Geólogo / El Cráter Morada del Diablo consiste en conos piroclásticos coalescentes múltiples con flujos de lava basáltica asociados (45-47.30% SiO2). Se edifica hasta los 240 m.s.n.m., abarca cerca de 17.877 km2 y está ubicado a unos 150 km de la ciudad de Punta Arenas, Chile. El Cráter Morada del Diablo está inmerso en el Campo Volcánico Pali Aike, que se divide en tres unidades principales que corresponden a una unidad basal de lavas de plateau, una unidad intermedia con conos piroclásticos, maares y flujos de lava asociados afectados por erosión y una unidad más joven de conos piroclásticos y flujos de lava carente de erosión y sedimentación eólica conservando los rasgos primarios. Dentro de esta última unidad se encuentra al Cráter Morada del Diablo, que a su vez tiene a la unidad Lavas del Diablo II que es el episodio volcánico más reciente del Campo Volcánico Pali Aike (<10000 años). Los conos piroclásticos de Cráter Morada del Diablo tienen una tendencia de elongación y alineamiento preferente al NW-SE, obedeciendo a uno de los controles estructurales predominantes del Campo Volcánico Pali Aike, que corresponderían a fallas reactivadas del rift Patagónico Austral del Mesozoico. La evolución eruptiva del Cráter Morada del Diablo ha sido divida en cuatros episodios, donde los dos primeros corresponden a la formación de los conos piroclásticos, Morada del Diablo I y Morada del Diablo II, y luego dos flujos de lava asociados al cono más reciente, Lavas del Diablo I y Lavas del Diablo II, todos los estadios de edad Pleistoceno - Holoceno. La unidad Lavas del Diablo II es la fase eruptiva final del Campo Volcánico Pali Aike. Las rocas pertenecientes al Cráter Morada del Diablo son basaltos alcalinos de clinopiroxeno, caracterizados por tener composiciones primitivas con valores de Mg# en promedio de 59.3 y una signatura de elementos traza similar a basaltos de islas oceánicas. El estilo de erupción de Cráter Morada del Diablo, basado en sus productos, es principalmente Hawaiiano. Sin embargo, también presenta características distintivas de erupciones tipo Estrombolianas, por lo que se relaciona de forma más precisa a un estilo de erupción transicional. La conservación de los rasgos primarios, las posibilidades de acceso, protección y difusión al pertenecer al Parque Nacional Pali Aike, hacen del Cráter Morada del Diablo una oportunidad invaluable para el desarrollo del Geoturismo y la correspondiente identificación, evaluación y cuantificación de Geositios.

L’un des défis de la science planétaire est la détermination de l’âge des surfaces des différents corps célestes du système solaire, pour comprendre leurs processus de formation et d’évolution. Une approche repose sur l’analyse de la densité et de la taille des cratères d’impact. En raison de l’énorme quantité de données à traiter, des approches automatiques ont été proposées pour détecter les cratères d’impact afin de faciliter ce processus de datation. Ils utilisent généralement les valeurs de couleur des images ou les valeurs d’altitude de "modèles numériques d’élévation" (DEM). Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une nouvelle approche pour détecter les bords des cratères. L’idée principale est de combiner l’analyse de la courbure avec une classification basée sur un réseau de neurones. Cette approche comporte deux étapes principales : premièrement, chaque sommet du maillage est étiqueté avec la valeur de la courbure minimale; deuxièmement, cette carte de courbure est injectée dans un réseau de neurones pour détecter automatiquement les formes d’intérêt. Les résultats montrent que la détection des formes est plus efficace en utilisant une carte en deux dimensions s’appuyant sur le calcul d’estimateurs différentiels discrets, plutôt qu’en utilisant la valeur de l’élévation en chaque sommet. Cette approche réduit significativement le nombre de faux négatifs par rapport aux approches précédentes basées uniquement sur une information topographique. La validation de la méthode est effectuée sur des DEM de Mars, acquis par un altimètre laser à bord de la sonde spatiale "Mars Global Surveyor" de la NASA et combinés avec une base de données de cratères identifiés manuellement. / One of the challenges of planetary science is the age determination of the surfaces of the different celestial bodies in the solar system, to understand their formation and evolution processes. An approach relies on the analysis of the crater impact density and size. Due to the huge quantity of data to process, automatic approaches have been proposed for automatically detecting impact craters in order to facilitate this dating process. They generally use the color values from images or the elevation values from Digital Elevation Model (DEM). In this PhD thesis, we propose a new approach for detecting craters rims. The main idea is to combine curvature analysis with Neural Network based classification. This approach contains two main steps: first, each vertex of the mesh is labeled with the value of the minimal curvature; second, this curvature map is injected into a neural network to automatically detect the shapes of interest. The results show that detecting forms are more efficient using a two-dimensional map based on the computation of discrete differential estimators, than by the value of the elevation at each vertex. This approach significantly reduces the number of false negatives compared to previous approaches based on topographic information only. The validation of the method is performed on DEMs of Mars, acquired by a laser altimeter aboard NASA’s Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft and combined with a database of manually identified craters.

In this study nano-patterning was carried out using two different nano-optic devices namely- the NSOM and Fresnel zone plate. In the first study, NSOM was used to generate nano-patterns on selected semiconducting (Si and Ge) and metallic (Cr, Cu and Ag) targets under different laser pulse durations, laser energies and number of laser pulses. Based on the experimental results, femtosecond laser pulses, provided lower pattern generation thresholds on targets but higher damage thresholds to the NSOM probes at the wavelength (~400-410 nm) studied, compared with nanosecond laser pulses. Three different mechanisms were identified as the dominant processes for pattern generation under different conditions, namely nano-scale laser ablation, nano-scale thermal oxidation and nano-scale melting/recrystallization of the targets. Furthermore, the resulting nano-patterns also showed a significant dependence on the optical properties (i.e., absorption coefficient and surface reflectivity) of the target material. By comparing the obtained experimental results, it was concluded that the optical energy transport from the NSOM probe to the target dominates the pattern generation when femtosecond laser is applied to the NSOM system. When nanosecond laser is applied, both the thermal and optical energy transported from the NSOM probe to the targets attribute to the obtained morphology of nano-patterns on different targets under the experimental conditions studied. In the second study, a traditional Fresnel zone plate with a focus length of 3 micrometres was fabricated with a novel lift-off process in e-beam lithography. The fabrication process involved, using a HSQ/PMMA bi-layer in a negative tone lift-off process with a layer of conducting polyaniline for charge dissipation. HSQ was used as the high resolution negative resist for e-beam patterning and the PMMA under-layer was used to enable a HSQ lift-off process. The fabricated Fresnel zone plate was used to generate nano-patterns on a UV sensitive photoresist using nanosecond laser light with lamda~409nm. The smallest pattern sizes generated was close to the diffraction limit. Nano-pattern sizes generated on the photoresist were comparable with a numerically calculated intensity distribution at the focus spot of the designed Fresnel zone plate obtained from Scalar Diffraction Theory.

Studies on the behavior of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) and slurry infiltrated fibrous concrete (SIFCON) to impact loading have started in recent years. Using these relatively new materials, higher values of tensile and compressive strength can be obtained with greater fracture toughness and energy absorption capacity, and therefore they carry a considerable importance in the design of protective structures. In this thesis, computational analyses concerning impact loading effect on concrete, steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) and slurry infiltrated fibrous concrete (SIFCON) are conducted by the aid of ANSYS AUTODYN 11.0.0 software. In the simulations, the importance of the concrete compressive and tensile strengths, and the fracture energy, together with the target and projectile erosion parameters, were investigated on the response of concrete target and projectile residual velocity. The obtained results of the simulation trials on concrete, SFRC and SIFCON have been compared with the experimental outcomes of three concrete, two SFRC and two SIFCON specimens in terms of deformed target crater radius, depth volume and striking projectile residual velocities. The simulation analyses have shown that, compressive as well as tensile strengths of the concrete, SFRC and SIFCON specimens are of great importance on the crater volume while erosion parameters have a significant effect on the projectile residual velocity. Simulation outcomes possess a higher accuracy for concrete simulations when comparisons are made with available experimental results. This accuracy deteriorates for SFRC and SIFCON specimens. It was further concluded that related material tests of the specimens must be available in order to obtain higher accuracy.

La tesi, costituita da due parti e tre capitoli, si concentra sulle conseguenze macroeconomiche della globalizzazione, prendendo in considerazione vari schemi di un modello a generazioni sovrapposte, in un mercato finanziario integrato. Per ipotesi, gli agenti vivono per due periodi e sono divisi in due gruppi: i "vecchi" che posseggono il fattore capitale e i "giovani" che offrono lavoro e risparmio. Nella prima parte si suppone che i mercati siano perfetti. Dopo aver ricevuto il loro reddito, i giovani ottimizzano consumo e risparmio. Diverse ipotesi vengono avanzate sull'apertura dei mercati, ma le economie convergono sempre verso uno stato stazionario asintoticamente stabile. Nella seconda parte i mercati finanziari sono imperfetti e i prestiti sono razionati. I giovani agenti risparmiano tutto il loro reddito e consumano solo nel secondo periodo della loro vita. In queste nuove ipotesi si possono riscontrare dinamiche endogene di tipo periodico. / The essay, made by two parts and three chapters, focuses on macroeconomic effects of globalization, considering various schemes of a two-country OLG model with integrated financial market. For hypothesis, agents live for two periods and are divided in two groups: the "old" that own the capital factor and the "young" that supply labor and savings. In the first part markets are supposed to be perfect. After received their income, the young optimize their consumption and savings. Different hypotheses about the opening markets are considered, but the economies ever converge to an asymptotically stable steady state. In the second part the financial markets are imperfect and borrowing is constrained. The young agents save all their income and consume only in the second period of their life. In these new hypotheses endogenous, periodic dynamics may occur.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A presente pesquisa do Corpus Hermeticum IV.3-6a trata de um objeto da História do Mundo Contemporâneo do Novo Testamento, da História das Antigas Religiões Mediterrâneas e da História da Filosofia. Sendo assim, objetiva-se analisar a concepção de &#946;&#945;&#960;&#964;&#943;&#950;&#969; [baptiz&#333;] em &#8009; &#922;&#961;&#945;&#964;&#942;&#961; (Corpus Hermeticum IV.3-6a), levando em consideração sua intertextualidade e sua correlação histórico-religiosa. Especificamente, analisa-se a concepção de &#946;&#945;&#960;&#964;&#943;&#950;&#969; neste texto, com o intuito de examinar sua correlação com o hino da Aparição Onírica de Háthor (Estela Wien 8390) e sua intertextualidade, por meio da Alegoria da Cratera, com Timaeus 41D, De somniis II. 183, 190, 249, e Provérbios 9.1-6 (LXX). Em particular, esta pesquisa demonstra que o Corpus Hermeticum IV.3-6a descreve um banquete ou um simpósio (symposium). Ademais, ao cotejar frases em que ocorrem os verbos &#1008;&#949;&#961;&#940;&#957;&#957;&#965;&#956;&#953; e &#956;&#943;&#947;&#957;&#965;&#956;&#953; em relação ao &#1008;&#961;&#945;&#964;&#942;&#961;, percebe-se que a acepção do verbo &#946;&#945;&#960;&#964;&#943;&#950;&#969;, na frase &#946;&#940;&#960;&#964;&#953;&#963;&#959;&#957; &#963;&#949;&#945;&#965;&#964;&#8052;&#957; &#7969; &#948;&#965;&#957;&#945;&#956;&#941;&#957;&#951; &#949;&#7984;&#962; &#964;&#959;&#8166;&#964;&#959;&#957; &#964;&#8056;&#957; &#1008;&#961;&#945;&#964;&#8134;&#961;&#945; (do Corpus Hermeticum IV.4a), significa misturar. Por último, a presente pesquisa afirma que o verbo &#946;&#945;&#960;&#964;&#943;&#950;&#969;, nessa frase, com sentido de misturar, tem influência egípcia e correspondência com a palavra j&#699;j e a palavras t&#7723; e suas derivações. / The current inquiry into the Corpus Hermeticum IV.3-6a deals with an object of the History of the Contemporary World of the New Testament, the History of the Ancient Mediterranean Religions and the History of Philosophy. As such, it aims to analyze the conception of &#946;&#945;&#960;&#964;&#943;&#950;&#969; [baptizo] in &#8009; &#922;&#961;&#945;&#964;&#942;&#961; (Corpus Hermeticum IV.3-6a), taking into account its intertextuality and its religious-historical correlation. Specifically, the conception of &#946;&#945;&#960;&#964;&#943;&#950;&#969; is analyzed in this text, with the intention of examining its correlation with the hymn of the Dreamlike Apparition of Hathor (Stela Wien 8390) and its intertextuality, through the Allegory of the Crater, with Timaeus 41D, De Somniis II. 183, 190, 249, and Proverbs 9.1-6 (LXX). In particular, this inquiry demonstrates that the Corpus Hermeticum IV.3-6a describes a banquet or symposium. Moreover, comparing sentences in which the verbs &#1008;&#949;&#961;&#940;&#957;&#957;&#965;&#956;&#953; and &#956;&#943;&#947;&#957;&#965;&#956;&#953; take place in connection with &#1008;&#961;&#945;&#964;&#942;&#961;, one perceives that the sense of the verb &#946;&#945;&#960;&#964;&#943;&#950;&#969;, in the sentence &#946;&#940;&#960;&#964;&#953;&#963;&#959;&#957; &#963;&#949;&#945;&#965;&#964;&#8052;&#957; &#7969; &#948;&#965;&#957;&#945;&#956;&#941;&#957;&#951; &#949;&#7984;&#962; &#964;&#959;&#8166;&#964;&#959;&#957; &#964;&#8056;&#957; &#1008;&#961;&#945;&#964;&#8134;&#961;&#945; (of the Corpus Hermeticum IV.3-6a), means to mix. Finally, the present inquiry asserts that the verb &#946;&#945;&#960;&#964;&#943;&#950;&#969;, in this sentence, with the sense of mixing, has Egyptian influence and correspondence with the word j&#699;j and the word t&#7723; and its derivations.

Jusqu’à peu, Mars était vue comme une planète à substrat crustal homogène, dominé par des basaltes à olivine. Les missions in situ ont contribué à bouleverser cette vision si simpliste. Le rover Curiosity qui sillonne le cratère d’impact de Gale formé à l’Hespérien (3.5-3.8 Ga) creusé dans des roches noachiennes (> 3.8 Ga), a ainsi découvert, grâce aux analyses LIBS (‘laser induced breakdown spectroscopy’) de l’instrument ChemCam, des roches ignées alcalines felsiques noachiennes, révélant un magmatisme primitif évolué (Sautter et al., 2016) : ce résultat est en accord avec l’identification récente de clastes ignés felsiques d’âge Noachien observés dans la brèche martienne NWA 7533 et ses paires. Une croûte primitive martienne évoluée de type ‘continentale’ aurait-elle existé ? C’est ce que suggère ce travail de par l’observation orbitale GRS de plusieurs terrains noachiens felsiques enrichis en K et Th et abondants en feldspaths. Par ailleurs, du fait de l’identification de feldspaths peu calciques dans les roches et clastes de Gale et de la brèche, il est envisagé ici que la croûte primitive martienne ait pu se former selon un modèle différent de l’océan de magma défini sur la Lune. De plus, la quantification de Li, Rb, Sr et Ba dans l’ensemble des matériaux ignés de Gale analysés par la LIBS ainsi que leurs concentrations dans les clastes ignés de la brèche, suggèrent l’existence de plusieurs réservoirs magmatiques primitifs. En parallèle, la quantification du Cu à partir des données LIBS effectuée dans cette étude, met en évidence des abondances anormalement élevées dans des roches potassiques de la région de Kimberley. Majoritairement associées à des silicates détritiques ignés, ces phases de cuivre proviendraient d’une source magmatique primitive siliceuse localisée dans le flanc Nord de Gale. Au Noachien, la circulation hydrothermale dans un magma évolué aurait formé un gisement métallifère de cuivre aux alentours du cratère. Finalement, la Terre et Mars sont géologiquement plus proches que jamais / Until recently, Mars was considered as a planet with a homogeneous crust dominated by olivine-rich basalts. This simplistic vision has been largely disrupted especially with results of recent in situ missions. In this way, the Curiosity rover that travels in Gale crater, which formed by impact during the Hesperian period (3.5-3.8 Gyr) within igneous basement rocks dated at 4.2 Gyr, discovered Noachian alkaline igneous rocks (> 3.8 Gyr) using the ChemCam LIBS instrument (‘laser induced breakdown spectroscopy’): this observation along with the recent identification of Noachian igneous felsic clasts within the breccia meteorite NWA 7533 and subsequent paired stones, revealed an evolved primitive magmatic system (Sautter et al., 2016). Would an evolved ‘continental’ primitive crust have ever existed on Mars? This is favored in this work by orbital GRS observations showing several Si-K-Th-rich Noachian terrains displaying abundant feldspars. Besides, the identification of low-Ca feldspars within the clasts of the breccia and Gale rocks, suggests that the primitive martian crust may have formed according to a model that differs from the lunar magma ocean. In addition, the LIBS quantification of Li, Rb, Sr and Ba presented in this work in igneous rocks, along with the distribution of alkali trace elements within the igneous clasts of the breccia, suggests the potential occurrence of several magmatic reservoirs. Concurrently, in the Kimberley formation, copper quantification using LIBS data, reveals anomalously elevated abundances within potassic rocks: these Cu-phases mainly associated with detrital igneous silicates, would come from a primitive felsic igneous source located in the northern rim. During the Noachian period, the hydrothermal circulation within an evolved magmatic chamber favored the formation of a Cu-bearing deposit in Gale vicinity. After all, the Earth and Mars are geologically closer than ever

Questo lavoro propone dei temi sulla tax compliance in un contesto come quello italiano, caratterizzato da un basso livello della stessa. Il primo capitolo propone una ricerca concernente gli effetti dei controlli. Nella letteratura, l’esito degli stessi è ancora discusso, alla luce del fatto che sono possibili due effetti opposti: il target effect ed il bomb-crater effect. Grazie all’impiego di un database dell’Agenzia delle Entrate italiana, con una combinazione di tecniche di of matching e difference – in – difference, questo lavoro mostra come in un particolare contesto, come quello italiano, i controlli possono avere un effetto positivo sulla tax compliance. Il secondo capitolo mostra gli effetti dell’introduzione di una presumptive tax nella forma di una minimum tax. L’obiettivo principale è quello di studiare l’effetto di tale introduzione quando si hanno particolari condizioni. Nello specifico, questa analisi confronta le tasse italiane pagate da un particolare gruppo di contribuenti, con quelle che verrebbero pagate con l’introduzione di una presumptive tax nella forma di una minimum tax. Il presente lavoro include due differenti metodologie di stima di una presumptive tax, sviluppate dall’ISTAT e dall’Agenzia delle Entrate italiana, includendo anche le possibili reazioni dei contribuenti. / This work investigates issues of tax compliance in a context like the Italian one, characterized by a low level of it. The first chapter investigates the role of audits. In the present literature, the outcome of them is an open question since two opposite effects are possible: the target effect and the bomb-crater effect. Using a database provided by the Italian Revenue Agency, with a combination of matching with difference – in – difference techniques, this work shows how in a particular context, such as Italy, audits can have a positive effect on tax compliance. The second chapter explores the effects of implementing a presumptive tax in the form of a minimum tax. The main aim is to study the effect of a change in the policy from a particular starting condition. More specifically, this analysis compares the taxes collected in Italy from a particular group of taxpayers, to the ones that would be collected if Italy implements a presumptive tax in the form of a minimum tax. This work implements two different methodologies to estimate a presumptive tax, provided by ISTAT and the Italian Revenue Agency, and reactions of taxpayers are included as well.

GEOMORPHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE OCCURRENCE OF MOLDAVITES IN THE CENTRAL EUROPE ABSTRACT: In the presented paper, geomorphological aspects of the occurrence od moldavites are evaluated. The origin od moldavites in the Miocene and position of their main finding places in Czechia is described. For studies and documentation of morphology of the surface of moldavites was used the collection of the Faculty od Science at Charles University. Special attention during field geomorphic servey of finding places of moldavites was attend to the localities between settlements Ločenice, Nesměň and Chlum nad Malší. Main features od the natural environment were identified as well as recent changes of landforms caused by prohibited and legal extraction of moldavites. All notable finding places of moldavites in the southern Bohemia are affected by these anthropogenic changes of the landscape. It is discussed that absence of moldavites in some denuded areas of the region where they are occurring can indicate a range of rocks exhumation since the upper Miocene. On the contrary, it is suggested thah morphostratigraphical significance od sporadic findings of moldavites many kilometres from primary localities is limited by a low resistance of the shape and volume of moldavites in relation to fluvial transport. However, very...

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a fast analytical method, but can also be complicated. This spectroscopic method is used to provide a qualitative and quantitative analysis of a sample. The analysis is carried out by capturing the emission radiation of the generated plasma. The accuracy and stability of the measurement is affected by several parameters, such as stability of the laser, physical and chemical properties of the sample, its homogeneity and others, that can not always be eliminated. For this reason other methods are being added to the LIBS experiment that could improve the quality of this analysis. This diploma thesis is focused on a research of the literature on the standardization of laser-induced plasma signal and the possibility of using an acoustic signal for this purpose. For this reason , it is necessary to perform basic experiments and to verify if the acoustic signal correlates with the emission signal. If these signals correlate together, it would be possible to use the acoustic signal for standardization og the LIBS data, which would improve the accuracy of the analysis. In the theoretical part at the beginning other spectroscopic methods are summarised. Then the work is focused on the description of the LIBS method, possible ways of the analysis, standardization of emission signals and its review in the literature. The experimental part is aimed at the study of the acoustic signal that was performed in the framework of this study. At the beginning, there are introduced results of the basic measurements on steel and brass samples. These results were important for an optimization of the experiment. The following section shows the results obtained from the measurements of the acoustic signal on the samples with the same chemical composition but different hardness. At the end the correlation between the acoustic and emission signals is discussed.