Globalisation has created a world where countries compete with each other over trading. Historically, emerging countries started with a negative brand image to enhance exporting. This is particularly true in the Asian context where a general developmental path has been established by countries such as Japan and South Korea. Their success has gained a strong brand image for their products. China, after launching itself into the global market in the late 70s, has gained an increasing market share of ‘Made in China’ products. The reputation of ‘Made in China’, however, is perceived at low quality mass production of low-tech content, and there are only few Chinese brands which can stand out in the global market. This study explores ‘Made in China’ phenomenon in the global market, especially from the producer’s viewpoint. The literature review provides a background to the research. It covers the studies on Country of Origin (COO) effect, economic development strategies and competitive advantage theories. This research employs a mixed methods strategy that combines both quantitative and qualitative studies. The questionnaire survey was designed to reveal British importers’ perception of ‘Made in China’ products. Netnography and Interview are adopted to investigate the voice from Chinese producers and manufacturers. The design of this research allows for triangulating the findings. The results show the international buyers, i.e. British importers, perceive the biggest advantage for Chinese products is price. Chinese producers’ contributions suggest four themes to represent the current situation of ‘Made in China’, namely the image, price, quality and imitation. In their view the future development lies in ‘Created in China’, which consists of other four themes: creativity, branding, designing and R&D. A model of -From ‘Made in China’ to ‘Created in China’- is developed in this research. This model identifies the major obstacles that impede the development are thin profit and copying. This research shed lights on the study of developing a country brand, especially for the emerging nation like China. For the first time, this research explores the producers’ views to highlight the importance of their roles in a country brand’s development. The findings also have the implications for Chinese policymakers and industrial development agency. It further offers knowledge to the emerging nations who wish to develop their country brand in the international exporting market.

Algumas características de um produto ou serviço podem ser facilmente reproduzidas, contudo o valor de uma marca é um ativo intangível que as empresas buscam e que possibilita a diferenciação em relação aos demais concorrentes de mercado. Muitos estudos analisam outra interferência no processo de decisão de compra: a influência de informações a respeito do país de origem de um bem ou serviço nas atitudes do consumidor (chamada de \"efeito país de origem\"). O efeito país de origem está relacionado à imagem de um país, bem como à sua marca. Muitas empresas, tentando aproveitar o potencial da imagem de seu país de origem, utilizam as marcas de países com o intuito de alavancar suas atividades, ou ainda utilizam uma marca setorial relacionada à imagem de seu país. A presente pesquisa analisou estudos realizados sobre a construção de marcas setoriais e, em virtude dos poucos casos relatados na literatura que abordaram o processo de criação e gestão da marca, a fim de, dessa forma, contribuir para o desenvolvimento teórico desse tipo de estratégia de marca. A pesquisa de campo foi exploratória e qualitativa, sendo utilizados dados secundários e entrevistas em profundidade com agentes da Apex-Brasil, bem como do INPI e de consultores atuantes na área, para a compreensão e aprofundamento da temática. Para análise dos dados, foi utilizada a análise de conteúdo, juntamente com a triangulação dos dados. Como resultados das análises concluiu-se que os processos de desenvolvimentos de marcas setoriais ainda estão em fase de implantação e que a marca têm sido utilizada apenas para alavancar exportações. / Some products\' or services\' characteristics can be easily reproduced, although the brand equity is an intangible asset sought out by the companies and that allows differentiation from other competitors in the market. Many studies analyze interference in the buying decision process: the influence of information about the goods\' or services\' country of origin in consumer\'s attitudes (the so-called \"country of origin effect\"). The country of origin effect is related to the country\'s image as well as its brand. Many companies, trying to benefit from their country of origin image, use brands containing the name of their country in order to leverage their activities. They can also use an industry brand related to their country image. This study intends to analyze in detail some studies about industry\'s brands (or sector brands) because of the few cases reported in the literature about the branding strategy. It also aims to contribute to the theoretical development of this kind of brand strategy, through the purpose of a method for sector branding that could be replicated in different industries and countries. The field research will be exploratory and qualitative, including the use of secondary data and in-depth interviews with Apex-Brasil\'s and INPI\'s agents and consultants to understand the research theme. The data analysis included content analysis and methodological triangulation. The results of the analysis was concluded that the development processes of sector brands are still in the implementation phase and that the mark has been used only to boost exports.

<p>Background: The concept of countries as brands has been increasingly accredited once the postmodern global world became an every day experience. A strong country brand can provide corporate brands with a unique set of values, which supports their positioning on the international market. Simultaneously, once corporate brands achieve worldwide success, they contribute actively to developing new features of the country brand. </p><p>Purpose: The aim of the paper is to design a model with regard to the value- transfer from country brands to corporate brands. The model is evaluated in accordance with the relationship between Sweden and Scania, respectively Oriflame, chosen as frames of research. The researchers assess whether the process occurrence is conscious or not, be it from inside (on the corporate level) or outside (from the audiences’ perspective), as well as its consistency (the values involved in the transfer). </p><p>Results: According to the research results, Scania displays a spontaneous value- transfer with Sweden the brand, whereasOriflame actively capitalises on the national set of common values. Either unconsciously present at the corporate level of Scania, or consciously exploited by Oriflame, these Swedish values repeat for both studied companies.</p>

Background: The concept of countries as brands has been increasingly accredited once the postmodern global world became an every day experience. A strong country brand can provide corporate brands with a unique set of values, which supports their positioning on the international market. Simultaneously, once corporate brands achieve worldwide success, they contribute actively to developing new features of the country brand. Purpose: The aim of the paper is to design a model with regard to the value- transfer from country brands to corporate brands. The model is evaluated in accordance with the relationship between Sweden and Scania, respectively Oriflame, chosen as frames of research. The researchers assess whether the process occurrence is conscious or not, be it from inside (on the corporate level) or outside (from the audiences’ perspective), as well as its consistency (the values involved in the transfer). Results: According to the research results, Scania displays a spontaneous value- transfer with Sweden the brand, whereasOriflame actively capitalises on the national set of common values. Either unconsciously present at the corporate level of Scania, or consciously exploited by Oriflame, these Swedish values repeat for both studied companies.

This thesis represents the economic analysis on the role of country brand management and intellectual property towards promoting and protecting Brand Jamaica, the national brand of Jamaica. The role of good country brand management was determined from the comparative analysis of scientific literature as well as the brand index measurement and perceptions of a country across several dimensions. These dimensions include culture, governance, people, exports, tourism, investment and immigration as well as the management and constructing of the country’s reputation positively. Country brand management is integral for the successful development of industry sectors and is also dependent on good country image. For Brand Jamaica one such industry is the creative industries sector. This sector possess great potential for achieving revenue under Brand Jamaica indicia (mark), however enforced intellectual property through patents, industrial property, copyrighting and geographical indications are absent. The administration of intellectual property rights, which is currently governed by the Jamaica Intellectual Property Office, JIPO, is inadequate for controlling Brand Jamaica’s national symbols, emblems, tangible and intangible property because of the current position of the Paris Convention rules. From an economic perspective there is a direct relationship between country brands and intellectual property and for Brand Jamaica this relationship was emphasized for that country brand’s... [to full text] / Šiame magistro baigiamajame darbe pateikiama šalies prekės ženklo valdymo ir intelektinės nuosavybės ekonominė analizė Jamaikos nacionalinio prekės ženklo skatinimo ir apsaugos kontekste. Geros nacionalinio prekės ženklo vadybos vaidmuo šiame darbe nustatomas remiantis lyginamąja mokslinės literatūros analize ir prekės ženklo indekso bei šalies percepcijos įvairiais aspektais skaičiavimu. Į minėtus aspektus įtraukiama kultūra, valdžia, žmonės, eksportas, turizmas, investavimas ir imigracija bei teigiamos valstybės reputacijos kūrimas ir jos vadyba. Nacionalinio prekės ženklo vadyba yra neatsiejama nuo sėkmingo pramonės vystymosi ir priklauso nuo gero šalies įvaizdžio. Jamaikos prekės ženklui svarbus kūrybos pramonės sektorius. Jis potencialus uždirbti pajamas iš Jamaikos nacionalinių pašto ženklų, vis dėlto priverstinės intelektinės nuosavybės per patentus, pramonės turtą, autorines teises ir geografinius parodymus nėra. Intelektinės nuosavybės teisių valdymas, šiuo metu reglamentuojamas Jamaikos intelektinės nuosavybės biuro JIPO, nėra tinkamas Jamaikos nacionalinio prekės ženklo simboliams, emblemoms, materialiajam ir nematerialiajam turtui kontroliuoti dėl dabartinių Paryžiaus konvencijos nuostatų. Žvelgiant iš ekonominio požiūrio taško, nacionalinis prekės ženklas ir intelektinė nuosavybė yra tiesiogiai susiję, o Jamaikos atveju tas ryšys pabrėžtinas nacionalinio prekės ženklo kūrybos pramonės sektoriuje. Pasinaudojant priverstine intelektine nuosavybe, galima ekonominė... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

The aim of this study is to make a theoretical contribution vis-à-vis the main determinants of international student identification with a middle ranking business school corporate brand. The findings of this study are of foundational significance in theory building terms. A substantive theory of international postgraduate student identification in UK middle ranking business school corporate brands is introduced. This theory was found to be underpinned by five attractiveness dimensions: brand similarity, brand distinctiveness, association with a metropolitan city brand, country brand and university physical campus. The findings showed that brand similarity, brand distinctiveness, association with a metropolitan city brand, country brand and university physical campus are the main corporate brand identification dimensions of international postgraduate students – in terms of attractiveness – of a middle ranked business school (Brunel Business School). Whilst the tuition fees were a constituent part of the initial theoretical framework, this variable was not shown to have a significant effect on middle ranking business school corporate brand attractiveness. The findings also showed that brand distinctiveness and the country brand had a direct positive effect on international postgraduate student identification. Moreover, brand similarity, brand distinctiveness, metropolitan city brand, country brand and university physical campus affect international postgraduate student identification indirectly through the mediating effect of middle ranking business school corporate brand attractiveness. Whereas the effects of brand distinctiveness and country brand on international postgraduate student identification are partially mediated, and the effect of metropolitan city brand is fully mediated, tuition fees have an inverse, unmediated effect on international postgraduate student identification. A test of alternative moderating effect showed that the effects of brand similarity, brand distinctiveness, association with a metropolitan city brand, country brand, university physical campus and tuition fees on international student corporate brand identification were not moderated by the effect of middle ranking business school corporate brand attractiveness. This study – focusing on a middle ranking business school corporate brand, internationalisation/international marketing– appears to be the first of its kind. It is one of the first attempts to provide a theoretical undertaking regarding the main determinants of international student identification with a middle ranking business school corporate brand. The instrumental contributions of this study stress the efficacy of business school managers in focusing on corporate brand building and corporate brand communication activities. Whilst the statistical generalisability of the findings generated from a single case study is limited, the insights are analytically generalisable.

Algumas características de um produto ou serviço podem ser facilmente reproduzidas, contudo o valor de uma marca é um ativo intangível que as empresas buscam e que possibilita a diferenciação em relação aos demais concorrentes de mercado. Muitos estudos analisam outra interferência no processo de decisão de compra: a influência de informações a respeito do país de origem de um bem ou serviço nas atitudes do consumidor (chamada de \"efeito país de origem\"). O efeito país de origem está relacionado à imagem de um país, bem como à sua marca. Muitas empresas, tentando aproveitar o potencial da imagem de seu país de origem, utilizam as marcas de países com o intuito de alavancar suas atividades, ou ainda utilizam uma marca setorial relacionada à imagem de seu país. A presente pesquisa analisou estudos realizados sobre a construção de marcas setoriais e, em virtude dos poucos casos relatados na literatura que abordaram o processo de criação e gestão da marca, a fim de, dessa forma, contribuir para o desenvolvimento teórico desse tipo de estratégia de marca. A pesquisa de campo foi exploratória e qualitativa, sendo utilizados dados secundários e entrevistas em profundidade com agentes da Apex-Brasil, bem como do INPI e de consultores atuantes na área, para a compreensão e aprofundamento da temática. Para análise dos dados, foi utilizada a análise de conteúdo, juntamente com a triangulação dos dados. Como resultados das análises concluiu-se que os processos de desenvolvimentos de marcas setoriais ainda estão em fase de implantação e que a marca têm sido utilizada apenas para alavancar exportações. / Some products\' or services\' characteristics can be easily reproduced, although the brand equity is an intangible asset sought out by the companies and that allows differentiation from other competitors in the market. Many studies analyze interference in the buying decision process: the influence of information about the goods\' or services\' country of origin in consumer\'s attitudes (the so-called \"country of origin effect\"). The country of origin effect is related to the country\'s image as well as its brand. Many companies, trying to benefit from their country of origin image, use brands containing the name of their country in order to leverage their activities. They can also use an industry brand related to their country image. This study intends to analyze in detail some studies about industry\'s brands (or sector brands) because of the few cases reported in the literature about the branding strategy. It also aims to contribute to the theoretical development of this kind of brand strategy, through the purpose of a method for sector branding that could be replicated in different industries and countries. The field research will be exploratory and qualitative, including the use of secondary data and in-depth interviews with Apex-Brasil\'s and INPI\'s agents and consultants to understand the research theme. The data analysis included content analysis and methodological triangulation. The results of the analysis was concluded that the development processes of sector brands are still in the implementation phase and that the mark has been used only to boost exports.

台灣本身製造、設計、研發能力對於世界高科技產業的貢獻來說，已成為不可或缺的國際分工供應鏈體系，台灣製造的品質與聲譽，影響全世界各地消費者在採購時的決策。 本研究的主題是探討台灣國家品牌價值傳遞模式的過程，台灣政府、產業、企業與相關組織，致力於往建立台灣國家品牌的道路上前進，但到目前為止，整體台灣國家品牌的建立概念並未被強調，因此本研究從Michael Porter教授（1990）提出的價值鏈延伸到品牌價值傳遞模式，以同樣建立核心競爭力的觀點，不同於Porter應用於企業的分析觀點，套入Simon Anholt (2005)提出的國家品牌指標六要素，探討台灣國家品牌價值傳遞模式，並以Milan Zeleny教授（2006）提出的輔助資本型態：人為資本、人力資本、社會資本與自然資本重視與累積的相關成果，觀察台灣國家品牌建立過程中，著重台灣製造、創新台灣、品牌台灣、文化創意與地方城市的不同提升台灣國家品牌形象的活動，建構台灣國家品牌發展的價值傳遞模式。 研究結果建構出概念性的台灣國家品牌價值傳遞模式，並發現在台灣國家品牌價值傳遞模式的發展，須憑藉台灣本身的自然資本、人為資本、人力資本、社會資本四項輔助資本；目前台灣國家都會樣態的發展型態，逐漸強調自然資本與社會資本的重要性。 而台灣國家品牌價值傳遞模式的過程中，政府須扮演強大角色，建立由上到下規畫統籌，多元性的鼓勵與資助台灣國家品牌發展，由統一的發展單未來統合國家發展品牌的資源，但目前尚無一致的共識與主要的推動單位來規畫執行。 其中必須注意的是，打造國家品牌不是虛浮其外表，要建構強而有力的國家品牌前，要有國家品牌價值傳遞模式的過程，強化國家品牌塑造時的特色與競爭力。因此，各階段的未來發展應向下扎根、連結左右資源，並向上提升以建立台灣國家品牌形象，打造台灣國家品牌競爭 / Taiwan has been playing an important role in the world supply chain. Not only the capability of manufacture, but also design and the R&D are the reputation of “Made in Taiwan” which implants and affects the process of decision making in every customers’ mind. The main purpose of thesis is to develop and discuss Nation Brand of Taiwan, from the view of the Taiwan government, corporate and related institutions, in order to figure out whether the new emerging Nation Brand has been emphasized or not. After research framed the concept of Taiwan Nation Brand Net, extending from the theory of value chain of Prof. Michael Porter (1990), research selected five main activities: Made in Taiwan, Innovative Taiwan, Brand Taiwan, Culture and Creative Taiwan and City and District Taiwan, and Support Capital: Human Capital, Intelligence Capital, Social Capital and Nature Capital to analyze Taiwan Nation Brand Strength and Weakness by using the Nation Brand Hexogen proposed by Simon Anholt (2005). The finding of the thesis that Taiwan has been toward the way of building Taiwan Nation Brand and Taiwan has been increasingly emphasized the importance of the Social Capital and Nature Capital since Taiwanese government promoted the development of culture and creative industry. However, Taiwanese government is still in the beginning stage to build up the Taiwan Nation Brand. The necessary step for Taiwanese government has to leverage all resources from the related institutions of the government and reach the consistent concept of Taiwan Nation Brand to plan and execute overall process. Finally, the Branding Taiwan Nation Brand process would increase the competitiveness and Taiwan Nation Brand image of Taiwan.

This diploma thesis deals with an analysis of the marketing activities of the company "Österreich Werbung". This company is mainly concerned with marketing communication, whose single elements it uses to promote campaigns of their Austrian partners or its own brand "Holiday in Austria". The analysis is preceded by an analytical and methodological section, which provides important theoretical starting points for the evaluation of the analysis and for recommendations for the future. In the second section the single elements of communication mix with regard to the target group are analysed by means of examples of concrete campaigns in 2010. Due to the analysis carried out, the communication mix of the company is evaluated and recommendations are proposed to optimise the mix.

A tese trata de tipos distintos do conceito chamado de marcas compartilhadas, sendo: Indicações Geográficas (IGs), Marca Coletiva e Marca Setorial. Neste sentido, o objetivo geral da tese foi o de investigar se a construção do recurso marcas compartilhadas leva à obtenção de Vantagem Competitiva Sustentável (VCS) na perspectiva Resource-based view (RBV) no setor vitivinicultor brasileiro. A pesquisa foi exploratória com abordagem qualitativa. Realizou-se pesquisa bibliográfica, documental, observação direta e entrevistas em profundidade. Os dados primários foram coletados por meio de entrevistas no mês de maio/2015 junto aos órgãos governamentais como MAPA, INPI, SEBRAE e IBRAVIN. As entrevistas com as associações ocorreram com a APROVALE, ASPROVINHO, APROMONTES, APROBELO, AFAVIN, CPEG e AVIGA. Com os proprietários e/ou gestores das vinícolas foram realizadas dezoito entrevistas em seis municípios da região da Serra Gaúcha. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se a técnica da análise de conteúdo. Foram delineadas três proposições: P1 - o grau de desenvolvimento das marcas compartilhadas varia em cada associação; P2 - o uso de marcas compartilhadas proporciona a construção do recurso interno como fonte de VCS e P3 - as marcas compartilhadas proporcionam a obtenção de VCS, de acordo com o VRIA- Valoroso, Raro, Imperfeitamente imitável/substituível e Associação -. Estas proposições foram confirmadas, seguindo o conceito de construção do recurso interno (building) e o modelo VRIO - Valoroso, Raro, Imperfeitamente imitável/substituível e Organização - adaptado para VRIA neste estudo. A primeira proposição mostrou que existe uma associação pioneira e mais antiga, a qual possui maior experiência em termos de gestão. As outras associações surgiram depois e estão em processo de desenvolvimento. Na segunda proposição, constatou-se que as Marcas Compartilhadas são recursos que podem ser construídos internamente. E, na terceira proposição, confirmou-se que as Marcas Compartilhadas preenchem as quatro condições do VRIA. As contribuições teóricas foram a interação entre Marcas Compartilhadas e VCS; o entendimento dos conceitos de cada tipo de Marca Compartilhada e o desenvolvimento do modelo VRIA com o A de Associação, de modo que o pensamento de análise para uma empresa passa a ser feito para a coletividade, pois a existência de uma Marca Compartilhada implica na criação de uma associação que se torna detentora da marca.Assim, com os resultados alcançados, pode-se concluir que as Marcas Compartilhadas são recursos que podem ser construídos internamente dentro do modelo VRIA, sendo fonte de obtenção de VCS na perspectiva RBV. / The thesis deals with different types concept called shared brands, as follows: Geographical Indications (GI\'s), Collective Brand and Brand Sector. Therefore, the general aim of the thesis was to investigate the construction of resource shared brandes leads to achieving Sustainable Competitive Advantage (SCA) in Resource-based view perspective (RBV) in the Brazilian winery sector. The research was exploratory with a qualitative approach. It conducted a bibliographic research, documentary, direct observation and in-depth interviews. Primary data was collected through interviews in May/2015 with government agencies such as MAPA, INPI , SEBRAE and IBRAVIN. Interviews with associations occurred with APROVALE, ASPROVINHO, APROMONTES, APROBELO, AFAVIN, CPEG and AVIGA. With the owners and/or managers of the wineries were held eighteen interviews in six cities of the Serra Gaucha region. Data were analyzed using the technique of content analysis. Three propositions were outlined: P1 - the degree of development of shared brands varies in each association; P2 - the use of shared brands provides the construction of the internal resource as source SCA and P3 - shared brands help obtain SCA according to VRIA- Value, Rareness, Imitability,Association -. These propositions were confirmed, following the concept of building the internal resource (building) and VRIO model - Value, Rareness, Imitability and Organization - adapted to VRIA in this study. The first proposition has shown that there is a pioneer and oldest association, which has more experience in terms of management. Other associations emerged later and are in the development process. In the second proposition, it was found that the shared brands are resources that can be built internally. In the third proposition, it was confirmed that the shared brand fulfill the four VRIA conditions. The theoretical contributions were the interaction between shared brands and SCA; understanding the concepts of each type of hhared brand and the development of VRIA model with the Association, so that the thought of analysis for a company is to be done for the collective, since the existence of a shared brand implies creation an association that becomes owner of marca.Thus, with the results achieved, it can be concluded that the shared brands are resources that can be built internally within the VRIA model, a source of obtaining the SCA RBV perspective.