The diploma thesis is focused on the determination of the life cycle state of the production machine. The thesis is divided into several chapters. First, the life cycle of the machine is defined, and the phrase used here is given. Subsequently, the work is devoted to maintenance, repairs and modernization of the production machine. Then there is a demonstration of Schaeffler Skalica's corporate structure and individual methods that determine the state of the machine's life cycle. In the next chapter, the machine is described and then the analysis is made for the current state of the machine. Then the analyses created are evaluated.

This doctoral thesis deals with the modelling of projects improving the thermal technical characteristics of buildings. The solution of this problem seems to be finding at least one cost-effective option. The basic method of evaluation of cost-effectiveness is represented by the compilation of all corresponding cash flows and their rendering in time through discounting. The aim of the docáral thesis is the processing and modeling of individual investment options related with improve the thermal-technical properties of buildings and finding a cost-optimal variants, ideally. One of the expected outputs is to develop a comprehensive methodology (modeling and simulation task) useful for defining all potential investment projects improving variant thermal-technical properties of the object.

Master´s thesis analysed the financing of a development project Slunečný vrch, produced by ABILD s.r.o. company. On the basis of detailed analysis, the project includes proposals to support sales and optimize revenues.

This study investigates what three large, multinational hospitality companies do in practice when evaluating and making IT investment decisions. This study was launched in an attempt to 1) learn more about how multinational hospitality companies evaluate, prioritize, and select IT investments in the context of hotel GDS; 2) call attention to an important and costly topic in hopes of improving current practices; and 3) fill a noticeable literary void so that future researchers on IT and hotel GDS would have a foundation and starting point. The perennial question of any business is "How does an organization add value?" Value can be defined from many different perspectives and may result from tangible and intangible factors. Principal stakeholders include shareholders (investors), customers, and employees. Shareholders typically measure value in terms of economic return on their investment based upon some level of perceived risk. For customers, value is assessed in terms of a price-value relationship; that is, how much they received in terms of product and services for the price they paid. For employees, value is measured by salary and by the intrinsic rewards of the job. Yet, one of the most elusive questions with respect to information technology is "How can value be measured?" Hospitality executives are being pressured daily to invest more in information technology (IT) - especially in the area of hotel global distribution systems (GDS), which have become the cornerstone of a hotel firm's IT infrastructure and portfolio. There are a number of sweeping changes on the horizon impacting hotel GDSs and requiring the development of a well-crafted strategy for global distribution systems. These broad changes include bypass theories to remove airline GDSs and travel agents, the introduction of new and emerging player, and innovative approaches to pricing and promotion. Many of these developments offer promise to hoteliers, but they also threaten their control over their customer relationships and their inventory and add to the complexity and cost of distribution. Selecting the appropriate distribution channels is paramount to success and important if hotel firms are to grow top-line revenue and control overhead; yet the number of choices facing hotel executives is overwhelming. They are also at a loss for measuring value derived from IT. One of the greatest issues plaguing the advancement of technology in the hospitality industry is the difficulty in calculating return on investment. Until recently, most technology investment decisions have been considered using a support or utility mentality that stems from a manufacturing paradigm. Under such thinking, business cases could be built around an application or technology's ability to reduce costs or create labor savings. However, management's attitudes towards technology have been shifting in recent years. The more technologically savvy hospitality companies are looking to IT to build strategic and competitive advantages. These types of investments yield results over time, and seldom in the short-run. This is problematic among owners and investors who demand more immediate results. Moreover, it is difficult to quantify and calculate the tangible benefits of technology when it is used for strategic purposes. Today's financial models are inadequate for estimating the financial benefits for most of the technology projects under consideration today. While the hospitality industry has disciplined models and sufficient history to determine the financial gains or success of opening a new property in a given city, it lacks the same rigorous models and historical data for technology, especially since each technology project is unique. Although this problem is not specific to the hospitality industry, it is particularly problematic since the industry tends to be technologically conservative and unwilling to adopt new technology applications based on the promises of its long-term merits if it cannot quantify the results and calculate a defined payback period. When uncertainty surrounds the investment, when the timing of the cash flows is unpredictable, and when the investment is perceived as risky, owners and investors will most likely channel their investment capital to projects with more certain returns and minimal risk. Thus, under this thinking, technology will always take a back seat to other organizational priorities and initiatives. Efforts must be made to change this thinking and to develop financial models that can accurately predict and capture the financial benefits derived from technology. Given the present predicament and difficulties surrounding the current tools, techniques, and measures, executives are faced with an important choice. They can 1) continue to use the present methods despite their shortcomings, 2) dispense with ROI, cost-benefit, and discounted cash flow analyses altogether for IT projects, or 3) develop new methods, tools, and measures that can accommodate the complexities of IT and quantify the intangibles. This study is a call to action in favor of the latter because the measures determine not only which projects will be accepted but also how their success will be evaluated. Having a rigid evaluation process forces executives to identify a project's potential contribution and align the project's objectives with the firm's strategic goals and objectives. Using the co-alignment principle as its theoretical underpinning, this study employs a multiple-case design to investigate the resource allocation processes used with respect to information technology and global distribution systems. It looks at how three leading, multinational hospitality firms address IT project/investment evaluation and decision-making, the measures they use, and the frustrations they encounter. These frustrations include problems that arise from a hotel firm's fragmented ownership as well as from hotel executives' inability to measure the results of IT through definitive cause-and-effect relationships. The results of the study provide affirmation of the co-alignment principle and document linkages and co-alignment between strategy and IT. Clearly, decisions involving IT and hotel GDSs require multivariate measures, multidimensional perspectives, and multidisciplinary involvement. However, research from the marketing discipline is noticeably absent in this area. This study concludes that because IT plays an important enabling role for marketing initiatives and is redefining the supply chain of a hotel firm, marketing researchers can no longer stand on the sidelines. This study also identifies three important constructs, or classes of variables (context, process, and project), the variables comprising each, and their influences on the evaluation and decision-making processes. These findings add to the understanding of IT evaluation, measurement, and decision-making in the context of hotel GDS. This study clarifies the intangible aspects in hopes that useful measures can be developed in subsequent research to quantify and evaluate these costs and benefits. Finally, this study provides a series of prescriptions or recommendations gleaned from the three companies that were the focus of this study in hopes that they will lead to the development of best practices in the hospitality industry. / Ph. D.

Economic characteristics of building in the life cycle of the building work is a very broad topic. Captures economic part and associated technical part idem. Also, the life cycle of building work is very broad, a great many aspects and bearings enters into and influences the work. Excepting costs and prices of acquisition and maintenance of the works is necessary to observe quality of work performing. Both the materials used part and in terms of quality of each facture. This affects the amount of costs that may arise on the part of such unnecessary and degrading work as an entirety. This work attempts to describe all these aspects and influences, classify and appropriately use to monitoring of the works. All findings are tested on the building work - family house. The cornerstone is to find a suitable way of sorting accompanying work throughout its life cycle, allowing us to track costs and prices incurred on it. The conclusion consists answering questions and hypothesis exposed in the work.

As we move towards a low-carbon economy, environmental sustainability drives corporate performance and strategy to a greater extent than a decade ago. Hence, there is a growing importance among actors with long-term ownership interests to recognize climate-related issues in investment decisions. Meanwhile, the real estate and construction industry account for approximately one fifth of the territorial greenhouse gas emissions in Sweden. In endorsement of national and international climate policies, many companies have developed climate strategies and targets focusing on dramatically reducing their carbon footprint within the next couple of years. However, previous research shows that there are significant challenges to reach these goals, which is also confirmed by a focus group discussion that was carried out as a pre-study for this thesis. A literature review shows that life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA) and shadow pricing of carbon (SPoC), are two tools that can support increased decarbonization and thus reduce negative climate impact from construction corporations. LCCA aims to take into account investments from a life-cycle perspective, which in combination with SPoC can facilitate identification of decisions that are the most beneficial from both an economic and environmental perspective. However, there is currently a research gap on how these tools are used in a Swedish context. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate how these tools, as innovative means for more climate oriented decision-making, are used in the Swedish context. By applying a qualitative research method in the form of semi-structured interviews with ten of the leading companies in the real estate sector, this study complements previous research through more in-depth insights into decision-makers’ attitude towards these tools. The research design is inspired by the Technology Acceptance Model, which is a theoretical framework that suggests a positive attitude towards perceived usefulness and ease of use as fundamental variables for an innovation to be applied in practice. The results of the study show a generally positive attitude among the surveyed companies, both in terms of usefulness and ease of use of these tools. Through the theoretical framework, it is shown that there is a high level of user acceptance within the Swedish real estate sector, which is also confirmed by the current degree of implementation. All surveyed companies use some type of LCCA, with some difference in terminology, while eight out of ten companies use some type of SPoC or intend to implement it within the near future. The study concludes that the use of LCCA and SPoC as support for decision-making in early project stages contribute to achieving corporate climate targets, and constitute support for decision-makers in dialogue with both internal and external stakeholders. In light of this conclusion, there is a probability that this may become a new industry standard, which may affect property valuation principles, rental levels and financing conditions in the longer term. / Under det senaste decenniet har klimatrelaterade frågor blivit en allt mer central del av fastighetsägares investeringsstrategier, där framförallt bolag med långsiktiga ägarintressen inser betydelsen av att bidra till en hållbar utveckling. Samtidigt står fastighets- och byggbranschen för ungefär en femtedel av Sveriges inhemska växthusgasutsläpp. För att stödja nationella och internationella klimatdirektiv har många fastighetsägare tagit fram klimatmål- och strategier som syftar till att kraftigt reducera sitt koldioxidavtryck inom de närmaste åren. Tidigare forskning visar dock att det föreligger betydande utmaningar för att nå dessa mål, vilket även bekräftas av en fokusgruppsdiskussion som genomfördes som en förstudie till denna rapport.  En litteraturgranskning visar att livscykelkostnadsanalys (LCCA) och skuggpris på koldioxid (SPoC) är två verktyg som kan effektivisera koldioxidreducering, för att minska negativ klimatpåverkan från bygg- och fastighetsbolag. LCCA syftar till att ta hänsyn till investeringar ur ett livscykelperspektiv, vilket i kombination med SPoC kan underlätta identifiering av beslut som är fördelaktiga ur både ett ekonomiskt- och klimatperspektiv. Däremot saknas det idag forskning kring hur dessa verktyg används inom den svenska fastighetssektorn. Denna studie syftar därför till att undersöka hur LCCA och SPoC används som beslutsunderlag inom den kommersiella fastighetssektorn, och hur de kan användas för att proaktivt minska klimatavtrycket i projekt. Genom att tillämpa en kvalitativ forskningsmetod, i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer med tio av de ledande fastighetsägarna inom sektorn, kompletterar denna studie tidigare forskning genom mer djupgående insikter kring branschens inställning till dessa verktyg. Studien är baserad på en vedertagen modell för användaracceptans, där användbarhet och användarvänlighet är centrala aspekter för att en innovativ modell eller ett nytt verktyg ska tillämpas i praktiken.  Studiens resultat visar på en generellt positiv inställning hos tillfrågade företag, både avseende användbarhet och användarvänlighet av dessa verktyg. Med stöd av studiens teoretiska ramverk visar detta på en hög användaracceptans inom den svenska fastighetssektorn, vilket även bekräftas av nuvarande implementeringsgrad. Samtliga tillfrågade företag använder någon typ av LCCA, med viss skillnad i terminologi, medan åtta av tio företag använder någon typ av SPoC eller avser att införa detta inom en snar framtid. Studien konkluderar även att användningen av LCCA och SPoC som stöd för beslutsfattande i tidiga projektskeden bidrar till att uppnå fastighetsägares klimatmål, och utgör stöd för beslutsfattare i dialog med både interna och externa intressenter. Mot bakgrund av denna slutsats är det sannolikt att detta kan bli en ny branschstandard, vilket kan komma att påverka fastighetsvärderingsprinciper, hyresnivåer samt finansieringsvillkor på sikt.

В настоящее время государственные закупки помогают в удовлетворении нужд государства и его субъектов, представляют собой ключевой механизм, обеспечивающий и отражающий качество реализации отношений между государством, бизнесом и обществом. Целью магистерской диссертации является совершенствование методического обеспечения обоснования государственной закупки, осуществляемой бюджетной организацией, с применением инструментария функционально-стоимостного анализа. Работа ориентирована на решение вопроса связанного с тем, что описание объектов закупки формируется до анализа затрат на варианты его комплектации. В качестве источников использовалась научно-исследовательская и методическая литература, статистические данные макроуровня и микроуровня, данные учета и отчетности организаций, нормативные документы. В магистерской диссертации был предложен методический подход к обоснованию государственной закупки, осуществляемой бюджетной организацией, основанный на применении инструментария функционально-стоимостного анализа, исследовании экономической полезности функций объекта закупки и выборе оптимального уровня осуществления этих функций. / At present, public procurement is helping to meet the needs of the State and its stakeholders and is a key mechanism for ensuring and reflecting the quality of the implementation of relations between the State, business and society. The purpose of the master’s thesis is is to improve the methodological support for public procurement carried out by the budget organization, using functional-cost analysis tools. The work addresses the issue of the fact that the description of the items to be purchased is prepared before the cost analysis of the options for procurement. The sources used were research and methodological literature, macro- and micro-level statistics, accounting and reporting data of organizations, and normative documents. The master’s thesis proposed a methodological approach to the justification of public procurement carried out by a budget organization, based on the application of functional toolsA cost analysis, a study of the economic utility of the functions of the subject matter of procurement and the selection of the optimal level of performance of those functions.

Published works cite that 70-80% of the total cost of a product is established during conceptual design, and that improvements in time-to-market, quality, affordability, and global competitiveness require the development of better approaches to assist decision-making during the early stages of product design, as well as facilitate enterprise knowledge management and reuse. For many years, concurrent engineering and teaming have been viewed as “the answer” to product development woes, but studies reveal teaming is not sufficient to handle the task complexities of product development and the long-term goal of enterprise learning. The work of Roberto Verganti provides new insights with regard to reciprocal interdependencies (RIs), feedforward planning, selective anticipation in the context of improving teaming and concurrent engineering, as well as enterprise learning, knowledge management, reuse. In this research, reciprocal interdependencies management (RIM) is offered as a means of addressing product development and concurrent engineering issues occurring in the early stages of design. RIM is combination of Verganti’s concepts, a conceptual RIs structure, new RIM-application strategies, RIM-diagramming, and a conceptual RIM-based decisions support system, which come together to form a vision of a RIM-based enterprise knowledge management system. The conceptual RIM-based DSS is presented using the specific case of supporting a working-level integrated product team (IPT) engaged in the design of an aircraft bulkhead. A qualitative assessment tool is used to compare RIM to other approaches in the literature, and initial results are very favorable.

The climate on earth keeps getting warmer where heat waves, eutrophication, rising sea levels, extreme weather like flooding, droughts and wildfires are an expanding problem. The focus of this bachelor thesis is to determine the potential of mitigating eutrophication and while contributing to blue growth by harvesting and make use of reeds like Phragmites australis and Arundo donax. Reeds have the ability to quickly absorb nutrients from aquatic environments and there are opportunities to use them as a feedstock for producing biochar to be potentially used in areas such as soil improvement, fodder additive and carbon sequestration. Additionally, optimal biochar properties for the observed applications gets analysed. The thesis is based on a systematic literature review and an interview with Niclas Anvret at the non-profit organisation “Race for the Baltic”.  Results show that biochar produced according to parameters such as heating rate, biomass species and especially, different temperatures, results in varied characteristics that change the biochar's adsorption abilities, nutrient retention, alkalinity, stability, surface area and porosity volume. The different applications of biochar are, however, not easily determined. This is because of the fact that certain biochar properties, that are prominent in entirely different pyrolysis conditions, could both be beneficial for the same application. Additionally, the different attributes sometimes influence each other which gives rise to unclear patterns affecting use potential. To overcome these issues, more research is needed to clarify the correlations between attributes of the biochar and to determine which characteristics of biochar are best suited for each application.  In terms of how large-scale harvesting of reed could affect the ecosystem is also unclear, there is not enough research regarding the question to be able to draw clear conclusions. The reasoning behind this is that there are knowledge gaps, geographical differences, different unit measuring and methodology. The potential for biochar in the coal market is high and the demand in Sweden has risen over the past couple of years. There is also interest in using biochar as a soil amendment, to make use of nutrient content as well as applying organic matter to soils to potentially achieve long-term carbon sequestration. However, the production cost of biochar out of reed is relatively expensive, and it cannot compete with coal or other fertilisers/soil amendments on the market, with feedstock management usually being the most expensive part of production. Lastly, there is currently no harvesting method that can measure the amount of reed that needs to be harvested to be able to produce biochar on a large scale. / Klimatet på jorden blir allt varmare och värmeböljor, övergödning, stigande havsnivåer, extrema väder som översvämningar, torka och bränder är ett stigande problem. Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats är att undersöka potentialen att mildra eutrofiering och samtidigt bidra till blå tillväxt genom att skörda - och använda sig av vass som Phragmites australis och Arundo donax. Vass har en framträdande förmåga att absorbera näringsämnen. Det finns därför möjligheter att använda dem som råvara för att producera biokol som potentiellt kan användas i områden såsom jordförbättring, fodertillsatser och kolbindning. Utöver detta undersöks optimala egenskaper för biokol enligt de observerade applikationerna. Kandidatuppsatsen bygger på en systematisk litteraturstudie och en intervju med Niclas Anvret på den ideella organisationen ”Race for the Baltic”.  Resultaten indikerar att biokol, producerad i pyrolys enligt parametrar som uppvärmningshastighet, biomassa och i synnerhet olika temperaturer, resulterar i varierande egenskaper som förändrar biokolets absorptionsförmåga, bibehållande av näring, alkalinitet, stabilitet, ytarea och porositetsvolym. De olika tillämpningarna av biokol är emellertid svåra att avgöra på grund av vissa biokolegenskaper. Dessa egenskaper är framträdande under helt olika pyrolysförhållanden men kan samtidigt vara fördelaktiga för samma typ av applikation. Dessutom påverkar de olika attributen ibland varandra vilket ger upphov till komplexa trender som påverkar användningspotentialen. För att kunna dra tydliga slutsatser behövs mer forskning för att klargöra sambandet mellan biokolens attribut och för att bestämma vilken samling egenskaper hos biokol som passar bäst för varje applikation.  Hur storskalig skörd av vass kan påverka ekosystemet är fortfarande oklart. Det finns inte tillräckligt med forskning kring frågan för att kunna dra tydliga slutsatser. Detta beror på att det finns kunskapsluckor, geografiska skillnader, olika måttenheter och metoder för de studier som gjorts inom detta område. Potentialen för biokol på kolmarknaden är hög och efterfrågan i Sverige har ökat de senaste åren. Det finns också intresse för att använda biokol för jordförbättring, dels för att använda näringsinnehållet men också för att applicera biokol i jorden för att potentiellt uppnå långvarig kolbindning. Dock är produktionskostnaden för biokol gjort på vass mycket kostsam och kan därför inte konkurrera med fossilt kol eller andra gödselmedel jordförändringar på marknaden. Detta beror främst på råvaruhanteringen som är den dyraste delen av produktionen. Slutligen finns det för närvarande ingen skördemetod som kan mäta den mängd vass som behöver skördas för att kunna producera biokol i stor skala.

Transporter står idag för en stor andel av Sveriges koldioxidutsläpp. Det gör att logistikfrågor blir extra viktiga då vidareutveckling och omformning av logistiksystem kan göra stor skillnad. Elektrifiering av fordon är en framtida lösning på problemet. Däremot anses det fortfarande vara ett förhållandevis nytt och osäkert område och det finns idag få exempel på implementering av elektrifierade fordon. Transportören Renall och transportköparen Returpack är två framstående företag med starkt hållbarhetsfokus som agerar fallföretag för studien. De har högt uppsatta mål, däribland elektrifiering av en stor andel av sina fordonsflottor till 2030. Studiens syfte är därför formulerat som följande: Syftet är att utreda hur transportörer och transportköpare kan arbeta mot fullständig elektrifiering av tunga transporter. Studien är uppdelad i tre primära delar. Den första delen utvecklar en metodik för hur elektrifierade fordon ska implementeras i verksamheter för att sedan kunna skalas upp. Denna metodik har resulterat i tre primära delar. Den första delen är utformning av ett elektrifierat logistiksystem där större strukturförändringar i logistiksystemet måste göras med syfte att öka effektivitet, nyttjandegrad och förutsägbarhet. Den andra delen är utformning av fordonsflotta där beslut om lämpliga batterikapaciteter för varje enskilt fordon tas. Den tredje delen utformning av laddstrategi beslutar om lämplig laddstrategi utifrån fordons- och uppdragskarakteristik. Den utformade metodiken appliceras sedan på fallföretagens presenterade empiri för att resultera i rekommendationer för hur de bör utforma sina elektrifierade logistiksystem, fordonsflottor samt laddstrategier. Efter analys av lösningar som ämnar anpassa logistiksystemet till elektrifiering presenteras rekommendationer för fallföretagen utifrån deras specifika situationer. Det kan dock konstateras att en stark maktposition, ett välutvecklat systemstöd samt kompetens inom elektrifiering underlättar arbetet mot ett elektrifierat logistiksystem. Vid utformning av fordonsflottan presenteras det samlade resultatet av ekonomiska analyser samt bedömningar av genomförbarheten för respektive fordon. Resultatet påvisar att det för cirka hälften av fordonen är ekonomiskt fördelaktigt med ett mindre batteri men att detta oftast begränsas av brist på laddinfrastruktur och behov av flexibilitet vilket innebär behov av överdimensionering. Det samlade resultatet innebär att cirka 20% av fordonsflottan rekommenderas mindre batterier. Vid utveckling av laddstrategier är rekommendationerna liknande för fallföretagen vilket beror på att en laddstrategi är beroende av enskilda fordons karakteristik snarare än en aktörs roll. Fallföretagen rekommenderas att utveckla två primära laddstrategier: en return to base strategi för laddning mellan skift samt en on route strategi för laddning under pågående rutt. Därtill utvecklas även en kostnadsmodell för att kunna genomföra en kostnadsanalys av hur kostnader förändras vid byte från nuvarande bränsle till elektrifierad drivlina. Den visar att sänkning eller höjning av kostnader vid byte av drivlina varierar mellan olika fordonstyper och områden, men att lönsamhet kan uppnås i många fall. Däremot krävs ibland justeringar och förändringar av logistiksystemet. Främst ses att långa avtalsperioder och hög nyttjandegrad av fordonen är att föredra. Likaså ger minskade inköpspriser stort utslag på resultatet. / Transport related activities currently account for a significant portion of Sweden’s carbon dioxide emissions. This makes logistics issues particularly important, as further development and transformation of logistics systems can make a big difference. Electrification of heavy trucks is a future solution to the problem. However, it is still considered a relatively new and uncertain area, and there are currently few examples of the implementation of electrified heavy trucks. The carrier Renall and the transport buyer Returpack are two prominent companies with a strong sustainability focus, acting as case companies for the study. They have currently set ambitious goals, including electrifying a large portion of their heavy truck fleets by the year 2030. Therefore, the purpose of the study is formulated as follows: The purpose is to investigate how carriers’ and transport buyers’ can work towards complete electrification of heavy transports. The study is divided into three primary parts. The first part develops a methodology for implementing electrified heavy trucks in operations, with the goal of scalability. This methodology has resulted in three sub-parts. The first sub-part is the design of an electrified logistics system, where significant structural changes in the logistics system are necessary to increase efficiency, utilization, and predictability. The second sub-part involves designing the heavy truck fleet, including decisions on appropriate battery capacities for each individual heavy truck. The third sub-part focuses on designing a charging strategy based on truck and mission characteristics. The formulated methodology is then applied to the empirical data presented by the case companies, resulting in recommendations on how they should design their electrified logistics systems, heavy truck fleets, and charging strategies. Solutions aimed at adapting the logistics system to electrification are analyzed, which result in recommendations for the case companies based on their specific situations. However, it can be noted that a strong market position, well-developed system support, and knowledge in electrification can ease the transition to an electrified logistics system.In the design of the heavy truck fleet, the combined results of economic analyses and feasibility assessments for each vehicle are presented. The results indicate that for approximately half of the vehicles, it is economically advantageous to have a smaller battery. However, this is often limited by a lack of charging infrastructure and the need for flexibility, which necessitate overdimensioning. The combined result is that approximately 20% of the vehicle fleet is recommended to have smaller batteries.In the development of charging strategies, the recommendations are similar for the case companies, as a charging strategy depends on the characteristics of individual vehicles rather than the role of the operator. The case companies are recommended to develop two primary charging strategies: a return to base strategy for charging between shifts and an on route strategy for charging during the ongoing route. Lastly, a cost model is developed to conduct a cost analysis of how expenses change when transitioning from heavy trucks fueled by HVO or biogas to electrified heavy trucks. It shows that cost reduction or cost increase upon fuel conversion varies among different truck types and regions, but profitability can be achieved in many cases. However, adjustments and changes to the logistics system are sometimes necessary. Long contract periods and high vehicle utilization are particularly favorable. Similarly, reduced purchase prices have a significant impact on the outcome.