaganda is that true freedom and prosperity is mostly restricted to a few exceedingly privileged and powerful individuals – and every year, these ‘short-term’ sacrifices include the millions of lives of the disciplined and altruistic workers that the system supposedly admires. Within this context, in recent years a growing recognition of the social and economic harms that corporations are capable of causing, specifically against workers and members of the public, led to the development of laws in several countries aimed at corporate manslaughter and corporate criminal liability. However, despite these legal advancements, the law continues to fail at protecting the victims of corporate harm and wrongdoing, and to adequately hold corporations and their actors accountable for their crimes. This research asks the following question: what role does corporate manslaughter law play in the reproduction of sacrifice and, in the process, violence and capitalist hegemony? This is done by interrogating the introduction and enforcement of corporate manslaughter law in the United Kingdom and the struggle for corporate criminal accountability from the socio-historical perspective of advanced neoliberal capitalism. Employing a theoretical lens that draws together literatures on sacrifice, law, and violence, this research shows that the law (re)produces particular understandings of sacrifice and violence that benefit the powerful, therein normalizing death and dying at work as the natural and largely unavoidable costs of modern employment relations. The research concludes that, to better address the systemic violence faced by workers, we must consider a restructuring of the legal enterprise and the ‘common sense’ understandings of sacrifice, violence, and harm that accompany it.

Although examination of the relationship between the media and crime has received considerable attention in the academic literature, only a few studies have examined news media coverage of environmental crimes. The present study examines print news media coverage of federal penalties assessed against the petroleum refining industry from 1997 to 2003. The Environmental Protection Agency initiated and/or settled 162 cases involving seventy-eight petroleum refining companies from 1997 to 2003. While a news search of the nations twenty-five largest newspapers produced seventy-four articles related to petroleum refining industry violations, only seventeen articles matched the EPA cases analyzed in the present study. The present study found that while there is a considerable amount of federal petroleum refining industry violations, only a few cases receive media attention.

Psychopathy has become a highly researched personality disorder in order to better understand criminal and violent behavior (Hare, 1993). Measures of psychopathy have proven to be useful tools in predicting outcomes of institutionalized populations by predicting future dangerousness (Hare, 1999). While several experts in the field of psychopathy allude to the idea of the successful psychopath and their presence in the corporate world (Hare, 1993; Babiak & Hare, 2006), very little research has been done in this area. The current study builds upon the small amount of empirical research by testing hypotheses regarding the relationship between psychopathic personality traits and intentions to engage in white collar crime. Using a sample of 181 university students, psychopathic personality traits were measured using the Psychopathic Personality Inventory - Revised (PPI-R). In addition, scales were developed to measure attitudes toward white collar offending and vignettes were constructed to measures intentions to engage in white collar crime. Four relationships are of primary focus: 1.) Do psychopathic personality traits account for variability in attitudes toward white collar crime?; 2.) Do attitudes toward white collar crime correlate with intentions to engage in white collar crime?; 3.) Are psychopathic personality traits related to intentions to offend and?; 4.) Do attitudes toward offending mediate the relationship between psychopathy and intentions to offend? A major finding is that the Self-Centered Impulsivity factor of the PPI-R accounts for a significant amount of variance in intentions to engage in white collar crime and environmental crime. Additional relationships between psychopathy, attitudes, and intentions are also discussed.

On April 20, 2010, the Deepwater Horizon oil platform exploded after a series of issues with the Macondo oil well, around the Louisiana coast, in the Gulf of Mexico, causing the death of 11 workers and wounding 17 others. On April 22, the rig sank into the ocean. Large quantities of oil have then poured into the Gulf waters for almost 3 months, causing the most serious oil spill in history. The event is critically examined in relation to the State-corporate crime integrated theoretical model by Michalowski and Kramer (2006), in particular using the institutional level (the relationship between politics and economics) and the operationality of control catalyst (the presence or absence of social control). The results are presented with a deductive strategy. Furthermore, part of the long-term consequences on the environment will be presented, using a deductive thematic strategy. I believe, in order to comprehend the importance of this study field and the relevance of my work, it is necessary to fully analyze the long-term consequences of the DWH (Deepwater Horizon) oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. The analysis is developed within a case study, based on a literature review. Results show that not only the long-term consequences of the oil spill on the environment are devastating on almost all the elements studied, but that the role of the State in the accident was decisive, especially for the work culture which developed during the years, that led to the accident.

In recent years, YouTube has evolved from a user-generated platform to a platform that thrives on professionalized and marketable content, otherwise known as the era of the social media influencer (Kim, 2012;). This thesis applies neutralization and Millsian theories to help unpack the widespread fraud and deceptive advertising on the platform within a neoliberal capitalist context. The focal points of this thesis are apology videos in the wake of deceptive/fraudulent advertising scandals, cancel culture, and the symbiotic relationship that influencers and corporations share in paid sponsorships on YouTube. The findings indicate that influencers function similarly to corporate entities during scandals and engage in neutralizations to protect their reputation, brand, and business relationships (Schoultz & Flyghed, 2019; Whyte, 2016). This thesis also points to the legal challenges in holding influencers accountable at the level of domestic advertising agencies and on YouTube itself. Lastly, this thesis questions the invisibility of corporations in these scandals regarding how this may be indicative of larger manifestations of corporate power in society.

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This study critically examines the Government of Canada's conceptualization of transnational corporate accountability and exploitative labour in its legislative response to modern slavery in global supply chains. With a primary focus on the government's recently proposed Bill S-216: Modern Slavery Act - which would mandate companies to report on their activities to reduce modern slavery in their supply chains - empirical data is drawn from parliamentary debates about this bill and its earlier iterations as well as a report produced by the House of Commons committee originally charged with studying the issue. Informed by the corporate crime and business management literature as well as a neo-Marxist theoretical lens that employs such concepts as Antonio Gramsci's theory of cultural hegemony and global capitalism, the dominant views taken up in conversations hosted by the Canadian state are captured using critical discourse analysis. Overall, dominant voices accepted into the federal government's approach reinforce neoliberal assumptions of wealth accumulation, profit maximization, and free-market economies, thereby trusting transnational corporations to self-regulate and use their financial capital to curb the conditions that engender exploitative labour. The findings of this interdisciplinary study reveal that the legislative proposal culminating from the policy-making discourse defers to measures that prioritize the social benefits of corporate social responsibility, which ultimately eclipse the need for criminal sanctions against Canadian corporations with operations that employ modern slavery. This research helps to expose the reproduction of corporate impunity as a result of the inability/unwillingness to address the status quo of global capitalism.

Our drive to achieve economic development and growth is driving our planet to an unprecedented level of ecological destruction. The structural forces of capitalism together with a culture of consumerism is pushing the environment to its limits causing climate change, pollution and threatening the wellbeing of humanity and the ecosystem. This thesis seeks to reach a better understanding of harms and crimes committed against the eco-system. This will be achieved by applying a theoretical framework that incorporates criminology theories and theories from other disciplines on the famous case of BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico. The paper shows that it is necessary to explore theories outside of traditional criminology to demonstrate how the root cause of environmental crime is inherently linked to capitalism.