邱俊榮與黃鴻 (2006) 一文在忽略租稅負擔的情況下，探討公營廠商民營化的最適釋股比例問題，文中發現：在開放體系下，廠商邊際成本固定並採Cournot數量競爭，唯在公營廠商生產效率較民營廠商生產效率低時政府才有動機將產業民營化，然而實際上租稅負擔會影響到廠商的有效邊際成本，進而影響其產出決策，最後再影響民營化的最適釋股比例。有鑑於此，本文在邱俊榮與黃鴻 (2006) 一文中導入利潤稅制與公司稅制，別探討此二種稅制的引進如何影響到最適的釋股比例。文中發現：利潤稅的存在將提高政府的最適釋股比例，而且最適釋股比例隨著稅率增加而增加，不過，在利潤稅制下唯在公營廠商生產效率較民營廠商生產效率低時政府才有動機將產業民營化。然而，公司稅對於最適釋股比例影響方向並不明確。比較有趣的是，在公司稅制下即使公營廠商生產效率與民營廠商相同，政府仍有動機將產業民營化，此部份有異於邱俊榮與黃鴻 (2006) 一文所獲致的結果。

L'évasion fiscale consiste en l'action du contribuable à obtenir un bénéfice, de manière à réduire ou à éviter le paiement de l'impôt, contrairement aux intentions du législateur, sans pour autant violer la loi. L'évasion fiscale représente un problème particulier pour l'intégrité du système fiscal en matière d'impôt sur les sociétés, un constat justifié par le fait que la lutte contre ce phénomène se trouve dans les programmes politiques des États membres de l'Union européenne, ainsi que dans le Plan d'action concernant l'érosion de la base d'imposition et le transfert de bénéfices de l'OCDE. L'objet de cette thèse, écrite en co-tutelle, est d'analyser dans un premier temps l'état actuel des mesures du système croate de lutte contre l'évasion fiscale internationale en matière d'impôt sur les sociétés, pour le comparer ensuite au système des mesures du droit fiscal français, afin de proposer des solutions d'amélioration du système national. Puisque la diversité des formes que l'évasion fiscale peut prendre nécessite une approche compréhensive, cette recherche sera concentrée non seulement sur l'amélioration du cadre législatif, mais aussi sur l'exécution de la lutte contre l'évasion fiscale. / Tax avoidance is generally used to describe the arrangement of a taxpayer's affairs that is intended to reduce his tax liability in accordance with the letter of the law, but contrary to the intention of the lawmaker. A special problem for the integrity of the tax system is avoidance of corporate tax, the importance of which is reflected in the presence of measures for its curbing in political programmes of EU countries as well as the OECD which elaborated the Action Plan on Base Erosion and Profil Shifting (BEPS). This double degree thesis will investigate the current state of Croatian measures for combatting corporate tax avoidance, by performing a comparative analysis with the French system, in order to propose enhancements of the national system of measures. Given the fact that corporate tax avoidance appears in a multitude of forms and that tackling it requires a comprehensive approach, the research will aim at enhancing not only Croatian material but also procedural tax rules for curbing corporate tax avoidance.

The thesis deals with the accounting and tax legislation with focus on professional sport not only from the perspective of sport clubs but also of individual sportsmen. The aim of the thesis is to identify accounting and tax specificities of professional sport, including the definition of differences in keeping accounts of non-profit organisations and business entities, and to analyse the current state of the income taxation of professional sportsmen in selected countries of the EU and in the Czech Republic. Significant differences were found not only in the keeping accounts of non-profit organisations and business entities but also in the area of the income taxation of professional sportsmen. In the Czech Republic professional sportsmen are considered to be an independent profession while in the other selected countries of the European Union they are classic employees. The thesis is based on legislation valid on 1st January 2016.

This diploma thesis is focused on employee benefits. At the beginning of the work there is shortly described history and importance of employee benefits. After that the work continues with motivation, rewarding and basic concepts of labour relations. There is also described difference between profit and non-profit sector. At the end of theoretical part of the work are described employee benefits and ways of dividing in detail. Emphasised is mainly tax advantages for employees and employers. In practical part of the work are evaluated results of own survey. The survey deals with employee benefits and its importance for them as well as with comparison of profit and not-profit sector in terms of employee benefits and how much are they provided. The survey confirms hypothesis, that in no-profit sector are provided less benefits than in profit sector and that the most important part of rewarding are considered wages by employees.

The theoretical part is focused on the definition of the basic concepts of the assets, cash and accrual bases. In addition to profit, its components and its differences from the tax base. Much of the work deals with different concepts of costs and revenues in accordance with accounting regulations and tax law. The work deals with the various costs and revenues in terms of tax efficiency and impact on adjustments to the tax base.The practical part is devoted to empirical research, the proportion of tax on profit for the sampled companies.

Short term assignments to other countries are increasing and it is important to take note of the associated potential tax compliance requirements. South Africa is part of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) whose main objective is to advance the development and economic growth of the member countries through regional integration. It is difficult for persons with limited or no international tax background to identify potential taxes when going on short term assignments to other SADC countries as very little has been published with regard to the procedure to follow. The procedure to follow and the main tax concepts (corporate tax, personal tax, VAT and withholding tax) have not been published in a user friendly, holistic format to enable such persons to identify potential tax implications. In this research a conceptual tax-compliance framework was created and tested to enable persons to follow the procedure to identify potential taxes that could be triggered when going on short term assignments. It also enables them to have an understanding of the concepts of the main tax principles applicable in SADC countries that have double tax agreements in place with South Africa. / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / lmchunu2014 / Taxation / unrestricted

No description available.

Abstrakt Title: Advising companies on tax planning Introduction: In Sweden, there is an opportunity for small and medium- sized companies to make use of end-of-year dispositions, which are seen as a legal means of tax planning. When deciding on tax planning, companies can seek the help of an accountant who provides advice on matters relating to corporation tax. The motives of the companies stakeholders are also interesting to take into account when choosing tax planning. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate how accountants give advice to small and medium-sized companies in tax planning and what motives the companies have for tax planning. This is to create greater insight and understanding of how companies plan tax based on different accounting theories. Method: The study used a qualitative method. Semi-structured interviews have been conducted with respondents in Kalmar County. The collection was carried out with audit firms and small and medium-sized companies. Result: The accountant acts as a link in tax planning between the company and the owner. Closing dispositions are the SME approach to tax planning. When deciding on tax planning, the owner has the final mandate. / Sammanfattning Titel: Att rådgiva företag vid skatteplanering Inledning: I Sverige finns möjligheten för små och medelstora företag att använda sig av bokslutsdispositioner viket ses som ett lagligt medel vid skatteplanering. Vid beslut om att skatteplanera kan företag ta hjälp av en revisor som ger rådgivning i frågor som berör bolagsskatten. Företagets intressenters motiv är intressanta att ta i beaktning vid valet att skatteplanera. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur revisorer ger rådgivning till små och medelstora företag vid skatteplanering samt vilka motiv företagen har till planering av skatten. Detta är för att skapa en större inblick och förståelse för hur företagen skatteplanerar utifrån olika redovisningsteorier. Metod: Studien har använt en kvalitativ metod. Semi-strukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med informanter i Kalmar län. Insamlingen genomfördes med revisionsbyråer samt små och medelstora företag. Slutsats: Revisorn fungerar som en länk i skatteplaneringen mellan företag och ägare. Bokslutsdispositioner är små och medelstora företags tillvägagångssätt i skatteplanering. Vid beslut om att skatteplanera har ägaren det slutliga mandatet.

[pt] Desde 1996, a legislação fiscal brasileira permite que as empresas distribuam lucros para os seus acionistas em duas maneiras distintas: Dividendos e Juros sobre o Capital Próprio. Os Juros sobre o Capital Próprio pagos aos acionistas são dedutíveis do imposto de renda da firma pagadora, mas são tributados no nível do acionista beneficiário. Os dividendos pagos, por outro lado, não podem ser deduzidos do imposto de renda da firma pagadora, mas em contrapartida, não são tributados ao nível do acionista. Tudo o mais, há uma vantagem fiscal em distribuir lucros em Juros sobre o Capital Próprio ao invés de dividendos. Entretanto, muitas empresas brasileiras de capital aberto dispensam essa vantagem fiscal ao distribuir lucros exclusivamente via dividendos. Eu proponho que problemas de agência seriam responsáveis por esse puzzle. Caso uma firma opte por pagar dividendos, os custos fiscais de não distribuir lucros em Juros sobre Capital Próprio são igualmente divididos entre todos os acionistas. Os acionistas controladores, por outro lado, arcam com grande parte do ônus fiscal dos Juros sobre o Capital Próprio recebidos caso a firma possua uma estrutura acionária piramidal. Apresento evidência de que tal assimetria na distribuição dessa carga fiscal pode ser a razão pela qual tantas firmas abdicam de distribuir lucros via Juros sobre Capital Próprio. / [en] From 1996 on, tax laws in Brazil allow firms to distribute cash to its shareholders in two ways: dividend payments and interest on equity. Firms that pay interest on equity can deduct them for tax purposes, but they cannot deduct dividend payments. Investors, in turn, do not pay taxes on the dividends they earn, but they do pay on the amount of interest on equity they receive. All in all, there is a tax advantage in paying interest on equity instead of dividends. And yet, many public firms in Brazil forgo the tax benefits of interest on equity. I argue that an agency problem explains this puzzle. If a firm pays dividends, the tax cost of forgoing the corporate tax deduction of interest on equity is split among all shareholders. In contrast, controlling shareholders bear most of the taxes on interest on equity, if the paying firm has a pyramidal ownership structure. I present evidence that this asymmetry on the tax burden may indeed explain why so many firms in Brazil pay dividends instead of interest on equity.

In the first chapter of my thesis, I examine a domestic downstream producer that acquires a foreign input supplier with the aim of manipulating the transfer price and shifting profits from a high-tax to a low-tax country. The United States, with a corporate tax rate of 21%, is the leading example of profit shifting behavior, where multinational enterprises like Google, Apple and Facebook shift part of their profits to tax havens like Ireland, the Netherlands, or Switzerland. In our model, the multinational enterprise faces a trade-off: insourcing the input at a high transfer price reduces the corporate tax burden but at the cost of increasing the input cost of its downstream division, which reduces domestic sales and profits. The optimal transfer price balances this trade-off. In an extension that we develop in the model, the regulation under the arm’s length principle is shown to reduce the transfer price, which reduces distortion in the domestic production and expands the region in which vertical FDI benefits consumers and social welfare in the home country. We also show that promoting downstream competition could help align private and social incentives, reinforcing the positive effects of regulation. In the second chapter, I study the effect of consumer learning on shrouding (hiding information about the product price) and pricing strategies of the firms in add-on markets. The presence of consumer myopia in add-on markets often allows firms to exploit consumers who have limited information about the market, even in competitive ones. I formally develop a dynamic theoretical model of add-on markets where consumers learn about the shrouding strategies of firms after they buy and experience expensive add-on products in a previous period. Despite high levels of consumer myopia, I find that firms choose to unshroud the add-on product and sell it at a low price as long as consumer experience is high enough in the market. I also find co-existence of shrouding and unshrouding equilibria with high add-on prices when the level of consumer experience is low enough and the level of consumer myopia is high enough in the market. The results combine the contrasting results in the literature for add-on markets (Gabaix and Laibson (2006) and Dahremoller (2013)), and are robust to an infinite-period extension of the model. In the third chapter, I formally develop a theoretical model of the market for quacks, where market consists of both firms which provide a useless service and some experts. Apart from the naive consumers who sample firms based on anecdotal reasoning, I introduce some consumers who use Bayesian updating based on the distribution of firms in the market (sophistication), and hence can infer some information about firms based on the signals they receive, and study its effect on the behavior of firms in the market. In this setting, I find a Bayesian mixed-strategy Nash equilibrium, in which firms choose to randomize over low prices and sell their services to naive and sophisticated consumers, as long as there is a significant fraction of consumers who update their information based on the distribution of the firms in the market. The higher is the quality of service provided by the expert, the larger is the region in which this Nash equilibrium prevails. In contrast, if the fraction of consumers with incorrect beliefs is high enough, firms sell their services at high prices in equilibrium and only to the latter type of consumers. I extend the benchmark model to include more than one quack (and more than one expert), and the results are shown to be robust to the extensions. When there are two quacks and two experts, I find that firms may ‘split’ the market, and sell their services at different prices.