A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar, do ponto de vista descritivo, como foram realizadas as traduções de marcadores culturais presentes em duas obras da escritora afro-americana Toni Morrison: The Bluest Eye, traduzida por Manoel Paulo Ferreira como O Olho Mais Azul, e Beloved, traduzida por José Rubens Siqueira como Amada. Pretende-se analisar as escolhas e tendências tradutórias de cada tradutor diante das diferenças culturais entre a cultura fonte e a cultura meta. Para a realização deste estudo, apoiamo-nos no arcabouço teórico-metodológico dos Estudos da Tradução Baseados em Corpus (BAKER, 1993, 1995, 1996, 2000; CAMARGO 2005, 2007) e da Linguística de Corpus (BERBER SARDINHA, 2004).Para a investigação de marcadores culturais nos baseamos na reformulação realizada por Aubert (1981, 2006) a partir do trabalho sobre domínios culturais de Nida (1945). Para a extração e análise dos termos utilizamos o software WordSmith Tools versão 7.0. O presente estudo contém análises descritivas de 14 marcadores culturais selecionados a partir da lista de palavraschave gerada pelo WordSmith Tools, descrevendo as tendências e padrões tradutórios presentes nos textos meta e considerando, no âmbito da tradução, a especificidade dos romances e as diferenças culturais e históricas entre os Estados Unidos e o Brasil nos contextos históricos dos romances. / In this research, we intend to analyse, from the descriptive point of view, how the translations of cultural markers were held in two novels written by the Afro-American writer Toni Morrison: The Bluest Eye, translated by Manoel Paulo Ferreira as O Olho Mais Azul, and Beloved, translated by José Rubens Siqueira as Amada. We intend to analyse the choices and the translation tendencies of each translator before the cultural differences between the source culture and target culture. Our theoretical basis for the development of this research study is the theoretical and methodological approach of Corpus-Based Translation Studies (BAKER, 1993, 1995, 1996, 2000; CAMARGO 2005, 2007) and Corpus Linguistics (BERBER SARDINHA, 2004). We are also based on the study of cultural domains developed by Nida (1945) and reformulated by Aubert (1981, 2006). For term extraction and analysis, we used the WordSmith Tools software, version 7.0. So, this study contains descriptive analyses of 14 cultural markers selected from the keywords list created by WordSmith Tools, describing translation tendencies and patterns in the target texts and considering, in the scope of translation, the specificity of the novels and the cultural and historical differences between the United States and Brazil in the historical contexts of the novels.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 serpa_t_dr_sjrp.pdf: 10059856 bytes, checksum: 445f9ebf547965cfaabf209381860bc0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-23 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Com o objetivo de observar comportamentos linguísticos e também sociais no âmbito da prática profissional da tradução (direção português ↔ inglês), principalmente no que concerne ao uso de brasileirismos; e, a fim de fornecer subsídios para o ensino e a aprendizagem dessas condutas, com base no uso de corpora e no emprego do conceito de habitus na formação de tradutores, realizamos duas Pesquisas subdivididas em três etapas, as quais se integram e se complementam nesta Tese de Doutoramento. Na parte 1 de nossa investigação, associamos bases epistemológicas, apoiando-nos na abordagem interdisciplinar proposta por Camargo (2005, 2007), e adotando o arcabouço dos Estudos Descritivos da Tradução (EVEN-ZOHAR, 1978; TOURY, 1978, 1995), dos Estudos da Tradução Baseados em Corpus (BAKER, 1993, 1995, 1996, 2000), da Linguística de Corpus (BERBER SARDINHA, 2004) e, em parte, da Terminologia (BARROS, 2004; FAULSTICH, 2004). Procuramos vincular noções sociológicas (SIMEONI, 1998; GOUANVIC, 1995, 1999, 2002, 2005; SELA-SHEFFY, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2005a, 2005b; INGHILLERI, 2003, 2005a, 2005b) e pedagógicas voltadas ao habitus (BOURDIEU, 1980, 1982; PERRENOUD, 2000, 2001; TARDIF, 2002) às discussões sobre competências (DIAZ FOUCES, 1999; HURTADO ALBIR, 1993, 1995, 1999, 2000, 2005) e sobre a utilização de corpora com tradutores aprendizes (ALVES, MAGALHÃES, PAGANO, 2000, 2005; TAGNIN, ALVES, 2010; ALVES, 2003; ALVES, MAGALHÃES, 2004; FROMM, 2008, 2009; BERBER SARDINHA, 2010; CAMARGO, 2011a, 2011b; LAVIOSA, 1995, 2008, 2009; ZANETTIN, BERNARDINI, STEWART, 2003). Em um segundo momento, procedemos a compilação de um corpus paralelo composto pela obra Maíra (1978), de autoria de Darcy Ribeiro; e pela respectiva tradução, realizada por Goodland e Colchie (1985). Também nos valemos dos glossários bilíngues de Antropologia da Civilização (2012), produzidos com base em duas obras ensaísticas do mesmo autor, de modo a cruzarmos os dados e observarmos as opções tradutórias, as quais, acreditamos, podem representar um conjunto de habilidades passível de ser ordenado em atividades a serem adotadas em sala de aula. Metodologicamente, o programa WordSmith Tools proporcionou-nos os recursos para o levantamento dos termos e para a análise dos aspectos sociais e terminológicos presentes na formulação de uma proposta de experienciação de alguns comportamentos profissionais do tradutor. Desse modo, tomamos por hipótese que a observação reflexiva sobre a tradução de brasileirismos, por meio da Linguística de Corpus, permite-nos fomentar uma Pedagogia da Tradução pautada na instrução do habitus tradutório. Quanto aos procedimentos de Goodland e Colchie, os resultados obtidos mostraram que os tradutores utilizaram: a) empréstimos da Língua Fonte para Língua Meta; b) normalização; c) traduções literais; d) omissões, entre outros traços. Podemos citar, como exemplos de empréstimos usados nos textos traduzidos, alguns termos como: “capanga”, “mameluco” e “paçoca”. Os resultados apontaram ainda para a intensa variação na tradução dos brasileirismos, fator que pode permitir ao estudante notar distinções de significado entre termos, principalmente no que diz respeito ao universo da sociedade brasileira, como, por exemplo, em: “miçangas”: beads/ glass beads/beads ornaments/ little beads/ crystal beads. Por fim, na parte 3 de nossa Tese, convertemos os dados e as teorizações em um exercício e aplicamos entre os matriculados em um curso de Bacharelado em Letras com Habilitação em Tradução de uma Universidade Pública do Estado de São Paulo. Procuramos fornecer-lhes um amplo cabedal de estratégias, a partir de glossários, listas de palavras de maior frequência e chavicidade, gráficos e tabelas, os quais comporiam os alicerces de suas competências. Também desenvolvemos um trabalho em que os estudantes puderam verificar suas próprias escolhas para brasileirismos nos textos darcynianos e conceber os principais aspectos relacionados à formulação de um habitus coparticipado e internalizado, discutindo suas diferentes interpretações. Por fim, esperamos que essa configuração possa promover a assimilação de saberes que são vislumbrados por meio de asserções de um suporte teórico e metodológico direcionado a procedimentos tradutórios profissionais baseados em corpora. / The main purpose of this Thesis is to investigate the linguistic and also social behaviors within (Portuguese ↔ English) professional practice in Translation area, particularly related to the usage of Brazilianisms; and, to provide subsidies for teaching and learning these conducts, based on the use of corpora and on the appliance of the concept of habitus in translators’ education. Therefore, we proceeded two Studies, divided in three steps, which are integrated and which complete themselves in this Dissertation. The first part of our investigation associated epistemological foundations, considering Camargo’s interdisciplinary proposal (2005,2007) and adopting the framework of Descriptive Translation Studies (EVEN-ZOHAR, 1978; TOURY, 1978, 1995), of Corpus-Based Translation Studies (BAKER, 1993, 1995, 1996, 2000), of Corpus Linguistics (BERBER SARDINHA, 2004) and, in part, of Terminology (BARROS, 2004; FAULSTICH, 2004). It also promoted a link among sociological (SIMEONI, 1998; GOUANVIC, 1995, 1999, 2002, 2005, SELA-SHEFFY, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2005a, 2005b; INGHILLERI, 2005a, 2005b) and pedagogical ideas related to habitus (BOURDIEU 1980, 1982; PERRENOUD, 2000, 2001; TARDIF, 2002), discussions about competences (DIAZ FOUCES, 1999; HURTADO ALBIR, 1993, 1995, 1999, 2000, 2005) and corpora for training translators (ALVES, MAGALHÃES, PAGANO, 2000, 2005; TAGNIN, ALVES, 2010; ALVES, 2003; ALVES, MAGALHAES, 2004; FROMM, 2008, 2009; BERBER SARDINHA, 2004, 2010; CAMARGO, 2011a, 2011b; LAVIOSA, 1995, 2008, 2009; ZANETTIN, BERNARDINI, STEWART, 2003). During the second part of this study, we compiled a parallel corpus composed by Darcy Ribeiro’s novel, Maíra (1978), and by its respective translation, performed by Goodland and Colchie (1985). We also used two Social Anthropology of Civilization bilingual glossaries (2012) based on essayistic works written by the same author, so as to compare data and to observe translational options, which possibly represent a set of skills that can be ordered in activities to be adopted in classroom. Methodologically, the program WordSmith Tools provided the resources for collecting terms and for observing sociocultural and terminological aspects which are present in our proposal of experiencing professional behaviors. Therefore, we considered as hypothesis that the reflexive analysis about translational practices related to Brazilianisms, using Corpus Linguistics as technique, allow the development of a Translation Pedagogy proposition based on learning translational habitus. Concerning Goodland and Colchie’s performances, results showed that the translators used: a) loans from Source Language into Target Language; b) normalization; c) literal translations; d) omissions, among other features. As examples of loans, we can mention some terms as “capanga”, “mameluco” and “paçoca”. The results also pointed to the strong variation in the translation of the Brazilianisms, condition that may concede the students of Translation to notice distinctions in meaning among anthropological terms, especially in relation to the universe of Brazilian society, such as in: “miçangas”:beads/ glass beads/beads ornaments/ little beads/ crystal beads. In the third part, we organized the data and theories in an exercise structured for students registered in a Bachelor degree in Letters with professional qualification for Translation in a São Paulo State public university. We offered an extensive assortment of strategies to the students, through glossaries, lists of frequency and keyness, graphics and squares that would compound the foundations of their competences. We also develop a translational work in which the trainees could verify their own choices for Brazilianisms in Ribeiro’s texts as well as understand the main aspects related to the creation of a shared and internalized habitus, discussing different interpretations. We hope this configuration may promote the assimilation of knowledges which are noticed through the statements of a theoretical and methodological support directed to professional procedures based on corpora for Translation. / FAPESP: 2013-10882-0

The study adopts a theory of Descriptive Translation Studies to undertake a comparative analysis of stylistic devices in Shakespeare’s two plays, Julius Caesar and Macbeth and their Xitsonga translations. It contextualises its research aim and objectives after outlining a sequential account of theory development in the discipline of translation; and arrives at the desired and suitable tools for data collection and analysis.Through textual observation and notes of reading, the current study argues that researchers and scholars in the discipline converge when it comes to a dire need for translation strategies, but diverge in their classification and particular application for convenience in translating and translation. This study maintains that the translation strategies should be grouped into explicitation, normalisation and simplification, where each is assigned specific translation procedures. The study demonstrates that explicitation and normalisation translation strategies are best suited in dealing with translation constraints at a microtextual level. The sampled excerpts from both plays were examined on the preference for the analytical framework based on subjective sameness within a Skopos theory. The current study acknowledges that there is no single way of translating a play from one culture to the other. It also acknowledges that there appears to be no way the translator can refrain from the influence of the source text, as an inherent cultural feature that makes it unique. With no sure way of managing stylistic devices as translation constraints, translation as a problem-solving process requires creativity, a demonstration of mastery of language and style of the author of the source text, as well as a power drive characterised by the aspects of interlingual psychological balance of power and knowledge power. These aspects will help the translator to manage whatever translation brief(s) better, and arrive at a product that is accessible, accurate and acceptable to the target readership. They will also ensure that the translator maintains a balance between the two languages in contact, in order to guard against domination of one language over the other. The current study concludes that the Skopos theory has a larger influence in dealing with anticipating the context of the target readership as a factor that can introduce high risk when assessing the communicability conditions for the translated message. Contrariwise, when dealing with stylistic devices and employ literal translation as a translation procedure to simplification, the translator only aims at simplifying the language and making it accessible for the sake of ‘accessibility’ as it remains a product with communicative inadequacies. The study also concludes by maintaining that translation is not only transcoding, but the activity that calls for the translator’s creativity in order to identify and analyse the constraints encountered and decide on the corresponding translation strategies. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

Text in English / Abstracts in English, isiXhosa and Afrikaans / The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act 108 of 1996, mandates the state to take practical and positive measures to elevate the status and the use of indigenous languages. The implementation of this pronouncement resulted in a growing demand for specialised translations in fields like technology, science, commerce, law and finance. The lack of terminology and resources such as specialised bilingual dictionaries in indigenous languages, particularly isiXhosa remains a growing concern that hinders the translation and the intellectualisation of isiXhosa. A growing number of African scholars affirm the importance of specialised dictionaries in the African languages as tools for language and terminology development so that African languages can be used in the areas of science and technology. In the light of the background above, this study explored how parallel corpora can be interrogated using a bilingual concordancer, ParaConc to extract bilingual terminology that can be used to create specialised bilingual dictionaries. A corpus-based approach was selected due to its speed, efficiency and accuracy in extracting bilingual terms in their immediate contexts. In enhancing the research outcomes, Descriptive Translations Studies (DTS) and Corpus-based translation studies (CTS) were used in a complementary manner. Because the study is interdisciplinary, the function theories of lexicography that emphasise the function and needs of users were also applied. The analysis and extraction of bilingual terminology for dictionary making was successful through the use of the following ParaConc features, namely frequencies, hot word lists, hot words, search facility and concordances (Key Word in Context), among others. The findings revealed that English-isiXhosa Parallel Corpus is a repository of translation equivalents and other information categories that can make specialised dictionaries more user-friendly and multifunctional. The frequency lists were revealed as an effective method of selecting headwords for inclusion in a dictionary. The results also unraveled the complex functions of bilingual concordances where information on collocations and multiword units, sense distinction and usage examples could be easily identifiable proving that this approach is more efficient than the traditional method. The study contributes to the knowledge on corpus-based lexicography, standardisation of finance terminology resource development and making of user-friendly dictionaries that are tailor-made for different needs of users. / Umgaqo-siseko weli loMzantsi Afrika ukhululele uRhulumente ukuba athabathe amanyathelo abonakalayo ekuphuhliseni nasekuphuculeni iilwimi zesiNtu. Esi sindululo sibangele ukwanda kokuguqulelwa kwamaxwebhu angezobuchwepheshe, inzululwazi, umthetho, ezemali noqoqosho angesiNgesi eguqulelwa kwiilwimi ebezifudula zingasiwe-so ezinjengesiXhosa. Ukunqongophala kwesigama kunye nezichazi-magama kube yingxaki enkulu ekuguquleleni ngakumbi izichazi-magama ezilwimi-mbini eziqulethe isigama esikhethekileyo. Iingcali ezininzi ziyangqinelana ukuba olu hlobo lwezi zichazi-magama luyimfuneko kuba ludlala iindima enkulu ekuphuhlisweni kweelwimi zesiNtu, ekuyileni isigama, nasekusetyenzisweni kwazo kumabakala obunzululwazi nobuchwepheshe. Olu phando ke luvavanya ukusetyenziswa kwekhophasi equlethe amaxwebhu esiNgesi neenguqulelo zawo zesiXhosa njengovimba wokudimbaza isigama sezemali esinokunceda ekuqulunqweni kwesichazi-magama esilwimi-mbini. Isizathu esibangele ukukhetha le ndlela yophando esebenzisa ikhompyutha kukuba iyakhawuleza, ulwazi oluthathwe kwikhophasi luchanekile, yaye isigama kwikhophasi singqamana ngqo nomxholo wamaxwebhu nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukufumana iintsingiselo nemizekelo ephilayo. Ukutyebisa olu phando indlela yekhophasi iye yaxhaswa zezinye iindlela zophando ezityunjiweyo: ufundo lwenguguqulelo oluchazayo (DTS) kunye neendlela zokuguqulela ezijoliswe kumsebenzi nakuhlobo lwabasebenzisi zinguqulelo ezo. Kanti ke ziqwalaselwe neenkqubo zophando lobhalo-zichazi-magama eziinjongo zokuqulunqa izichazi-magama ezesebenzisekayo neziluncedo kuninzi lwabasebenzisi zichazi-magama ngakumbi kwisizwe esisebenzisa iilwimi ezininzi. Ukuhlalutya nokudimbaza isigama kwikhophasi kolu phando kusetyenziswe isixhobo sekhompyutha esilungiselelwe ikhophasi enelwiimi ezimbini nangaphezulu ebizwa ngokuba yiParaConc. Iziphumo zolu phando zibonise mhlophe ukuba ikhophasi eneenguqulelo nguvimba weendidi ngendidi zamagama nolwazi olunokuphucula izichazi-magama zeli xesha. Kaloku abaguquleli basebenzise amaqhinga ngamaqhinga ukunika iinguqulelo bekhokelwa yimigomo nemithetho yoguqulelo enxuse abasebenzisi bamaxwebhu aguqulelweyo. Ubuchule beParaConc bokukwazi ukuhlela amagama ngokwendlela afumaneka ngayo kunye neenkcukacha zamanani budandalazise indlela eyiyo yokukhetha imichazwa enokungena kwisichazi-magama. Iziphumo zikwabonakalise iintlaninge yolwazi olufumaneka kwiKWIC, lwazi olo olungelula ukulufumana xa usebenzisa undlela-ndala wokwakha isichazi-magama. Esi sifundo esihlanganyele uGuqulelo olusekelwe kwiKhophasi noQulunqo-zichazi-magama zobuchwepheshe luya kuba negalelo elingathethekiyo kwindlela yokwakha izichazi-magama kwilwiimi zeSintu ngokubanzi nancakasana kwisiXhosa, nto leyo eya kothula umthwalo kubaqulunqi-zichazi-magama. Ukwakha nokuqulunqa izichazi-magama ezilwimi-mbini zezemali kuya kwandisa imithombo yesigama esinqongopheleyo kananjalo sivelise izichazi-magama eziluncedo kwisininzi sabantu. / Die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika, Wet 108 van 1996, gee aan die staat die mandaat om praktiese en positiewe maatreëls te tref om die status en gebruik van inheemse tale te verhoog. Die implementering van hierdie uitspraak het gelei tot ’n toenemende vraag na gespesialiseerde vertalings in domeine soos tegnologie, wetenskap, handel, regte en finansies. Die gebrek aan terminologie en hulpbronne soos gespesialiseerde woordeboeke in inheemse tale, veral Xhosa, wek toenemende kommer wat die vertaling en die intellektualisering van Xhosa belemmer. ’n Toenemende aantal vakkundiges in Afrika beklemtoon die belangrikheid van gespesialiseerde woordeboeke in die Afrikatale as instrumente vir taal- en terminologie-ontwikkeling sodat Afrikatale gebruik kan word in die areas van wetenskap en tegnologie. In die lig van die voorafgaande agtergrond het hierdie studie ondersoek ingestel na hoe parallelle korpora deursoek kan word deur ’n tweetalige konkordanser (ParaConc) te gebruik om tweetalige terminologie te ontgin wat gebruik kan word in die onwikkeling van tweetalige gespesialiseerde woordeboeke. ’n Korpusgebaseerde benadering is gekies vir die spoed, doeltreffendheid en akkuraatheid waarmee dit tweetalige terme uit hulle onmiddellike kontekste kan onttrek. Beskrywende Vertaalstudies (DTS) en Korpusgebaseerde Vertaalstudies (CTS) is op ’n aanvullende wyse gebruik om die navorsingsuitkomste te verbeter. Aangesien die studie interdissiplinêr is, is die funksieteorieë van leksikografie wat die funksie en behoeftes van gebruikers beklemtoon, ook toegepas. Die analise en ontginning van tweetalige terminologie om woordeboeke te ontwikkel was suksesvol deur, onder andere, gebruik te maak van die volgende ParaConc-eienskappe, naamlik, frekwensies, hotword-lyste, hot words, die soekfunksie en konkordansies (Sleutelwoord-in-Konteks). Die bevindings toon dat ’n Engels-Xhosa Parallelle Korpus ’n bron van vertaalekwivalente en ander inligtingskategorieë is wat gespesialiseerde woordeboeke meer gebruikersvriendelik en multifunksioneel kan maak. Die frekwensielyste is geïdentifiseer as ’n doeltreffende metode om hoofwoorde te selekteer wat opgeneem kan word in ’n woordeboek. Die bevindings het ook die komplekse funksies van tweetalige konkordansers ontknoop waar inligting oor kollokasies en veelvuldigewoord-eenhede, betekenisonderskeiding en gebruiksvoorbeelde maklik identifiseer kon word wat aandui dat hierdie metode viii doeltreffender is as die tradisionele metode. Die studie dra by tot die kennisveld van korpusgebaseerde leksikografie, standaardisering van finansiële terminologie, hulpbronontwikkeling en die ontwikkeling van gebruikersvriendelike woordeboeke wat doelgemaak is vir verskillende behoeftes van gebruikers. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (Linguistics (Translation Studies))

[pt] Este estudo apresenta uma pesquisa temática envolvendo Terminologia, Estudos de Tradução Baseados em Corpus, Terminologia Computacional e Semântica Lexical, e tem como objeto de estudo a área do Corpo de Fuzileiros Navais. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi de criar um material terminológico por meio de uma metodologia híbrida de extração de termos desenvolvida a partir de testes com ferramentas de Extração Automática de Termos (EAT). Assim, buscou-se solucionar tanto problemas tradutórios relacionados à subárea de estudo quanto à detecção e validação de candidatos a termos em um corpus. Primeiramente, foi realizado um estudo piloto com o objetivo de avaliar as ferramentas TermoStat Web 3.0 e AntConc 3.5.7. Após os testes por meio da análise de um corpus paralelo bilíngue, foram selecionadas as melhores condições identificadas para se obter uma metodologia eficaz de extração automática de termos aliada à análise humana. Em seguida, essa metodologia foi utilizada para a análise de um corpus bilíngue comparável. Os candidatos a termos extraídos foram então validados pelos critérios de Semântica Lexical propostos por L Homme (2020) e, em seguida, foram detectados seus equivalentes terminológicos. Este estudo resultou na criação do léxico bilíngue Espírito de Corpus. / [en] This study presents a thematic research in the Marine Corps area involving Terminology, Corpus-Based Translation Studies, Computational Terminology and Lexical Semantics. The objective of this research was to create a terminological material through a hybrid methodology of term extraction developed from tests with Automatic Term Extraction (ATE) tools. Thus, we sought to solve both translation problems related to the subarea of study and to the detection and validation of term candidates in a corpus. First, a pilot study was conducted aiming to analyze two tools – TermoStat Web 3.0 and AntConc 3.5.7. After the conduction of the tests through the analysis of a bilingual parallel corpus, the best conditions identified were selected to obtain an effective methodology of automatic extraction of terms allied to human analysis. Then, this methodology was used for the analysis of a comparable bilingual corpus. The term candidates automatically extracted were then validated by the Lexical Semantics criteria proposed by L Homme (2020) and their translation equivalents were detected. This study resulted in the creation of the bilingual lexicon Espírito de Corpus.