Introducción: La pandemia de la COVID-19 ha generado un incremento de la información sobre esta enfermedad, por lo que es fundamental garantizar la credibilidad y confiabilidad de las páginas web que brindan esta información. Objetivo: Evaluar la confiabilidad de la información sanitaria en español sobre la COVID-19 en el motor de búsqueda Google considerando los criterios de la herramienta HONcode. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional de corte transversal. Las páginas web de Google se analizaron en diciembre del 2020 desde Lima-Perú, utilizando 4 términos de búsqueda. Se evaluó la confiabilidad de la información sanitaria de las páginas web mediante la herramienta HONcode (versión 3.1.3). Se clasificaron según la fuente de información y su procedencia. El análisis estadístico se realizó para un nivel de significancia de p<0,05. Resultados: Se evaluaron 200 páginas web en español, el 16,5% poseían certificado HONcode, la mayoría fue de la OMS (33,3%), la principal fuente de información fue “académica-profesional” (30,0%). Además, el 33,0% de las páginas web eran peruanas, siendo mayormente de tipo gubernamental (42,4%), pero ninguna tenía certificado HONcode. Conclusiones: Solo una de cada seis páginas web proporcionaba información sanitaria confiable sobre la COVID-19. Además, se distingue la presencia de las páginas web de la OMS en proveer información sanitaria sobre la COVID-19 en Google. Si bien este estudio destaca las páginas web de organismos internacionales, se requiere fortalecer la comunicación desde las páginas web gubernamentales peruanas.

The aim of this study is to quantify and investigate the effect of the Covid-19 pandemic on non-financial South African firms listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. The study implemented the Merton (1974) model on the 59 largest non-financial firms and calculated the probability of default for each firm before the pandemic and during the pandemic as at each firm's financial year-end. The default probabilities are calculated predominantly from the value and volatility of firm equity. The results emphasize that the Covid-19 pandemic, on average, had a dramatic impact on the probability of default of publicly traded South African firms. The observed increase in default probability was found to be statistically significant at the 5% significance level.

Intimate Partner Violence and COVID-19 Erin G. Siegel, BA, Rachel K. Carpenter, MS, & Jill D. Stinson, PhD Department of Psychology, College of Arts & Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN Intimate partner violence includes physical, sexual, or psychological harm by a current or former partner or spouse. In the US, a decline in reported rates over the past two decades may have been reversed by the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly during the initial lockdown in March 2020. A majority of Americans were isolated at home, potentially increasing the occurrence of IPV assaults. Few studies have evaluated changes in IPV rates throughout the pandemic. This study aims to estimate and compare the rates of intimate partner assaults during the COVID-19 pandemic to previous years, while also examining the influence of geographic location (e.g., rurality versus urban areas), age of the victim, and nature of the assault type. The hypotheses are as follows: 1) an increase in cases of IPV during the first quartile of the pandemic, followed by a decline in the later recent quartiles (i.e., end of 2020); 2) an increase in IPV during the COVID-19 pandemic being more pronounced in counties with greater rurality; 3) an increase in IPV in persons over 18 during the first quartile of the pandemic compared to those under 18 age (who are less likely to live with a partner); and 4) predominant assault type rates (e.g., forcible rape versus murder) may have changed during the pandemic. Data for this project were obtained from the Tennessee Incident-Based Reporting System (TIBRS) for secondary data analysis. From 2016 to 2020 there were 371,196 reported IPV assaults. Variables of interest include all 95 Tennessee counties, age of victim (e.g., over or under 18), and the type of assault (forcible rape, forcible fondling, forcible sodomy, sexual assault with an object, simple assault, aggravated assault, homicide, intimidation, and stalking). Data describing county rurality were obtained from the online County Health Rankings and Roadmaps. County-level rates of IPV are separated by quartile during the pandemic months (Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4). Descriptive analyses will determine the yearly rates of IPV assaults from 2016-2020, with a specific examination of rates during the pandemic quartiles, age distribution, variability among types of assaults, and which counties demonstrate the highest reports. Percent change analyses will evaluate the previous years and determine if there was a significant change in IPV rates throughout the pandemic. Subsequent analyses will compare rates of IPV in rural and urban counties. This project aims to examine how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected rates of IPV, which may inform current prevention and intervention efforts. Additionally, data from urban and rural communities will potentially highlight treatment disparities, providing valuable information pertaining to resource allocation.

Available data suggest a significant rise in family-based offenses during the COVID-19 pandemic quarantine and lockdown period. Although attempts to contain the spread of the virus are critical to protect overall health, these efforts inadvertently exposed children to an increased risk of family abuse by isolating them in their homes and decreasing their access to supportive resources in school and childcare programming. Further, during this time frame, families faced additional stressors (e.g., loss of financial and social support), which may have increased risk for familial violence. Despite limited opportunities for detection and reporting during the COVID-19 pandemic, some studies have shown an increase in child sexual abuse during the implementation of stay-at-home guidelines compared to pre-pandemic rates. However, other studies have proposed a decrease of child abuse cases (including sexual abuse) as a result of limited in-person contact and patient assessment. Much of the research on this topic during the COVID-19 pandemic have been focused in other countries and different areas of the United States. For this reason, it is important to address and acknowledge reported child sexual abuse cases in Tennessee. This study seeks to evaluate rates of sexual crimes against children in Tennessee prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic to better understand its impact on our state. Our hypotheses include: (a) there will be a significant decrease in child sexual abuse reporting from 2019 and 2020 across all regions and (b) there will be fewer child sexual abuse reports in the east region than any other region. The current study investigates crime rates between 2019 and 2020 for five types of sexual crimes against children in a sample of children in four different regions of Tennessee (Regions 1-4). Data were extracted from Tennessee Bureau of Investigation’s (TBI) online incident-based reporting system (N = 2350). All reports were for those under the age of 18. Variables of interest include: 95 Tennessee counties broken down into regions (Regions 1-4), type of sexual crime (forcible rape, forcible fondling, forcible sodomy, sexual assault, incest), and year in which the incident occurred (2019 or 2020). Pearson Chi-square analyses will be used to determine the changes in crime reporting by year in the five different crime types. Results from this study will not only better reflect how COVID-19 and quarantine have affected crime reporting rates, but also reflect how limited access to mandated reporters may have an influence on the number of crimes reported. Implications of these findings and future directions for research will be discussed.

Cuando hay cambios directivos en la organización se desconocen las expectativas que tienen los agentes educativos, y cómo pueden ser atendidos con herramientas estratégicas pertinentes, complicándose en contexto de confinamiento social por pandemia. Por ello, el presente estudio buscó comprender la situación contextual de los agentes educativos de una promotora educativa con sede en la región Piura, mediante el conocimiento de la situación contextual y las expectativas de los mismos, explicitándose la experiencia de lo ejecutado como herramienta estratégica de gestión directiva escolar durante el COVID-19. Se asumió el paradigma investigativo socio crítico, de enfoque cualitativo, con tipo de investigación descriptivo-propositivo bajo el diseño de observación participante. Para el recojo de datos su usó la entrevista estructurada de respuesta abierta y el fichaje digital, además de las matrices comparativas para procesar los datos. Se concluyó de la situación contextual de temor e incertidumbre y las expectativas de actitud resiliente, disposición de adaptación y positividad, explicitándose la gestión directiva centrada en la persona.

Carta al editor / Revisión por pares

Anxiety associated with the COVID-19 pandemic and home confinement has been associated with adverse health behaviors, such as unhealthy eating, smoking, and drinking. However, most studies have been limited by regional sampling, which precludes the examination of behavioral consequences associated with the pandemic at a global level. Further, few studies operationalized pandemic-related stressors to enable the investigation of the impact of different types of stressors on health outcomes. This study examined the association between perceived risk of COVID-19 infection and economic burden of COVID-19 with health-promoting and health-damaging behaviors using data from the PsyCorona Study: an international, longitudinal online study of psychological and behavioral correlates of COVID-19. Analyses utilized data from 7,402 participants from 86 countries across three waves of assessment between May 16 and June 13, 2020. Participants completed self-report measures of COVID-19 infection risk, COVID-19-related economic burden, physical exercise, diet quality, cigarette smoking, sleep quality, and binge drinking. Multilevel structural equation modeling analyses showed that across three time points, perceived economic burden was associated with reduced diet quality and sleep quality, as well as increased smoking. Diet quality and sleep quality were lowest among respondents who perceived high COVID-19 infection risk combined with high economic burden. Neither binge drinking nor exercise were associated with perceived COVID-19 infection risk, economic burden, or their interaction. Findings point to the value of developing interventions to address COVID-related stressors, which have an impact on health behaviors that, in turn, may influence vulnerability to COVID-19 and other health outcomes. / New York University Abu Dhabi

Introduction The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic including stay at home restrictions, school closures, economic decline, and societal distress has affected pediatric mental health in ways studies have yet to discover. There are more children presenting with mental health issues compared to pre-pandemic times. Multiple factors have shown to contribute to the lack of quality care for children experiencing mental health crises in this ongoing pandemic. Purpose Statement The COVID-19 pandemic significantly affected the frequency of mental health related presentations to the pediatric emergency department, subsequently resulting in increased delay in transition to inpatient psychiatric treatment Literature Review The data base used was Sherrod Library. Key words were pediatric, mental health, pediatric emergency, behavioral health, COVID-19, and pandemic. The studies found hold strong in their sample sizes and methods, although certain age groups were excluded from the research. Findings Following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in March of 2020, there was an evident rise in pediatric emergency department visits for mental health related issues. As a result of increased patient presentations, limited resources, and staffing shortages - patients in need of psychiatric care have been less likely to receive it, and more likely to experience boarding. Conclusions Pediatric mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic has revealed a need for new interventions and resources to achieve better patient outcomes. The issues discussed in this paper are prevalent in pediatric hospitals across the country. The repercussions of COVID-19 on pediatric patients are not fully understood or researched at this time.

Hydroxychloroquine, initially used as an antimalarial, is used as an immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory agent for the management of autoimmune and rheumatic diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus. Lately, there has been interest in its potential efficacy against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, with several speculated mechanisms. The purpose of this review is to elaborate on the mechanisms surrounding hydroxychloroquine. The review is an in-depth analysis of the antimalarial, immunomodulatory, and antiviral mechanisms of hydroxychloroquine, with detailed and novel pictorial explanations. The mechanisms of hydroxychloroquine are related to potential cardiotoxic manifestations and demonstrate potential adverse effects when used for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Finally, current literature associated with hydroxychloroquine and COVID-19 has been analyzed to interrelate the mechanisms, adverse effects, and use of hydroxychloroquine in the current pandemic. Currently, there is insufficient evidence about the efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19.KEY MESSAGES HCQ, initially an antimalarial agent, is used as an immunomodulatory agent for managing several autoimmune diseases, for which its efficacy is linked to inhibiting lysosomal antigen processing, MHC-II antigen presentation, and TLR functions. HCQ is generally well-tolerated although severe life-threatening adverse effects including cardiomyopathy and conduction defects have been reported. HCQ use in COVID-19 should be discouraged outside clinical trials under strict medical supervision.

COVID-19-pandemic: the crisis was not only a challenge for the forms of preaching but also its content. What could and should be said? How can people be comforted and strengthened without preaching weak and banal ‘good news’? And again and again the question: How can we speak of God amid a worldwide crisis? For Societas Homiletica it became clear quite soon that the Budapest Conference would have to be postponed (and – God willing – we will meet in Budapest from August 12 to 17, 2022!). But our International Secretary, Prof. Dr. Theo Pleizier, came up with the idea of organizing an Online Conference on “Preaching in Time of Crisis.” The International Board of Societas Homiletica supported this idea, and on August 10–12, 2020, the first Online Conference in the history of Societas Homiletica ‘took place.’ We are glad and honored to present five outstanding papers delivered at the Online Conference in this Special Volume of our International Journal of Homiletics, two from Europe and three from North America (Canada and the USA). Clara Nystrand from Lund (Sweden) compares sermons delivered in Sweden in the time of the Spanish flu 1918 with sermons delivered in the first phase of the Corona pandemic. André Verweij, pastor and researcher in the Netherlands, analyzes five Easter sermons delivered in the Netherlands during the first wave of the Covid-19-pandemic and discovers a lamenting mode in preaching, which steers away from interpreting the pandemic’s possible ‘meaning’ or ‘message.’ Joseph H. Clarke and David Csinos from the Atlantic School of Theology in Halifax, Canada, show how fruitful dialogue between psychotherapy and homiletics can be. David M. Stark, teaching and doing homiletical research at the University of the South in Sewanee (USA), speaks about a dual pandemic of COVID-19 and systemic racism. In the final article, Edgar “Trey” Clark III from Fuller Theology Seminary in Pasadena (USA), examines protests in support of “Black Lives Matter” and sees these protests as a form of Spirit-inspired proclamation – connecting lament and celebration, particularity and universality, word and deed. Obviously, the COVID-19-pandemic changed not only the forms and media of preaching, but also its contents – and will have an impact also in the time ‘after’ the pandemic.:Editorial .............................................................................................................................................................. iii Preaching in Times of Pestilence – 1918 and 2020 Clara Nystrand ................................................................................................................................................. 1 Preaching in a Lamenting Mode: Easter Lockdown Sermons in the Netherlands André Verweij ............................................................................................................................................... 13 Steer into the Storm: Dynamic Psychotherapy for Preaching in Anxious Times Joseph H. Clarke and David M. Csinos ................................................................................................. 23 Eucharistic Preaching as Early Response to a Dual Pandemic David M. Stark ................................................................................................................................................ 33 Protest as Preaching: The Pneumatic Proclamation of Black Lives Matter Edgar “Trey” Clark III ................................................................................................................................. 43