題組題是依據所提供之新情境和資料作答的試題類型，它能測量到學生的理解、應用、分析或評鑑能力，一般來說，同一題組內各子題有某種程度的關聯性。由於題組題是近幾年國民中學基本學力測驗常見的試題類型，且目前各種鑑別度定義僅針對單一試題作鑑別度分析，若將其應用在分析題組型試題鑑別度時，除了無法計算題組本身的鑑別度之外，甚至會忽略題組內各子題之間的關聯性。此外，目前題組鑑別度的相關研究並不多，故本論文以複相關係數的觀點探討其鑑別度，提供新的研究方向。本文先分析獨立型試題鑑別度，並將其研究結果拓展至題組型試題。對於獨立型試題，本文驗證了以點二系列相關為定義的鑑別度是以相關係數為定義的鑑別度之特例。對於題組型試題，在蒐集測驗結果資料後，本文運用迴歸分析的技巧計算「題組本身」鑑別度，同時，為了探求在排除同一題組內前面各子題影響力後的子題鑑別度對於該題組鑑別度的貢獻程度，故本文提出「淨得分」與「淨鑑別度」的新概念，並發現題組鑑別度與各子題淨鑑別度之間有密切的關聯性；再者，本文亦提供了檢定各子題淨鑑別度是否顯著的統計方法。最後，以99年第一次國中基測英語科試題為例，利用本文研究結果計算其獨立型試題鑑別度以及題組試題之題組鑑別度、各子題鑑別度與各子題淨鑑別度，並與其它有關試題鑑別度的研究作比較與分析。 / For testlet, it is answered by the provided new situation and information, can measure the student’s understanding, application, analysis and judging ability. Generally speaking, a relation exists in each item within testlet. In the recent years, testlet is an usual type in the Basic Competence Test for Junior High School. Moreover, current all definitions of discrimination index are only focusing on the single item. When these definitions are applied to analyze the discrimination index of testlet directly, not only the discrimination index of testlet can not be calculated but the relation between items within testlet will be neglected. Furthermore, due to the lack of the discrimination index study on testlet, this thesis investigates the discrimination index of testlet by regression analysis with the view point of multiple correlation coefficient and provides a new direction for the following study. This thesis is investigating the discrimination index of independent items, and this result is applied to testlet. For individual items, this study proves that point-biserial correlation is a special case of correlation coefficient. For testlet, after data collection, this study calculates the discrimination index of testlet itself by regression analysis. In the meantime, for investigating the contribution of the discrimination index of testlet of item within testlet which is getting rid of the influence of the previous items in the same testlet, this study proposes a new concept of “net score” and “net discrimination”. First, this study finds the close relation between the discrimination index of testlet and item within testlet. Second, this study states how to find the “net” discrimination index of item within testlet is remarkable or not by statistics. Finally, this study takes the English test items of the First Basic Competence Test for Junior High School Students in 2010 as example to calculate their discrimination index of individual item, testlet, item with testlet, and the net discrimination index of item within testlet, separately, by the deduced formula. A comparison and analysis between this and related study also have been taken into process in this study.

隨著網路的發達,各式各樣的資訊和商品也在網路上充斥著,使用者尋找資訊或是上網購物時,有的網站有推薦系統(recommender system)能提供使用者相關資訊或商品。若推薦系統能夠讓消費者所搜尋的相關資訊或商品能夠符合他們的習性時,便能讓消費者增加對系統的信賴程度,因此系統是否能準確預測出使用者的偏好就成為一個重要的課題。本研究使用兩筆資料,並以相關研究的三篇文獻進行分析和比較。這三篇文獻分別為IRT模型法(IRT model-based method)、相關係數法(correlation-coefficient method)、以及矩陣分解法(matrix factorization)。 在經過一連串的實證分析後,歸納出以下結論: 1. 模型法在預測方面雖然精確度不如其他兩種方法來的好,但是模型有解釋變數之間的關係以及預測機率的圖表展示,因此這個方法仍有存在的價值。 2. 相關係數法容易因為評分稀疏性的問題而無法預測,建議可以搭配內容式推薦系統的運作方式協助推薦。 3. 矩陣分解法在預測上雖然比IRT模型法還好，但分量的數字只是一個最佳化的結果，實際上無法解釋這些分量和數字的意義。 / With the growth of the internet, websites are full of a variety of information and products. When users find the information or surf the internet to shopping, some websites provide users recommender system to find with which related. Hence, whether the recommender system can predict the users' preference is an important topic. This study used two data,which are "Mondo" and "MovieLens", and we used three related references to analyze and compare them. The three references are following: IRT model-based method, Correlation-coefficient method, and Matrix factorization. After the data analysis, we get the following conclusions: 1. IRT model-based method is worse then other methods in predicting, but it can explain the relationship of variables and display the graph of predicting probabilities. Hence this method still has it's value. 2. Correlation-coefficient method is hard to predict because of sparsity. We can connect it with content filtering approach. 3. Although matrix factorization is better then IRT model-based method in predicting, the vectors is a result of optimization. It may be hard to explain the meaning of the vectors.

近年來，由於人類對自然現象、社會現象或經濟現象的認知意識逐漸產生多元化的研判與詮釋，也因此致使人類思維數據化的概念已逐漸廣泛的被應用，對數據分析已從傳統以單一數值或平均值的分析作法，演變為考量多元化數值的分析作為。有鑑於此，在數據資料具備「模糊性」特質的現今，藉由模糊區間的演算方法，進一步探討之間的關係。 傳統的統計分析，對於兩變數間線性關係的強度判斷，一般是藉由皮爾森相關係數（Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient）的方法予以衡量，同時也可以經由係數的正、負符號判斷變數間的關係方向。然而，在現實生活中無論是環境資料或社會經濟資料等，均可能以模糊的資料型態被蒐集，如果當資料型態係屬於模糊性質時，將無法透過皮爾森相關係數的方法計算。 因此，本研究欲研擬一個較簡而易懂的方法，計算模糊區間資料的相關係數，據以呈現兩組模糊區間資料的相互影響程度。此外，若時間性之模糊區間資料被蒐集之際，我們亦提出利用中心點與長度之模糊自相關係數（ACF with the Fuzzy Data of Center and Length；簡稱CLACF）及模糊區間資料之自相關函數(ACF with Fuzzy Interval Data；簡稱FIACF)的方法，探討時間性模糊資料的自相關係數予以衡量。 / The classical Pearson’s correlation coefficient has been widely adopted in various fields of application. However, when the data are composed of fuzzy interval values, it is not feasible to use such a traditional approach to evaluate the correlation coefficient. In this study, we propose the specific calculation of fuzzy interval correlation coefficient with fuzzy interval data to measure the relationship between various stocks. In addition, in time series analysis, the auto-correlation function (ACF) can evaluate the effect of stationary for time series data. However, as the fuzzy interval data could be occurred, then the classical time series analysis will be not applied. In this paper, we proposed two approaches, ACF with the fuzzy data of center and length (CLACF) and ACF with fuzzy interval data (FIACF), to calculate the auto-correlation coefficient for fuzzy interval data, and use the scheme of Mote Carlo simulation to illustrate the effect of evaluation methods. Finally, we offer empirical study to indentify the performance of CLACF and FIACF which may measure the effect of lagged period of fuzzy interval data for daily price (low, high) of the Centralized Securities Trading Market and the result show that the effect of evaluation lagged period via CLACF and FIACF may response the effect more easily than classical evaluation of ACF for the close price of Centralized Securities Trading Market.

本研究的主要目的，在於探討中國大陸的得獎基金之績效持續性是否存在？本研究利用晨星與理柏兩家國際專業評級機構於2004年至2012年所頒發的中國大陸得獎基金為研究樣本（前者的樣本為41檔基金，後者的樣本為53檔基金），資料來源分別為晨星資訊（深圳）有限公司及新浪網。在分別採用累計淨值報酬率、Sharpe指標作為績效衡量指標，並使用Spearman等級相關檢定、績效二分法與迴歸分析，以驗證中國大陸得獎基金在頒發前後不同期間的績效表現是否具有持續性。研究結果發現，前兩種檢定方法皆呈現基金績效在短期（三個月及六個月）具有持續性，而在長期甚至出現績效反轉的現象。而迴歸模型分析的主要發現為，在控制其他變數後，獲得晨星中國基金獎之基金在短期才具持續性，在一年時出現績效反轉。而獲得理柏中國基金奬之基金，在六個月的評估期間就可能出現績效反轉的現象。 / The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the persistence of awarded funds’ performance exist in China. This study employs awarded funds of MorningStar award and Lipper award in China as the sample provided by Morningstar website in China and Sina website. Using accumulated rate of return and Sharpe index as the measurements of awarded funds’ performance and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, two-way table constructed by Goetzmann and Ibbotson (1994) and regression analysis as methodologies to analyze this issue in different before-and-after periods, the primary finding of this study is that the former two methodologies show that the performance persistence of awarded funds exist only in three- and six-month periods, and performance reversal appears in the long-run. According to regression analysis, this study suggests that MorningStar awarded funds might have persistent performance in the short-run, but performance reversal after 1-year period. However, Lipper awarded funds do not have persistent performance, but performance reversal after six-month period.

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-10-03T17:58:28Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Diego Baretta oficial.pdf: 4294007 bytes, checksum: af5d209b7d453630ed4e62113be77952 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-10-11T19:59:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Diego Baretta oficial.pdf: 4294007 bytes, checksum: af5d209b7d453630ed4e62113be77952 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-11T19:59:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Diego Baretta oficial.pdf: 4294007 bytes, checksum: af5d209b7d453630ed4e62113be77952 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / No melhoramento de milho (Zea mays L.) a utilização de cruzamentos dialélicos visando combinações híbridas promissoras é prática comum, assim como o conhecimento da inter-relação entre rendimento de grãos e seus componentes, visando uma maior eficiência nos programas de melhoramento. Desta forma o objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a capacidade geral (CGC) e específica (CEC) de combinação, utilizando o esquema de dialelo parcial entre linhagens endogâmicas de milho, assim como estimar os coeficientes de correlações fenotípicas entre caracteres de rendimento em milho e o desdobramento em efeitos diretos e indiretos pela análise de trilha. As combinações híbridas oriundas dos dois grupos heteróticos foram avaliadas em cinco ambientes de cultivo, utilizando -se delineamento de blocos casualizados. Avaliaram-se os caracteres: altura de plantas (AP), altura de inserção de espiga (AE), rendimento de grãos de parcela (RG), diâmetro de espiga (DE) e comprimento de espiga (CE). Realizou-se a análise dialélica, seguindo o método IV, modelo I adaptado para dialelos parciais para múltiplos ambientes. Detectaram-se diferenças significativas para cruzamentos entre todos os caracteres. O ambiente revelou significância entre todos os caracteres, com exceção de DE. A interação cruzamento e ambiente foi significativa para os caracteres AP e RG. As CGC's e CEC's foram significativas para todos os caracteres, revelando importância dos efeitos aditivos (CGC) e não-aditivos (CEC) na expressão dos caracteres, revelando predominância dos efeitos não-aditivos da CEC. Os genitores que apresentaram elevados valores de CGC foram 14 e 8 (grupo I) e 6' e 7' (grupo II) para os caracteres AE e AP, assim como dos genitores 15 e 4 (grupo I) e 3' e 4' (grupo II) para os caracteres RG, DE e CE. As combinações híbridas 10x4', 2x4', 12x4', 11x4', 10x3', 7x3', 9x3', 8x3', 14x3' e 15x7' se destacaram-se para os caracteres AE e AP apresentando elevadas magnitudes de CEC. Para os caracteres RG, DE e CE evidenciou-se elevados valores de CEC entre as combinações 3x1', 4x7', 1x1', 4x6', 15x2', 15x5' e 15x8'. Para as estimativas de correlação e análise de trilha foram mensurados caracteres primários e secundários envolvidos nos componentes do rendimento de grãos em milho em cinco locais distintos. Os resultados indicaram que rendimento de grãos de parcela apresentou estimativas positivas e significativas entre os caracteres diâmetro da espiga, peso de espiga, peso de grãos e massa de cem grãos nos ambientes classificados como desfavoráveis. Da mesma forma, evidenciou-se associação significativa e positiva com prolificidade de plantas e rendimento de grãos de parcela em todos os locais analisados, e revelou elevado efeito direto positivo, indicando ser um caráter promissor via seleção indireta visando ganho genético para o rendimento de grãos na cultura. / For maize (Zea mays L.) using diallel hybrids order promising is common practice, as well as knowledge of the inter-relationship between grain yield and its components in order to achieve greater efficiency in breeding programs. Thus the aim of this study was to estimate the general (CGC) and specific (CEC), using the scheme of partial diallel among maize inbred lines as well as estimate the coefficients of correlations between traits in maize yield and unfolding direct and indirect effects in path analysis. The hybrid combinations stemming from two heterotic groups were assessed in five cultivation environments, using a randomized block design. Characters were evaluated: plant height (AP), ear insertion height (AE), grain yield plot (RG), ear diameter (DE) and ear length (CE). The intersection and environment interaction was significant for the characters AP and RG. The CGC's and CEC's were significant for all the characters, revealing the importance of additive (CGC) and non -additive (CEC) in the expression of the characters, noting the predominance of non -additive effects of CEC. The parents who had high values were CGC 14 and 8 (group I) and 6 'and 7' (group II) for AE and AP chara cters, as well as parents of 15 and 4 (group I) and 3 'and 4' (group II) for the characters RG, DE and CE. The hybrid combinations 10x4 ', 2x4' 12x4 ', 11x4', 10x3 ', 7x3', 9x3 ', 8x3' 14x3 'and 15x7' can be up to the characters AE and AP presenting high magnitudes of CEC. For characters RG, DE and CE showed up high CEC values between combinations 3x1', 4x7', 1x1', 4x6', 15x2', 15x5' and 15x8'. For the correlation coefficients and path analysis were measured characters involved in primary and secondary components of grain yield in maize in five different locations. The results indicated that grain yield plot showed positive and significant estimates between characters ear diameter, ear weight, grain weight and weight of hundred grains in environments classified as unfavorable. Likewise, there was a significant positive association with prolificacy of plants and grain yield of the plot at all sites analyzed, and showed high positive direct effect and could be a promising character through indirect selection targeting genetic gain for grain yield in culture.

This research study examines the manner in which a cardiological sample presents in terms of their psychological make-up by making specific reference to the constructs self-concept and emotions. A literature overview of different aspects of self-concept, emotion and cardiology places the results and discussions of the study within a theoretical background. The study supplies descriptive information relating to the demographic profile of the sample, followed by a description of various aspects of self-concept and emotions, as well as a correlational exploration of the manner in which the sample group presents. The sample consisted of 29 individuals, all who had been diagnosed with coronary heart disease (CHD) and been subjected to surgery as a result thereof. The participants completed a questionnaire, containing two measurement instruments, namely the Adolescent Self-Concept Scale (ASCS) and the Emotions Profile Index (EPI). The scores, obtained by the sample, were subjected to statistical analysis to provide a self-conceptual and emotional profile of the sample. The Spearman Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient was then used to indicate the extent to which the sample tended towards portraying themselves in a positive light, more than they might be experiencing. The study further refers to the views of the sample group, relating to these findings, as obtained from an information and discussion session held with them. The study indicate a significant statistical trend amongst the sample group to portray themselves in a positive light in relation to emotions, even though they were not in reality experiencing such positive emotions. Although the same positive trend was indicated with self-concept, the study cannot conclusively indicate that this is not a realistic presentation of the sample group as a whole. / Dissertation (Counselling Psychology)--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Psychology / unrestricted

This diploma thesis is focused on unconventional monetary policy tools that individual central banks introduced into practise as a response to the global financial crisis. It is about quantitative easing policy, foreign exchange interventions with exchange rate commitment and negative interest rates. This thesis also deals with classical tools of monetary policy such as open market operations, discount tools, minimum requirement reserve or foreign exchange interventions. The aim of the thesis is to document the development of central banks policy and then to examine relationship of selected assets in comparison with balance sheet of Federal reserve systems with help of correlation coefficient. The thesis also deals with the thought how should behave in the zero lower bound environment and what are the pitfalls of unconventional monetary policy.

Diploma thesis is about image sensor security. Goal of the thesis was study data integrity gained from the image sensors. Proposed method is about source camera identification from noise characteristics in image sensors. Research was about influence of denoising algorithms applied to digital images, which was acquired from 15 different image sensors. Finally the statistical evaluation had been done from computed results.

The point of this thesis was to perform listening tests. Appropriate methods of performance were selected for these tests, tests were carried out and the data were analyzed using statistical analysis. Then was compiled the resulting interval scale from results of the first test and in the second listening test were determined average values SNR for background noises.

This thesis deals with choises of using mathematical statistics when optimising the compression casting process of high-voltage device transformer. There is a theoretical consideration to be found in the introduction which concerns the compression casting itself and all necessary information connected with it. Then there is a key numerical analysis part following. In the first instance there are variability problems of individual casting device discussed and then a regression analysis made to demonstrate and prove a link between the partial discharge and the key parameters of casting process. Finally an “optimal” casting sequence is suggested and alternative attitude problems with the assistance of Design of Experiments (DOE) are discussed.