Este trabalho apresenta um estudo da tradução para a língua inglesa de textos dos tipos release jornalístico e questionário, relativos ao Censo Demográfico 2010 e disponibilizados no website do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), com ênfase nas soluções tradutórias dadas aos vocábulos considerados marcadores culturais, pertencentes aos domínios da cultura ecológica, ideológica, material e social (AUBERT, 1981, 2006). Tomando como arcabouço teórico os Estudos da Tradução Baseados em Corpus (ETBC) (BAKER, 1993, 1995, 1996; CAMARGO, 2005, 2007), fundamentos da Linguística de Corpus (BERBER SARDINHA, 2000, 2004), e fazendo uso do programa WordSmith Tools, foram analisadas as soluções adotadas, à luz das modalidades de tradução de Aubert (1998), e identificados traços característicos da linguagem da tradução (BAKER, 1996), a saber: explicitação, normalização e simplificação, no corpus traduzido. Também foram feitas comparações com corpora de mesma temática formados por textos originalmente escritos em inglês e obtidos dos websites dos institutos internacionais US Census Bureau e Statistics Canada. Os resultados apontam os domínios da cultura social e ideológica como os mais e os menos frequentes, respectivamente, nas traduções. Os marcadores de maior chavicidade foram indígenas, nos releases, e município, no questionário. Quanto às modalidades, as mais recorrentes nos textos analisados foram: omissão, tradução literal, modulação e transposição. Dada a reduzida presença das características da tradução no questionário, este aspecto foi analisado a partir de exemplos dos releases, apenas, sendo a explicitação a marca menos observada, e a normalização, a característica mais presente nos textos. A comparação com os corpora dos institutos internacionais supracitados evidenciou a existência de três palavras-chave coincidentes nos releases census, population e household(s) e de apenas uma palavra-chave no caso do questionário person(s). As opções tradutórias adotadas para os marcadores culturais no texto do IBGE não foram encontradas nos corpora comparáveis. / This is a study of the translation into English of texts about the 2010 Population Census news releases and a questionnaire available from the IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) website, with a focus on the translation of the words considered cultural markers, according to Auberts classification (1981, 2006) into ecological, ideological, social and material cultural domains. Having Corpus-Based Translation Studies (CTS) (BAKER, 1993, 1995, 1996; CAMARGO, 2005, 2007) and fundamentals of Corpus Linguistics (BERBER SARDINHA, 2000, 2004) as its theoretical framework, and based on results provided by the software WordSmith Tools, this research study presents an analysis of the translations of cultural markers according to the concept of translation modalities (AUBERT, 1998), and investigates the occurrence of features of translation (BAKER, 1996): explicitation, normalization and simplification, in the translated corpus. Furthermore, it provides comparisons made with additional corpora about the same topic, formed by texts originally written in English, available from the websites of two international agencies: Us Census Bureau and Statistics Canada. The results show that the social and ideological cultural domains are, respectively, the most and the least common in the translations. The words indígenas, found in the releases, and munícípio, in the questionnaire, had the highest keyness values among the cultural markers analyzed. As for translation modalities, the most recurrent ones in the texts were: omission, literal translation, modulation and transposition. Considering the reduced number of translation features in the questionnaire, that aspect was analyzed in examples taken from the releases, only. In those texts, explicitation and normalization were, respectively, the least and most commonly observed features. The comparison between the IBGE corpus and the ones from the aforementioned agencies revealed that three key-words were found repeated in the releases from the three institutes census, population and household(s) versus only one key-word in the case of the questionnaire person(s). The words used to translate the cultural markers in the texts produced by the IBGE were not found in the comparable corpora.

Os estudos sobre o ensino da tradução no Brasil ainda oferecem muito espaço para discussões. Valendo-se disso, este trabalho traz como um de seus objetivos uma breve reflexão sobre a sala de aula e sugere um possível método de ensino de tradução baseado na análise de material produzido por tradutores-aprendizes. A intenção é que, por meio da Linguística de Corpus, consigamos observar o processo de construção do texto de chegada pela ótica do aluno, nos mesmos moldes que o fazemos ao analisar material produzido por aprendizes de idiomas. Para tanto, compilamos um corpus de aprendizes de tradução, constituído por oito textos originais e cerca de 100 traduções para cada um deles. Alinhar tantas traduções referentes a um original de modo a permitir análises não foi tarefa fácil. A estratégia empregada para superar tal dificuldade foi o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia específica de alinhamento tendo como ferramenta planilhas eletrônicas. Tal metodologia tornou-se o foco central desta pesquisa. A utilização de fórmulas para a manipulação de dados textuais na planilha eletrônica resultou em um corpus alinhado, com todos os textos de partida e suas referidas traduções com cabeçalhos e com todas as linhas etiquetadas. Esse procedimento possibilitou a organização de um corpus para ser analisado tanto no editor de planilhas eletrônicas quando em programas como AntConc e WordSmith Tools. Além disso, também apresentamos a planilha eletrônica como uma ferramenta didática para ser usada nas aulas de prática de tradução. / Studies on the teaching of translation in Brazil still offer room for discussions. Having that in mind, one of the goals of this research aims at fostering a brief reflection upon the classroom and proposes a teaching method based on the analyses of material produced by translation learners. We show that Corpus Linguistics can be used to analyze student translations in the same way we do when we analyze material produced by language learners. For that purpose, we compiled a corpus of translations produced by learners, consisting of eight source texts in English and about 800 translations into Portuguese, approximately 100 for each text. Aligning so many translations to their original texts to favor analyses was not a simple task. Such difficulties were overcome by the development of a methodology for alignment, which became the central focus of this research. By utilizing formulas to deal with textual data in spreadsheets resulted in an aligned corpus containing source texts and their referring translations with headers and all lines tagged. Such procedure allowed us to come up with a corpus to be analyzed in both the spreadsheet editor and in programs such as AntConc and WordSmith Tools. In addition to that, we also introduced the spreadsheets as a didactic tool to be used in translation practice classes.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T18:11:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 10 / Nenhuma / Os compostos nominais são construções produtivas em diversos idiomas, ou seja, novas combinações são facilmente criadas em contextos de uso da língua. No entanto, esse fenômeno linguístico é idiossincrático, fato que torna o seu estudo um desafio para a linguística e para as investigações que se ocupam do Processamento da Linguagem Natural. Neste trabalho, é feita uma investigação sobre a forma como os elementos constituintes dos compostos nominais em inglês formados por dois substantivos (compostos NN) se relacionam semanticamente e quais as características dos seus correspondentes de tradução em língua portuguesa encontrados em dez edições da revista National Geographic. O objetivo desta investigação é identificar as relações mais frequentes no corpus a fim de que se possa propor uma tipologia que expresse a composicionalidade semântica dessas construções. Para alcançar esse fim, o trabalho está dividido em três etapas. A primeira etapa consiste em apresentar os pressupostos teóricos adotados no trabalho. P / Noun compounds are productive constructions in many languages. However, they are idiosyncratic, fact that makes the study of this linguistic phenomenon a challenge for the linguistics and for the Natural Language researches. The purpose of this paper is to study the semantics of the noun compounds formed by two nouns (NN compounds). It is also intended to identify the translation equivalents in Portuguese found in ten editions of the National Geographic Magazine. The final product is a proposal of typology which expresses the compositionality of the NN compounds according to the data found in the corpus. This paper has three distinctive parts, where the following subjects are introduced: the theoretical bases for this paper; the methodological resources from Corpus Linguistics that were adopted; the analysis and discussion about the data. Concepts about the semantics of nominal compounds as productivity, semantic transparency, headness, lexicalization and nominalization are commented. Two theories were used f

A linguagem da tradução apresenta, de forma independente, tendências e características típicas em sua natureza. Este estudo examinou o termo segurança em português e suas duas principais traduções para o inglês safety e security, na temática de segurança da linguagem da aviação. Para tanto, fundamentamo-nos, principalmente, nos Estudos de Tradução Baseados em Corpus (BAKER, 1993, 1995, 1996) e na Linguística de Corpus (BERBER SARDINHA, 2000, 2004; TOGNINI-BONELLI, 2001). Relacionamos os três termos entre si, apontando semelhanças, generalidades e particularidades. Para a compilação do corpus paralelo de estudo, utilizamos duas revistas científicas brasileiras da área de aviação (Conexão Sipaer, 2009; Aviation in Focus, 2006) e compilamos também, dois corpora comparáveis de apoio de textos de segurança da aviação originalmente em português (Agência Nacional de Aviação Civil; Força Aérea Brasileira) e de textos originalmente em inglês (Organização de Aviação Civil Internacional). A pesquisa conta com o programa WordSmith Tools versão 6.0 e suas ferramentas WordList, KeyWords e Concord. Os tipos de corpora empregados permitiram refletir sobre as características da linguagem da tradução, assim como evidenciar uma correlação dos usos e sentidos dos termos analisados. As traduções apresentam traços de explicitação, simplificação e normalização. Por meio dos corpora comparáveis, obtivemos as principais expressões fixas e semifixas compostas pelos termos nas duas línguas, apresentadas em listas, acompanhadas de seus contextos em português e inglês. Os resultados apresentados apontam para uma melhor compreensão desses termos, na linguagem da aviação, e visam a contribuir com esclarecimentos para tradutores e profissionais que utilizam essa linguagem de especialidade a respeito do tema. / Translation language carries out certain trends and characteristics in its own nature. The present study aims at observing the term segurança in Portuguese and its two main translations into English safety and security in aviation language. The theories and methodologies used are those of Corpus-based Translation Studies (BAKER, 1993, 1995, 1996) and Corpus Linguistics (BERBER SARDINHA, 2000, 2004; TOGNINI-BONELLI, 2001). The three terms were related and we pointed out their similarities, generalities and peculiarities. For compiling the main corpus we used Brazilian journals in the aviation field (Conexão Sipaer, 2009; Aviation in Focus, 2006). For the comparable corpora, we used aviation texts originally in Portuguese (National Civil Aviation Agency of Brazil; Brazilian Air Force) and texts originally in English (International Civil Aviation Organization). This study used the software WordSmith Tools version 6.0 and the tools WordList, KeyWords and Concord. The tranlated texts showed characteristics of explicitation, simplification and normalisation. The types of corpora we used leaded to a reflection over the characteristics of translation language as well as they allowed us to obtain evidence and relate uses of the analysed terms. The comparable corpora gave out the main fixed and semifixed expressions originated from the simple terms in Portuguese and English which are presented through lists followed by their contexts. The results contribute to a better understanding of the terms in aviation language and are expected to be usefull as evidence to translators and professionals in this field and theme.

Heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are a family of molecules that are found on the surface of cells or in the extracellular matrix, where they are involved in regulating key signalling events required for normal mammalian brain development. It is thought that specificity of HSPGs for particular signalling processes is encoded by their heparan sulphate (HS) sugar side chains, which can be modified post-translationally to yield huge variation in HS structure. Different sulphation patterns are generated by the action of the heparan sulphate sulfotransferases (HSTs) and sulfatase enzymes, which add or remove sulphate groups to specific positions on residues of the HS side chains. Depending on the expression of these enzymes and the resulting heparan sulphate ‘code’, it is proposed that cells are then able to regulate signals they receive and send in the ligand rich extracellular environment of the developing forebrain. Hs6st1 and Hs2st catalyse 6-O and 2-O HS sulphation, respectively. Following loss of either of these two HSTs, commissural tracts including the corpus callosum fail to develop normally during late mouse embryogenesis. The telencephalic midline environment is perturbed, with a striking mis-positioning of glial cell populations that normally act to guide axons towards the contralateral hemisphere. Too many radial glial cells at the glial wedge (GW) migrate towards the indusium griseum (IG) in mutant embryos. The running hypothesis to explain this phenotype is a change in critical signalling pathways required to set up the correct midline glia environment, such as Fgf8/ERK signalling which has already been identified as up-regulated at the Hs6st1-/- corticoseptal boundary (CSB). In order to further study what changes are occurring at the developing midline of HST-/- embryos compared to WT, we took a hypothesis free approach using RNA-sequencing analysis. RNA extracted from dissected midline regions of WT, Hs2st-/- and Hs6st1-/- mouse embryos at E16.5 was sent for sequencing, and a list of differentially expressed genes obtained. Overall we find few differentially expressed genes at the Hs6st1-/- midline compared to WT. At the Hs2st- /- midline there are a larger number of differentially expressed genes. Following validation studies, we find a significant and specific increase in Fgf17 protein distribution at the CSB of Hs2st-/- embryos compared to WT at E14.5. The results suggest the hypothesis that Hs2st’s normal role is to regulate Fgf17 protein distribution to limit exposure of GW radial glia cells to this translocation signal. When 2-O HS sulphation is lost then in Hs2st-/- embryos, ectopic Fgf17 signalling induces aberrant glia migration which ultimately prevents callosal axons from crossing the telencephalic midline to form the corpus callosum. To test this hypothesis, we used ex vivo slice culture experiments and showed ectopic Fgf17 protein expression is sufficient to trigger precocious translocation of midline glia in WT CSB, phenocopying the glia behaviour of Hs2st-/- embryos. Also consistent with the hypothesis, the Hs2st-/- glia phenotype can be rescued by addition of an FgfR1 inhibitor which reduces number of translocated glia cells. From these results we find for the first time that 2-O sulphated HS plays a remarkably specific role in regulating Fgf17-mediated translocation of midline glia cells at the developing mammalian telencephalic midline.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:22:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Denise Delega Lucio.pdf: 5910043 bytes, checksum: e39fb054a13db1353de44dcdf6626c8b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This thesis aims to check the way how argumentative texts produced by English learners vary and, by means of this knowledge, suggest procedures for developing activities for English teaching material. The research resorts to the theoretical framework of Corpus Linguistics, Learner Corpus Linguistics, and Multidimensional Analysis. Our study corpora were the International Corpus of Learner English (ICLE), the Brazilian International Corpus of Learner English (BrICLE), and the Louvain Corpus of Native English Essays (LOCNESS). In the first phase of this research, we checked the way how variation in learner s essays was distributed along the dimensions of English variation proposed by Biber (1988). In the second phase, we identified the specific variation dimensions in leaner s essays, something which resulted in 4 dimensions of variation: dimension 1 literate writing versus narrativelike and oral-like writing; dimension 2 description-driven writing versus action-driven writing; dimension 3 writing focused on thought and report; and dimension 4 qualifying writing. In the third phase, we addressed the linguistic characteristics observed in the dimension literate writing versus narrative-like and oral-like writing to find contents for the teaching activities about variation in texts. In addition to the suggested activities, we present the procedures needed to use results from researches like this for producing language teaching materials / Esta tese tem por objetivo verificar o modo como textos argumentativos produzidos por alunos de inglês variam e, a partir desse conhecimento, sugerir procedimentos para o desenvolvimento de atividades para material didático de inglês. A pesquisa recorre ao arcabouço teórico da Linguística de Corpus, Linguística de Corpus de Aprendiz e Análise Multidimensional. Nossos corpora de estudo foram o International Corpus of Learner English (ICLE), o Brazilian International Corpus of Learner English (BrICLE) e o Louvain Corpus of Native English Essays (LOCNESS). Na primeira fase desta pesquisa, verificamos o modo como a variação nas redações de aprendizes se distribuía nas dimensões de variação do inglês propostas por Biber (1988). Na segunda fase, identificamos as dimensões de variação específicas nas redações de aprendizes, o que resultou em 4 dimensões de variação: dimensão 1 escrita letrada versus escrita narrativizada e oralizada; dimensão 2 escrita com foco na descrição versus escrita com foco no agir; dimensão 3 escrita com foco no pensamento e no relato; e dimensão 4 escrita qualificativa. Na terceira fase, partimos das características linguísticas observadas na dimensão escrita letrada versus escrita narrativizada e oralizada para encontrar conteúdos para as atividades didáticas sobre a variação em textos. Além das atividades sugeridas, apresentamos os procedimentos necessários para utilizar resultados de pesquisas como esta para a produção de materiais didáticos para ensino de línguas

Les grammairiens considèrent que l’impératif est le moyen normal pour formuler une injonction. Cependant d’autres moyens tels que l’assertion, l’interrogation, les expressions averbales sont possibles. Notre thèse se propose d’étudier les caractéristiques syntaxiques, sémantiques et pragmatiques ainsi que la répartition de ces moyens en fonction des activités linguistiques pratiquées par les locuteurs. Nous avons retenu cinq situations (entretien, petit commerce, didactique – institutionnelle et didactique – amicale).Après avoir défini sur une base pragmatique, nous avons essayé de dégager les configurations très fréquentes et celles qui restent exceptionnelles, de voir comment les compétences linguistiques sont mobilisées par les locuteurs pour satisfaire les attentes normatives dans les différentes situations sociales qui constituent notre corpus. / The grammar considers that the imperative form is the normal means to formulate imperative utterances. However, other means like assertives, interrogatives and non-verbal expressions are possible. Our thesis studies the syntactical, semantic and pragmatic caracteristics of these structures and their distributions according to the linguistic activities. We have taken five situations (interview, small commerce, didactical – institutionnal, didactical – friendly).Adopting a pragmatic definition of the imperative, we tryed to figure out the frequent and exeptionnel configurations, to see how linguistic skills are mobilized by speakers to satisfy the normative expectations in these different social situations.

Orientador: Celso Fernando Rocha / Banca: Angélica Karim Garcia Simão / Banca: Odair Luiz Nadin da Silva / Resumo: A presente dissertação volta-se para o estudo do léxico de uma obra traduzida, tendo como base o uso de corpus. Escolhemos para análise o livro The Chronicles of Narnia: the Silver Chair (1953), do escritor C. S. Lewis, e suas traduções para a língua portuguesa "As Crônicas de Nárnia: a cadeira de prata" - tradução de Paulo Mendes Campos - e para a língua espanhola Las Crónicas de Narnia: la silla de plata - Tradução de María Rosa Duhart Silva. Selecionamos três vocábulos para análise, os quais se relacionam à representação das principais personagens femininas e a aspectos simbólicos da narrativa: Jill, Witch e owl. Estas são palavras-chave no corpus que compilamos e foram extraídas por meio de ferramentas específicas do software WordSmith Tools. Investigamos, então, os três vocábulos de acordo com seu cotexto (texto ao redor da palavra de busca) e com seu contexto. Para tal, levamos em consideração os dados fornecidos pelo programa, como o número de ocorrências dos vocábulos escolhidos no texto de partida (TP) e nos textos de chegada (TCs) e os pressupostos teóricos dos Estudos da Tradução Baseados em Corpus (BAKER, 1993, 1995, 1996). Os resultados das análises apontam para a criação de novos sentidos nos TCs de acordo com o léxico selecionado pelos tradutores, levando o leitor a conceituar de diferentes modos as personagens citadas, a partir de suas impressões ao ter acesso ao TC. / Abstract: The present dissertation, based on subsidies from Corpus Linguistics consists of a study aimed at studying the lexicon of a literary work. We have chosen to analyze the book The Chronicles of Narnia: the Silver Chair (1953), by the writer C. S. Lewis, and its translations into the Portuguese language As Crônicas de Nárnia: a cadeira de prata - translated by Paulo Mendes Campos -, and into the Spanish language Las Crónicas de Narnia: la silla de plata - translated by María Rosa Duhart Silva. We have selected three words for analysis, which relate to the representation of the main female characters and the symbolic aspects of the narrative: Jill, Witch and owl. These are keywords in the corpus we compiled and they were extracted using specific tools from WordSmith Tools software. We then investigated the three words according to their co-text (text around the search word) and its context. To do so, we took into account the data provided by the program, such as the number of occurrences of the words chosen in the source text (ST) and in the target texts (TTs) and the theoretical assumptions of Corpus-based Translation Studies (BAKER, 1993, 1995, 1996). The results of the analyzes point to the creation of new meanings in the TTs according to the lexicon selected by the translators, leading the reader to conceptualize the characters mentioned in different ways, from their impressions upon access to the TT. / Mestre

This diploma thesis aims to analyze the function of articles in English and Italian. In both languages, articles are used in order to determine the name; however, in some instances, such function works in both languages differently. With the help of examples from books and from the InterCorp corpus, this thesis shows the similarities and differences regarding this matter. The description of both languages is based on the point of view of a native speaker of Czech. Having a broad variety of endings and declinations, Czech is a language that does not use the category of article. Thus, it uses other means to cover the same function, which in this case helps to see the differences in different language systems. The thesis is divided into ten chapters; each of them deals with a different aspect that is related to the article use. To show the level of similarity in each of these cases, the theory is supported by various examples in both languages. The first chapter deals with the development of articles from the Indoeuropean base. Next chapter introduces the current forms of articles in modern English and Italian, taking into account pronunciation. Chapter 3 focuses on the classification of substantives and also deals with the concept of countability. Chapter 4 introduces articles as a part of NP, taking into account different parts of speech that from the syntactic point of view can appear in the same position as article. Chapters 5 and 6 are focused on the general functions of articles, while the following two chapters analyse respectively the use of articles with common and proper names. Chapters 9 and 10 deal with the impact of word order on the use of articles and with the correlation of articles and demonstrative pronouns. In the final part are exposed the general conclusions that resulted from the analysis of all the aspects listed above.

Idioms play an important role in language acquisition but learners do not have sufficient time to learn all of them. Therefore, learners need to focus on the most frequently occurring idioms, which can be determined by corpus searches. Building off previous corpus studies, this study generated a comprehensive list of English idioms by combining lists from several sources and developed a methodology for organizing and sorting idioms within the list. In total, over 27,000 idiom forms were amalgamated and a portion of the list was compiled, which featured 2,697 core idioms and 5,559 variant idiom forms. It was found that over 35% of idioms varied structurally and thirteen types of idiom variation were highlighted. Additionally, issues concerning idiom boundaries were investigated. These results are congruent with previous findings which show that variation is a commonly occurring element of idioms. Furthermore, specific problematic elements for future corpus searches and English language learners are identified.