Sexual selection can influence the mating system of an organism through multiple mechanisms. These mechanisms result in variation in reproductive success among individuals, and include scramble competition, endurance rivalries, contests, mate choice and cryptic choice, and sperm competition. Understanding the mating system of a species requires the identification of which processes are occurring, and to what degree. In this thesis, I explored the influence of mate choice mechanisms on the mating system of the terrestrial red-legged salamander, Plethodon shermani. I also documented the potential for post-copulatory processes (such as sperm competition and cryptic choice) to influence mating system dynamics. The evolution of mate choice requires (among other factors) variation in the reproductive value of potential mates. This variation is made apparent to choosy individuals through cues. Most animals use multiples cues incorporating many modalities to assess the reproductive quality of potential mates. In Chapter 2, I tested the contribution of two cues (chemical and visual) to mate choice by female P. shermani. I found that a male visual cue ("foot-dancing") increased courtship success. In contrast, delivery of non-volatile pheromones during courtship did not influence courtship success in the laboratory setting, but did affect the duration of one of the courtship stages. In Chapter 4, I identified a tactile cue that was significantly correlated with male reproductive success. Thus, P. shermani females could use at least three modalities to assess the reproductive quality of potential mates. Mate choice can also evolve in males. In Chapter 3, I tested this possibility in P. shermani. I found that males vary the reproductive effort they invest in a particular courtship based on the reproductive value of their partner, indicating male mate choice is occurring. A male invested most when paired with a female with large, well developed ova, and invested less with females that were non-gravid or had small ova. In addition to documenting male mate choice, I showed that the male visual display ("foot-dancing") that affected female mate choice was correlated with male condition, implying foot-dancing may be an honest indicator of male quality. Finally, in Chapter 5, I explored the potential for post-copulatory processes to influence the P. shermani mating system. The opportunity for sperm from multiple males to overlap in the female reproductive tract (i.e., the opportunity for females to mate multiply) is necessary for post-copulatory processes such as cryptic choice and sperm competition. The capacity for long-term sperm storage by females can increase the likelihood that this overlap in sperm from multiple males will occur. I found that females can store viable sperm for at least 9 months and in some cases beyond oviposition. In addition, I documented one female with sperm in her sperm storage organ from a mating that occurred 17 months earlier. Such lengthy sperm storage allows the possibility of sperm from one breeding season to interact with sperm from a subsequent season. Thus, the potential for post-copulatory sexual selection within this salamander system is high. / Graduation date: 2012

Graduation date: 2006 / Most vertebrates exhibit seasonality in many life history traits. Such seasonal rhythms are temporally organized via the transduction of environmental cues (e.g., photoperiod, temperature) into appropriate endocrine signals. However, among ectothermic vertebrates that undergo continuous winter dormancy, temperature is the only environmental cue available for synchronizing seasonal rhythms. Most intriguing is that in species where reproduction occurs immediately following spring emergence, the associated changes in neurophysiology and behavior that accompany reproduction likely occur during winter dormancy. The purpose of this dissertation research was to explore the mechanisms by which temperature cues affect the chronobiology and seasonal reproduction of red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis). Because of their roles in circadian organization and energy balance, melatonin and corticosterone are likely hormonal components of these time-keeping systems. I first characterized the interactions between melatonin and corticosterone to better understand the hormonal mechanisms facilitating temperature-induced reproduction. Melatonin and corticosterone additively inhibit reproductive behavior during the spring mating season. Experimental manipulations with a serotonin receptor antagonist suggest the mechanism underlying these effects involves a serotonin-regulated system. Although melatonin does not influence corticosterone responses to capture stress, capture stress significantly increases melatonin concentrations. To investigate the functional significance of these interactions in regulating temperature-induced reproduction, I measured body temperatures of snakes as well as circadian melatonin and corticosterone cycles during winter dormancy and spring emergence using a combination of field and laboratory experiments. Surprisingly, an increase in body temperature is not necessary for emergence from winter dormancy. Rather, critically low temperatures may serve as a zeitgeber entraining an endogenous circannual cycle that regulates emergence. Decreased environmental temperatures, in the absence of changing photoperiod cues, modulate circadian melatonin and corticosterone rhythms during hibernation. Such temperature-induced changes in hormone rhythms may facilitate seasonal reproductive behavior following spring emergence. Furthermore, a phase-shift in corticosterone rhythms during the mating season may regulate the seasonal transition between reproductive and non-reproductive states in red-sided garter snakes. Such studies investigating the environmental and hormonal mechanisms underlying time-keeping systems may provide valuable insight into the potential impact of environmental perturbations (e.g., climate change) on seasonal rhythms in physiology and behavior.

The importance of cryptic female choice, i.e. female post-copulatory influence over male reproductive success, in driving the evolution of male traits remains controversial. The main aim of this thesis was to understand the post-copulatory consequences of sexual interactions and the importance of cryptic female choice in two species of beetle. Males of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum use their legs to rub the lateral edges of the female elytra during mating. When manipulating female perception of this behaviour, I found that females preferentially use the sperm of males with vigorous leg rubbing when they mate with more than one male. Leg rubbing also appeared to increase female rate of oviposition. Females do not seem to gain any indirect benefits by preferring males with an intense leg rubbing behaviour since this behaviour was found to have very low narrow sense heritability and did not appear to be condition dependent in its expression. Males of the bruchid beetle Callosobruchus maculatus have spiny genitalia that harm their mates. Females kick males during copulation and when prevented from kicking, suffered reduced lifetime offspring production as a consequence of more extensive injuries. Males were not able to delay female remating, increase rate of oviposition or increase sperm precedence by inflicting relatively severe injuries to non-kicking females. Hence, the injuries appear to be side effects of male efforts to remain in copula. When copulation duration was manipulated, ejaculate size and female lifetime offspring production increased with the length of copulation. Females reduced their mating rate when they had access to water, suggesting that they obtain water from the large ejaculates and trade-off their need for additional water against the costs of mating. Males may then reduce the benefits of remating by providing their mates with a large amount of water. Females did not increase their remating propensity to avoid inbreeding when they had mated to brothers. Together, these studies reveal the complexity of sexual interactions and the importance of post-copulatory processes for the fitness of both males and females.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of an Attachment-Oriented-Psychoeducational-Group-Training on the preoccupied/insecure attachment style of university students. This study consists of two phases. In the first phase of the study, Relationship Scales Questionnaire (RSQ), Relationship Questionnaire (RQ), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSS), and an Information Form were given to the 755 third year METU students. The differences among the attachment styles (RSQ and RQ) of the participants by gender and self-esteem levels (RSS) were explored by using a 2 (gender) x 2 (high-low self-esteem) factorial MANOVA. Results showed significant self-esteem differences in fearful, preoccupied and secure subscale scores in RQ and RSQ and gender differences in fearful, preoccupied and secure subscale scores of RSQ and RQ. These results indicated that students who had lower self-esteem scored significantly higher in fearful and preoccupied subscales of RSQ while students who had higher self-esteem had statistically significant higher mean scores in secure attachment subscales. No significant differences were found between the insecure/avoidant subscale scores of the high and low self-esteem group students. Results showed that females scored significiantly higher in fearful attachment style of RQ and RSQ. Male students scored significiantly higher in both preoccupied subscales of RQ and RSQ and in secure attachment subscale of RSQ. In the second phase, the Attachment-Oriented-Psychoeducational-Group-Training was implemented to the experimental group of 11 volunteered preoccupied subjects. The control group consisted of 8 preoccupied students. The control group subjects did not receive any training. Both experimental and control groups were given Relationship Scales Questionnaire and Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale at pre-test, post-test and follow up. Non-parametric statistical analyses of Wilcoxon test and Mann-Whitney U test were employed to the RSQ and RSS scores of the subjects to assess the effect of the Attachment-Oriented-Psychoeducational-Group-Training. The results showed that experimental group subjects&amp / #8217 / secure attachment subscale scores have increased from pre-test to posttest but not pre-test to follow up or posttest to follow up tests of both RSQ and RSS. A significant difference was found between pre and follow up tests scores of RSS for control group.

Abstract In sympatric Drosophila species, songs produced by male wing vibration during courtship are an effective mechanism preventing interspecific matings and maintaining sexual isolation between different species. These songs can vary greatly even between closely related species. The aim of this study was to localise X chromosomal and autosomal genes affecting species differences in male courtship song and to study their interaction in the D. virilis group species. Various genes were probed by in situ hybridisation on the X chromosomes of six species of the group, which enabled us to use localised RFLP markers in QTL studies, as well as to compare gene arrangements of different species. Genetic analyses of differences between the songs of D. virilis and D. littoralis showed that species-specific song traits are affected both by X chromosomal and autosomal genes. The X chromosomal gene(s) having a major impact on pause and pulse length in male song were found to be located at the proximal region of the chromosome. Precise localisation of the song genes was, however, not possible due to multiple chromosome rearrangements restricting recombination between RFLP markers located on this area. The same problem was faced when studying hybrids between D. flavomontana and D. montana with less diverged X chromosomal gene arrangements. Interaction between the X chromosomal and autosomal song genes in determining male song traits was studied in four species belonging to the virilis and montana phylads of D. virilis group. The long pauses in courtship song were found to be mainly caused by X chromosomal song genes (or maternal / cytological factors), while pulse length was determined by X chromosomal genes interacting with autosomal genes. This confirms the important role of X chromosomal gene(s) in song evolution in the montana phylad species. The direction of dominance in hybrid songs suggests that the songs of the montana phylad species have been affected by directional selection favouring shorter pulses and longer pauses between sound pulses during their evolution. The levels and patterns of DNA polymorphism in an X-linked fused (fu) gene was studied in different D. montana populations. These studies revealed that D. montana populations are significantly but not completely isolated, and that a selective sweep at fu (or at a gene linked to fu) may be the reason for the reduced levels and patterns of variability of this gene in Finnish D. montana populations. The methods used in this study will be utilized to study variation in 'song genes' in the future.

Romantic relationships commonly endure rough patches. The relational turbulence model and the social allergy phenomenon may account for such rough transitions. A social allergy is an idiosyncratic social behavior that involuntarily stirs up irritation in an individual, either with or without the intention of the transgressor. As the behavior is repeated, tolerance for the bothersome allergen dwindles. This paper investigates the connections between relational turbulence and social allergies. The relational turbulence model describes individuals’ severe reactions to various turning points in an interpersonal relationship, and combines the effects of increased intimacy, relational uncertainty, and partner interference. Based on the turbulence model, the author predicted curvilinear relationships between intimacy and social allergen occurrence as well as between intimacy and negative emotional impact of social allergens. Based on the social allergen literature, the author predicted social allergen occurrence and repeated arguments about social allergens would both associate positively with relationship turbulence. Partial support was found for each prediction.

No description available.

This study examines how novels that employ a marriage plot can be understood as didactic tales by readers, both personally on the surface level of the romance and on a deeper level as well, one that tackles questions of identity, gender roles and cultural values in ways that are neither simple nor superficial. The two Canadian novels which form the basis of this study are: Rosanna Leprohon's Antoinette De Mirecourt Or, Secret Marrying and Secret Sorrowing: A Canadian Tale (1864) and Louis Hémon's Maria Chapdelaine: Récit du Canada français (1916). In order to accomplish this study of one English-Canadian and one French-Canadian novel--both written in Quebec--I begin my analysis by briefly examining a particular type of social didacticism in literature, starting with conduct literature and focusing particularly on the genres of the courtesy novel (as an example, I examine Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice [1813] and how it functions didactically in the tradition of the courtesy novel), sentimental fiction and, finally, the French-Canadian roman de la terre . Since the symbolic messages of Antoinette De Mirecourt Or, Secret Marrying and Secret Sorrowing, A Canadian Tale and Maria Chapdelaine: Récit du Canada français are very different, it is difficult to compare these works on an allegorical level. Even so, it is possible to compare them on a surface level, in terms of the marriage plot, the character triangle (which includes a heroine, a hero and a counter-hero) and the four-part structure of place (composed of the heroine's home, the counter-hero's home, an establishment representative of society and, finally, nature). By comparing these novels in terms of the marriage plot and the similar literary conventions present in them, my analysis demonstrates how the actions and decisions of the characters in Antoinette De Mirecourt Or, Secret Marrying and Secret Sorrowing (A Canadian Tale) and Maria Chapdelaine: Récit du Canada français could have helped an observant reader, especially a female reader, cultivate important insights about her own prescribed social role and burden of choice.//Résumé : Le fardeau du choix : L'intrigue du mariage dans les romans Antoinette De Mirecourt Or, Secret Marrying and Secret Sorrowing (1864 ) de Rosanna Leprohon et Maria Chapdelaine (1916 ) de Louis Hémon. Ce projet analyse le rôle didactique, joue par les romans centrés sur une intrigue de mariage, auprès des lectrices. Ce rôle didactique concerne non seulement le plan personnel (au sens propre de l'intrigue amoureuse), mais aborde aussi des questions de fond telles que l'identité, les rôles sexuels et les valeurs culturelles. Les deux romans canadiens qui sont à la base de cette étude sont : Antoinette De Mirecourt Or, Secret Marrying and Secret Sorrowing: A Canadian Tale (1864) de Rosanna Leprohon et Maria Chapdelaine: Récit du Canada français (1916) de Louis Hémon. Malgré que, à première vue, ces deux romans ne semblent pas avoir beaucoup de points en commun, les deux sont des ouvrages allégoriques (avec une intrigue de mariage a leur centre) qui peuvent servir comme ressources didactiques pour lectrices attentives en les éduquant sur des sujets sociaux importants relies autant a des idées personnelles que nationales. Pour accomplir cette étude d'un roman canadien-anglais et un roman canadien - français - tous les deux écrits au Québec - je débute mon analyse en examinant rapidement une sorte particulière d'instruction sociale dans la littérature, commençant avec la littérature de conduite sociale et mettant une attention particulière sur les genres du courtesy novel (comme exemple, j 'examine Pride and Prejudice [1813 ] et la manière dont ce roman fonctionne en tant que ressource didactique dans la tradition du roman de courtoisie), la littérature sentimentale et le genre canadien-français du roman de la terre. La littérature de conduite sociale date des temps médiévaux et avait initialement pour objectif d'enseigner aux courtisans les bonnes manières, ainsi que les comportements appropriés compte tenu de leur statut social. Lorsque l'importance de l'aristocratie en Europe a commencé à diminuer au fil des années, le but de ce genre littéraire a changé aussi, s'éloignant des arènes politiques et sociales et en se tournant vers la sphère domestique en général, et, plus particulièrement, vers le rôle de la femme dans cette sphère. Suite à ce changement, la littérature de conduite sociale s'est vue attribuer un nouveau rôle, soit celui d'apprendre aux femmes comment remplir les rôles féminins présents pour elles par la société. Cette évolution a aussi vu la diffusion du matériel de conduite sociale dans d'autres genres littéraires, notamment dans le roman. Au Canada au dix-neuvième siècle, les auteur (e)s canadiens-anglais, en manque d'une tradition littéraire qui leur était propre, luttaient pour se définir en tant qu'écrivain (e)s. Par conséquent, plusieurs d'entre eux se sont tournés vers l'Angleterre et la tradition littéraire britannique déjà bien connue (surtout dans le monde littéraire anglophone) pour trouver des genres et des conventions littéraires qui pouvaient bien s'adapter à leurs expériences et qui les permettaient de partager des messages didactiques avec leurs lectrices. Plusieurs des auteur (e)s qui voulaient éduquer les lectrices en matières politiques et personnelles ont choisi la fiction sentimentale comme outil didactique et ont écrit des ouvrages semblables (en style et en but) aux courtesy novels. La même lutte pour développer une identité et une tradition littéraire a aussi eu lieu au Québec, mais un genre littéraire didactique existait déjà au Canada français : le roman de la terre. Le genre du roman de la terre avait un but didactique très différent de celui de la littérature sentimentale; c’était un genre qui mettait l'accent sur le rôle social des femmes dans le contexte des valeurs approuvées par l'Église catholique et qui était destiné à promouvoir un style de vie agraire et la continuité des valeurs et traditions canadiennes-françaises. Malgré ce fait, les ouvrages qui se classent dans ce genre littéraire ont souvent utilisé des intrigues et des conventions littéraires semblables à celles vues dans les romans de courtoisie et la fiction sentimentale du Canada anglais pour accomplir leurs buts instructifs. Les messages symboliques dans Antoinette De Mirecourt Or, Secret Marrying and Secret Sorrowing: A Canadian Tale et Maria Chapdelaine: Récit du Canada français sont très différents et, par conséquent, il n'est pas aisé de les comparer sur le plan allégorique. Malgré ce fait, il est possible de les comparer en termes de l'intrigue de mariage, du triangle de personnages (ce qui inclut l'héroïne, le héros et le contre-héros), ainsi qu'en ce qui concerne la structure de lieu en quatre parties (composée de la maison de l'héroïne, la maison du contre-héros, un établissement représentatif de la société et, finalement, la nature). Le mariage entre cultures vécu par Antoinette dans le roman & Antoinette De Mirecourt Or, Secret Marrying and Secret Sorrowing: A Canadian Tale représente un pas vers un bel avenir, autant sur le plan littéral (pour la protagoniste ) que sur le plan symbolique (pour le Canada) , tandis que dans Maria Chapdelaine: Récit du Canada français, le mariage symbolise un moyen pour Maria (et, en même temps, tout le peuple canadien-français ) de sauvegarder son passé. Dans les romans de Leprohon et Hémon, une héroïne canadienne-française se trouve forcée à choisir entre un prétendant anglais et un prétendant français (et, dans les deux cas, le choix qu'elle fait a des répercussions similaires sur les plans personnel et allégorique du roman). Malgré ceci, une lectrice attentive peut voir qu'en ce qui concerne l'intrigue amoureuse dans les deux romans, le choix personnel de chaque protagoniste est plus complexe qu'il en avait initialement l’air. En examinant Antoinette De Mirecourt Or, Secret Marrying and Secret Sorrowing, A Canadian Tale et Maria Chapdelaine: Récit du Canada français en fonction de l'intrigue de mariage et les conventions littéraires similaires qui sont présentés dans ces romans, cette analyse démontre comment les actions et les décisions des personnages dans ces ouvrages auraient pu aider une lectrice attentive à réunir des informations importantes, tant sur son rôle féminin présent par la société que sur le fardeau de ses choix personnels .

Physical properties of the environment may shape signalling traits by determining how effective signals are in influencing the behaviour of other individuals. Evidence abounds of signalling environment driving the evolution of colours and sounds, yet little is known about its influence upon gestural displays. Here, we performed a continent-wide phylogenetic comparative analysis to test the hypothesis that habitat structure drives the evolution of aerial sexual displays in passerine birds. We found that aerial displays are seven times more likely to evolve in open-habitat passerines than in forest ones, likely as a result of physical properties that allow aerial displays to transmit more broadly in open habitats. Our results provide an emblematic example of how environmental factors may help predict the direction of evolution of otherwise unpredictable sexual traits. The broader range of aerial displays in open habitats may also mean that females can sample more males, potentially leading to more intense sexual selection in open-habitat, aerial-displaying males / Propriedades físicas do ambiente podem influenciar a evolução de sinais ao determinar quão efetivos eles são em influenciar o comportamento de outro indivíduo. Diversos estudos mostram a influência do ambiente sobre a evolução de cores e sons. Entretanto, pouco se sabe de sua influência sobre sinais motores (i.e., displays). Nesse trabalho, conduzimos uma análise comparativa filogenética para testar a hipótese de que a estrutura do hábitat influencia a evolução de displays sexuais aéreos em aves Passeriformes. Descobrimos que display aéreos têm uma probabilidade sete vezes maior de evoluir em passeriformes de ambiente aberto do que nos florestais, provavelmente decorrente de propriedades físicas que permitem que displays aéreos sejam transmitidos mais amplamente em ambientes abertos. Nossos resultados são um exemplo emblemático de como fatores ambientais podem ajudar a prever a direção de evolução de caracteres sexuais, frequentemente tidos como imprevisíveis. O raio mais amplo de displays aéreos em ambientes abertos também pode permitir que fêmeas consigam amostrar mais machos da população, potencialmente intensificado a seleção sexual sobre machos de ambiente aberto que exibem displays aéreos

O estudo faz parte de pesquisa multicêntrica \"Estudo Internacional de Violência no Namoro - IDVS\", usando seu instrumento padronizado. Objetivou-se contribuir para o reconhecimento da ocorrência de violência entre parceiros íntimos na fase de namoro, tendo como base conceitual as questões de gênero e seus elementos para a compreensão da constituição da relação de intimidade. Dialoga, ainda, com as teorias do desenvolvimento humano, da aceitação da violência na resolução de conflitos e do aprendizado da violência da perspectiva geracional. Os recortes propostos foram três: um estudo descritivo sobre as prevalências da violência, ao longo do relacionamento de namoro e em seus diversos tipos; um segundo, abordou a violência e os fatores associados, e um terceiro, avaliou o impacto da violência na saúde mental a partir do quadro de depressão. O questionário foi auto preenchido por 362 alunos de duas universidades, uma pública e outra privada, do Estado de São Paulo, sendo 37% do sexo masculino e 63% do feminino, com idade mediana de 20 anos. Estimou-se a prevalência da violência em relacionamentos íntimos, sofrida ou perpetrada, para os tipos físico, psicológico e sexual, descrevendo-se as sobreposições entre eles. Quanto às violências, 75,9% sofreu algum tipo na vida e 76,4% as perpetraram. O tipo de violência mais prevalente, tanto sofrida como perpetrada, foi a psicológica, seguida da sexual. A grande sobreposição entre violências sofridas e perpetradas (83,9%) reflete a reciprocidade das agressões, sem diferença entre homens e mulheres. Na análise dos fatores associados ter vida sexual no namoro e aprovação da violência se mantiveram associadas a sofrer violência para as mulheres, enquanto para os homens ter tempo de namoro maior de 6 meses e uso associado de álcool e drogas mantiveram-se associados. No caso da violência perpetrada, mantiveram-se associadas para as mulheres o uso de substância 01psicoativa do tipo associação droga e álcool, ciúmes e tempo de namoro maior de dois anos. No modelo que considerou os tipos de violência e a associação com depressão, para as mulheres ter sofrido violência física exclusiva e física e sexual concomitantes mantiveram-se associadas. Os resultados estão em consonância com a literatura que analisa a violência no namoro, com alta prevalência de violências sofridas e perpetradas, além da reciprocidade tanto entre homens como entre mulheres. A situação de conjugalidade parece alterar quer a mutualidade das agressões, quer o sentido das violências e os agressores, para mulheres e para homens, em contraste com a situação de namoro. As consequências da vitimização no namoro para as mulheres são mais expressivas, enquanto que para os homens é importante se examinar com maior detalhamento as especificidades para a questão do ponto de vista masculino. Os achados trazem para o contexto brasileiro a confirmação da necessidade de ações e políticas públicas nesta direção, ao produzir conhecimento importante para programas de prevenção para jovens em fase de namoro, seja no plano dos serviços de saúde, seja no das escolas e universidades, onde se concentram os jovens, de forma a minimizar as chances de que as agressões continuem no casamento. / The study is part of a multicenter survey \"International Study of Violence in Dating - IDVS\" using its standardized instrument. The objective was to contribute for the recognition of the occurrence of intimate partner violence during phase dating, based on conceptual issues of gender and its elements for understanding the formation of intimate relationship. Dialogue also with theories of human development, the acceptance of violence in conflict resolution and learning the violence of generational perspective.The proposed cut were three: a descriptive study on the prevalence of violence over the dating relationship and its various types; a second, addressed the violence and associated factors; and a third, evaluated the impact of violence on mental health from the depression disorder. The questionnaire was self-reported by 362 undergraduate students from two universities, one public and one private, of the State of São Paulo, with 37% male and 63% female, median age 20 years. We estimated the prevalence among students of violence in intimate relationships, suffered or perpetrated, for the kinds physical, psychological and sexual, describing the overlap among them. As for violence, 75.9% suffered some sort in life and 76.4% were perpetrators. The most prevalent type of violence, both suffered as perpetrated, was psychological, followed by sexual. The large overlap between violence suffered and perpetrated (83.9%) reflects the reciprocity of aggression, with no difference between men and women. In the analysis of factors associated with sex life in dating and approval of violence remained associated to suffer violence for women, while for men longer relationship more than 6 months and use of alcohol and drugs concomitant remained associated. In the case of perpetrated violence, the use of drugs and alcohol concomitant, jealousy and long relationship more than two years remained associated for women. In the model considered the types of violence and the association with depression, for women have suffered physical violence exclusive and physical and sexual concurrent remained associated. The results are consistent with previous literature on dating violence that shows high prevalence of violence suffered and perpetrated, beyond reciprocity between both, men and women. The situation seems to change either marital mutuality of aggression, whether the meaning of violence and the perpetrators, for women and for men, in contrast to the dating situation. The consequences of victimization in dating for women are more expressive, while for men it is important to examine in greater detail the specifics for the issue of male point of view. The findings of this study bring to the Brazilian context confirming the need for action and public policy in this direction, to produce important knowledge for prevention programs for young people in the stage dating, either in the health service, either in schools and universities, which concentrates the specific population of young people, in order to minimize the chances that the assaults continue in the marriage.