Between 2004 and early 2006 a large-scale, instrumented, potentially contaminating trial waste rock dump was constructed and monitored at Cadia Hill Mine, in NSW, Australia. The trial waste rock dump was instrumented with lysimeters to measure rainfall infiltration and seepage through its base, and temperature sensors and gas sampling tubes to evaluate oxidation of the waste rock, together with three instrumented trial store and release covers on the surface. This thesis describes the construction and instrumentation of the trial waste rock dump and the monitoring results obtained to date, and applies unsaturated soil mechanics principles to understanding the early performance and predicting the future performance of the trial waste rock dump and trial store and release covers. For a given rainfall regime, the rate and quantity of rainfall infiltration into a waste rock dump of a given height, the wetting up of the dump over time, and the occurrence of base seepage will largely be dictated by the particle size distribution of the waste rock delivered to the dump, and the stratigraphy of the dump. The particle size distribution of the waste rock delivered to the dump will depend on the fragmentation of the rock due to blasting and the degree of weathering and hence breakdown on handling of the rock. A waste rock dump constructed by conventional loose end-dumping from haul trucks from a tip-head, as was the case for the trial waste rock dump, consists of a trafficked surface layer extending to a depth of approximately 1 m, underlain by discontinuous alternating coarse and fine-grained layers raveling at the angle of repose of the waste rock, with a base rubble zone of boulders which ravel to the toe of the dump on end-dumping. Trafficking of the surface of the dump by dozers and haul trucks leads to the breaking down, burial and side-casting of the rock to form a well-graded material typically finer than 100 mm in particle size, with a moderate to high water storage capacity. The underlying coarse-grained angle of repose layers serve as air pathways during dry conditions and preferred seepage pathways during and following periods of heavy rainfall resulting in base seepage. The fine-grained angle of repose layers have a moderate to high water storage capacity and largely retain water in storage rather than generating base seepage. The base rubble zone may contain boulders up to 1 m in size, depending on the fragmentation of the rock due to blasting and the degree of weathering and hence breakdown on handling of the rock. It serves largely as a pathway for air during dry conditions, while passing base seepage during and following periods of heavy rainfall. As the dump wets up, partially saturated “fingers” develop and extend into the dump. Partially saturated fine-grained layers, having a medium to high water storage capacity, largely retain their partial saturation, while coarse-grained layers drain resulting, in base seepage. Plugs of water temporarily stored within the dump drain down through the dump, so that the base seepage that emerges is “old” water, not the rainfall infiltration (“new” water) that generated it. The size of the rainfall event required to generate base seepage will decrease as the dump wets up and the partially saturated fingers extend closer to the base of the dump. The residence time of water within the dump that passes along preferred seepage pathways will be relatively short and will become shorter as the dump wets up, while the residence time of water stored within the fine-grained layers will be very long, and possibly indefinite in a dry climate. The ingress of air through the base rubble zone, up the coarse-grained angle of repose layers, through the sides of the dump, and to a lesser extent through the trafficked layer, by the processes of convection, advection and diffusion, respectively, results in the exposure of reactive waste rock to oxidation. The fine-grained reactive waste rock, presenting a far greater surface area per unit volume than the coarse-grained waste rock, and typically having a greater proportion of fresh surfaces, is by far the most reactive. The ingress of air into the fine-grained layers is largely by diffusion from the adjacent coarse-grained layers. The transport of oxidation products from the dump largely occurs during and following periods of heavy rainfall, when preferred pathway flow is mobilised and base seepage occurs. The main exposure to preferred pathway flow is along these pathways, where the surface area per unit volume and hence the proportion of oxidation products are low, with much of the oxidation products formed on the fine-grained particles retained within the dump along with stored water. Due to the discontinuous stratigraphy of a waste rock dump, the preferential pathways for flow are randomly located within the dump. In addition, preferential pathways evolve over time as the waste rock weathers, settles, and as fines are transported with the flow. The trafficked surface of the dump also evolves over time, becoming more heterogeneous as the surface settles differentially, generating internal rainfall runoff and the transport of fines, and the development of “sinkholes” for the preferred entry of ponded rainfall. The principle purpose of cover systems over waste rock dumps is to restrict net percolation into the dump, so that percolation through the reactive waste rock is minimal in the longer term. The approach used to design any cover system is dominated by climate. Semi-arid environments are conducive to store and release cover systems which take advantage of well-graded oxide materials to provide high storage capacities, low percolation and stability. Three trial store and release covers, each comprising a sealing layer overlain by a thick mounded rocky soil mulch layer, were installed at Cadia Hill Mine in 2005-2006 to assess their feasibility to limit net percolation under the climatic conditions encountered at Cadia. This research described in this thesis has demonstrated a number of key issues that should be considered in the management and closure of waste rock dumps: • the initial moisture condition of the end-dumped waste rock will effect its early ability to store incidental rainfall; • the available water storage capacity of the waste rock will affect the size of the triggering rainfall event and the base seepage response time, with the storage capacity being taken up as the dump wets up, reducing both the size of the triggering rainfall event and the response time; • iterative modelling and calculations using HYDRUS-2D suggest that the trial waste rock dump will take between 3 years and 6 years to become sufficiently saturated that it will pass any rainfall infiltration, depending on the extent to which the waste rock weathers over time; and • all three trial store and release covers have demonstrated good performance over the monitoring period, and this has been verified using HYDRUS-2D, , with any net percolation being the result of an initial high placement moisture content of the cover materials.

Today’s society is becoming more digitalised. Moving traditional printing to screen is becoming the new normal. Since the selection of ebooks is becoming larger and larger the publishers and authors must start thinking about their design to have better prerequisites than their competitors. The focus of this study will be an analysation of the best and worst covers of Amazon Kindle ebook cover design. Today, many self-published authors do not want to spend money on an ebook when they can design it by themselves for free and therefore they lose the impact that a good ebook cover have on the selling. The purpose of this study is to deduct which kind of design principles are more desirable, and how these design principles are presented. The study will contribute with knowledge to designers, both professional and unprofessional, what aspects of a book cover is important to consider to effectively compete for the consumers attention in the market. The research objective is to create a guideline for the creation of an ebook cover, which will create a more desirable product and add to the work flow efficiency. The most valuable currency people have today is time and money, and a design guideline will help those areas and make the process as quick and effortless as possible. Consequently, the purpose of this study will show concrete design principles for popular ebook covers which will help the designer to make wise decisions. To be able to fulfil the purpose, it has been phrased into one main question. What design elements are important to take into consideration when designing an ebook cover? To answer the research question eleven different appropriate applicable design principles have been chosen for analysation. Alignment, archetypes, colour, hierarchy, Horror Vacui, legibility, Ockham’s Razor, Picture Superiority Effect, proximity, Rule of Thirds and similarity. The thesis is based on the worldview constructivism. The term worldview meaning “a basic set of beliefs to guide action”. The constructivist worldview implies a belief where people seek understanding in a world where they live and work. They develop subjective meanings of their experiences which can be directed to certain objects. The thesis uses exploratory sequential mixed method, where the researcher begins with a qualitative research phase and explores the views of the participant. Mixed method is chosen based on the assumption that collecting diverse types of data provides a more complete understanding of the research problem than either quantitative or qualitative data alone. In conclusion, an analysation of covers from Amazon kindle have been made together with a guideline to avoid the worst of them. The guideline uses words and visuals to explain and point out important principles to consider when designing an ebook cover. It has a simplistic clear approach and the purpose of designing the guideline this way was to provide understanding to designers and non-designers alike. Since the sampling of ebooks have been broad, expanding over several genres, the guideline can be applied to ebook covers in general. This study contributes to the existing studies by providing insight into how design principles are applied to ebook covers and which principles are most important to take into consideration when designing an ebook cover.

本研究使用內容分析法，針對2011年至2015年四大直轄市—臺北市、臺中市、臺南市、高雄市所發行的市政刊物的雜誌風格包含封面標題、圖片及色彩，以及封面故事的系列文章進行分析後，研究結論發現如下： 一、不同城市在雜誌風格的呈現上具有高度的相似性，僅在標題訴求及封面整體明度表現有明顯差異。 二、不同年代所呈現的雜誌風格具有統一性，僅封面整體色彩溫度隨著時間不同而略有變化。 三、改版對於雜誌風格影響不大，僅封面整體彩度及封面整體色彩溫度有大幅度的改變。 四、不同城市所呈現出的城市形象相近。 / In this study, by analyzing the content of city magazines: “Taipei Pictorial”, “Good Living @Taichung”, ”Live Leisurely in Tainan” and “KH Style” published by Taipei City, Taichung City, Tainan City and Kaohsiung City during 2011 to 2015. Studying this case by analysis their cover stories, headline, photo and color express, and the cover story. The results of the study concluded as follows: 1. High similarities showed on the style of magazines in different cities, the differences showed on the headline approach and cover appearance. 2. The style of magazines is in a similar way, only the cover appearance differs by years. 3. Some magazine had new edition during this study period; however, there is no influence showed on the style of the magazine, only on the appearance of cover photo. 4. Many similarities are found in individual magazines of cities.

Böcker är, trots ett generellt minskat intresse, fortfarande en viktig del av vårtkulturella samhälle. Att böckers utseende anpassas efter sin målgrupp är ingetovanligt men frågan är om även könet på författaren spelar in gällandeutformningen av omslaget.Syftet med studien var därför att genom en visuell innehållsanalys av böckerspocketomslag kartlägga de skillnader som återfinns på manliga respektivekvinnliga författares omslag.Denna undersökning har baserats på en visuell innehållsanalys där 200pocketomslag analyserades, 100 från svenska författare och 100 från engelskaförfattare. Dessa var därefter jämlikt fördelade mellan könen. I analysenreflekteras det över pocketböckernas motiv, dominerande färg, typsnittsfamiljersamt typsnittsfärger.Resultatet från undersökningen tyder på att kvinnliga författare har ettfemininare utseende på sina böcker överlag, och att svenska kvinnligaförfattares omslag uppvisade flest tecken på en femininare utformning. Det gårdock inte att utesluta att böckernas genre kan ha ett inflytande gällandeböckernas utformning, då det var svårt att precisera genren på många böckeröverlag. / Books are, despite a decline in interest, still an important part of our culturalsociety. It is not unusual for a book’s cover to adapt to its target audience butthe question stands whether the gender of the author functions as a part of thedesign equation as well.The purpose of this study was to through a visual analysis of paperback bookcovers map out differences found between male and female writers’ bookcovers.This study is based on a visual content analysis were 200 paperback coverswere analysed, 100 from Swedish authors and 100 from English authors. Thesewere then evenly divided between the genders. The analysis reflects over themotifs on the covers as well as the dominant colour, font families and fontcolours.The results from the analysis indicate that female authors generally got a morefeminine appearance on their covers, and that covers by Swedish female authorsshowed most signs of a feminine design. Alas, it is impossible to rule out genreas an important influence regarding the books’ cover design. However, as it washard to pinpoint the genre of many of the books analysed it was difficult tomake a distinct connection between genres and books’ cover design.

Syftet med denna studie var att genom en visuell innehållsanalys undersöka hur kokböcker normalt såg ut för varje genus. Resultatet skulle sedan jämföras för att hitta skillnader och likheter mellan manliga och kvinnliga omslag för att sätta ett genusperspektiv på utformningen, samt undersöka om designen berodde på författarens eller målgruppens kön. Den visuella innehållsanalysen utfördes på sammanlagt 84 svenska kokböcker där hälften var skrivna av kvinnor och hälften av män. Analysen visade att kvinnor hade ett mer feminint utseende på sin omslagsdesign, men att även männens omslag var mer feminina än maskulina. Detta resultat berodde både på målgruppens och författarens kön. Omslagen var i övrigt lika varandra i utformning och i modellens posering då kokböckers egentliga målgrupp ska vara alla matintresserade och inte ett bestämt kön. / The purpose of the present study was to through a visual content analysis examine how cookbooks usually are designed for each gender. The result would then be compared to identify similarities and differences between the male and female covers to bring a gender perspective on the design, and examine whether the design was due to the author or the audiences sex. The visual content analysis was preformed on a total of 84 Swedish cookbooks, half of which were written by women and half by men. The analysis showed that the women had more of a feminine cover design, but also that men’s cover design had a more feminine look than masculine. This result was both based on the audiences and the authors sex. The covers were generally equal to each other in how they were designed and how the model was posing, since the market segment is supposed to be everyone with a food interest and not based on gender.

<p>Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att introducera boktrailern som fenomen och marknadsföringsmetod. Likheter mellan boktrailern, bokomslaget och filmtrailern undersöks för att ge en bild av hur en "typisk" boktrailer ser ut och vilka funktioner den kan tänkas ha. Uppsatsen utforskar även boktrailerns möjligheter att nå ut till olika målgrupper i olika åldrar, samt pekar på svårigheter med att definiera en målgrupp. Ungdomslitteratur och fantasygenren kopplas samman med boktrailern och exempel ges på hur författare och förlag kan skapa relationer till läsare via Internet. Generella riktlinjer ges för vad som bör tänkas på för att tilltala flest potentiella läsare när en boktrailer används eller utformas. Boktrailerns förmåga att nå ut till unga, motvilliga läsare, som slutat läsa till fördel för bildbaserade berättarformer såsom filmer och datorspel, utforskas. Slutsatsen framhåller fördelarna med att marknadsföra böcker med ljud och bild.</p> / <p>The purpose of this paper is to introduce the book trailer as a phenomenon and method of marketing. Similarities between the book trailer, the book cover and the movie trailer are examined to show how a "typical" book trailer looks and what functions it possibly has. The paper also explores the book trailer’s prospects of reaching different audiences in different age groups. It also points to difficulties in defining an audience. Young adult literature and the fantasy genre are linked to the book trailer and examples are given on how authors and publishers can establish relationships with readers through the Internet. General guidelines are given for what should be considered to appeal to as many potential readers as possible when a book trailer is being used or designed. The book trailer's ability to reach young, reluctant readers, who have given up on reading to the benefit of image based storytelling like movies and computer games, are explored. The conclusion highlights the advantages of promoting books with audio and video.</p>

Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att introducera boktrailern som fenomen och marknadsföringsmetod. Likheter mellan boktrailern, bokomslaget och filmtrailern undersöks för att ge en bild av hur en "typisk" boktrailer ser ut och vilka funktioner den kan tänkas ha. Uppsatsen utforskar även boktrailerns möjligheter att nå ut till olika målgrupper i olika åldrar, samt pekar på svårigheter med att definiera en målgrupp. Ungdomslitteratur och fantasygenren kopplas samman med boktrailern och exempel ges på hur författare och förlag kan skapa relationer till läsare via Internet. Generella riktlinjer ges för vad som bör tänkas på för att tilltala flest potentiella läsare när en boktrailer används eller utformas. Boktrailerns förmåga att nå ut till unga, motvilliga läsare, som slutat läsa till fördel för bildbaserade berättarformer såsom filmer och datorspel, utforskas. Slutsatsen framhåller fördelarna med att marknadsföra böcker med ljud och bild. / The purpose of this paper is to introduce the book trailer as a phenomenon and method of marketing. Similarities between the book trailer, the book cover and the movie trailer are examined to show how a "typical" book trailer looks and what functions it possibly has. The paper also explores the book trailer’s prospects of reaching different audiences in different age groups. It also points to difficulties in defining an audience. Young adult literature and the fantasy genre are linked to the book trailer and examples are given on how authors and publishers can establish relationships with readers through the Internet. General guidelines are given for what should be considered to appeal to as many potential readers as possible when a book trailer is being used or designed. The book trailer's ability to reach young, reluctant readers, who have given up on reading to the benefit of image based storytelling like movies and computer games, are explored. The conclusion highlights the advantages of promoting books with audio and video.