Le secret participe à l'idée de respect de l'intégrité morale de l'individu. A ce titre, il apparaît comme une valeur universellement reconnue et internationalement consacrée. Assurément rattaché à la notion d'individualisme, le secret est lié à la progression des Droits de l'Homme. Obstacle à toutes les formes d'appétences étatiques, il est naturellement consacré en tant qu'élément protecteur du respect de l'individu, par les textes internationaux fondamentaux tels que la Déclaration universelle des Droits de l'Homme adoptée par l'Assemblée générale des Nations-Unies le 10 décembre 1948, la Convention européenne des Droits de l'Homme et des libertés fondamentales adoptée par le Conseil de l'Europe le 4 novembre 1950 ou le Pacte des Nations-Unies relatif aux droits civils et politiques adopté par les Nations-Unies le 16 décembre 1966. Cette protection internationale est par ailleurs complétée par des dispositions internes propres à chaque État, conjuguant dans la majorité des cas des mesures civiles et pénales. Le secret apparait à chacune des étapes du procès pénal : que ce soit à la phase de l'enquête policière et l'instruction, ou de celle du jugement et des délibérations sur l'innocence ou la culpabilité de la personne mise en examen. Et au-delà du procès proprement dit, pour faciliter la réinsertion du condamné, le secret réapparait. / Confidentiality calls for the respectful preservation of the individual's rights and integrity during the criminal process. Therefore, it has been universally recognized and deemed important worldwide. Seen as sacred to the individual, confidentiality is a continuation of Human rights. Seen as an obstacle to any attempt of governmental intrusion, it is therefore important to the protection of the individual's rights, as stated by the following international bodies of law: the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948, the European Convention on Human Rights and Basic Freedoms adopted by the European Council on November 4, 1950, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights adopted by the United Nations on December 16, 1966. This international protection is reinforced by internal decisions made in every country, combining in most cases some aspects of civil and cri minal nature. Confidentiality appears in every stage of the criminal process : during the police investigation and charges or during trial and jury deliberations on the innocence or guilt of the defendant. Even beyond the trial, confidentiality becomes integral in the rehabilitation of the condemned.

This thesis seeks to contribute to the debate about the role of the criminal law in holding health professionals and health institutions to account for malpractice. The research attempts a critical comparison of the role of the criminal law and the criminal process in healthcare malpractice in France, a civil law jurisdiction, and England, a common law jurisdiction. In France, the criminal process is more readily invoked to address failings and malpractice in healthcare. The aim of this research is to see how the comparison of the two jurisdictions sheds light on the now much debated question of how the criminal process should relate to healthcare malpractice. The purpose of the comparative examination of law and process is twofold: (1) to highlight what might be seen as failings within each legal system and identify lessons that might be learned from each other and (2) to locate these differences in an analysis of how (if at all) the criminal process can best engage with healthcare malpractice. The much publicised HIV-contaminated blood episode in France and England is studied as an illustration of a case of systemic healthcare failure and the use of the criminal process in France. It is used to illustrate and explore more fully the questions above and shed light on the overall aim of the thesis, which is to assess what the role of the criminal law should be in the context of healthcare malpractice. The research reveals that particular features of the general substantive criminal law and criminal process go a long way toward explaining differences in the criminalisation of healthcare malpractice as between France and England. The criminalisation of ‘simple’ direct negligence which may result in death or injury in France provides the possibility to criminalise healthcare malpractice more readily than in England, where only gross negligence resulting in death is generally criminalised in the healthcare malpractice context. Features of the French inquisitorial criminal process (notably juges d’instruction and parties civiles) play a central role in providing a greater platform for the criminalisation of healthcare malpractice in France, whereas features of the English adversarial system (in particular the role of the Crown Prosecution Service and the jury) tend to minimise the possibility for a wider criminalisation of healthcare malpractice in England. However, I do not argue that England should follow France in adopting more extensive use of the criminal process in the context of healthcare malpractice. Key lessons drawn from the present study are that the criminal process is not usually an appropriate means to respond to many instances of healthcare malpractice. This is not to say that the criminal process has no role to play where the conduct of the professional has shown no regard for the safety of patients. Features of French criminal law and criminal procedure might be useful to counteract healthcare malpractice using alternative non-criminal proceedings. For instance, it will be argued that the model of thorough investigations conducted by juges d’instruction in the French criminal process could be better achieved outside the criminal law to provide transparency in the healthcare context. The study will point out the limitations of the criminal process in preserving health and safety and will thus highlight the importance of alternatives to the criminal process such as prevention in the healthcare setting and support to victims of healthcare malpractice.

- The examination of witness in a criminal process According to the title of this final paper, it concerns the most important procedural technique under the criminal process - the examination of a witness. It is the most widespread criminalistic and criminal technique which is irreplaceable in the criminal process. The basic task is finding the facts of the case beyond a reasonable doubt. A witness, as a person who testifies to circumstances of an examined case which he remembered and kept in his memory, is one of the basic institutes of criminal law next to the examination. His testimony is very important in checking, investigation and clarifying crimes and other criminalistic relevant events, more precisely in the whole process of clarifying criminal activities. The master's degree thesis is divided into six chapters. The principal part of the thesis is formed by the second chapter to the fourth one. In the introduction the history of the examination, the goal and the structure of the paper are mentioned shortly. The first chapter contains the definition of examination and kinds of examination and creates the beginning of the whole thesis. The important part of the paper is devoted to a witness. A witness is a person who perceives with his senses facts which are important for finding the facts...

Aujourd’hui, du fait de l’essor des nouvelles technologies, l’image a pris une place prépondérante dans notre société. Si son évolution au sein du grand public est significatif, le droit a lui aussi eu à connaître du développement de cet outil. L’avènement de l’image a touché l’ensemble des branches du droit, y compris le droit pénal et, plus particulièrement, la procédure pénale. Pour autant, dire qu’elle serait désormais présente au niveau de l’ensemble de cette procédure semble presque relever de la méprise, tant les images de cette dernière sont rares. On en vient alors à s’interroger sur la place réellement occupée aujourd’hui par cet outil protéiforme au sein de ce vaste ensemble. L’image englobe en réalité l’ensemble du procès pénal pris dans sa définition la plus large, des premiers stades de l’enquête, jusqu’au prononcé d’un verdict de culpabilité. Plus encore, l’image déborde ce cadre par sa présence en amont de la commission d’une infraction et en aval de l’audience. C’est par la multiplicité de ses formes que l’image se retrouve à toutes les étapes de la procédure. Toutefois, la diversité des usages de l’image n’est pas la seule raison à son utilisation récurrente. À cela s’ajoute sa faculté à servir différentes finalités. Les différentes formes que peut revêtir l’image lui permet de servir des ambitions et des usages différents, parfois complémentaires, d’autres fois très différents. Néanmoins, se dessine une distinction fondamentale entre une image à vocation probatoire et une image servant la bonne administration de la justice. Présente tout au long du procès pénal, il est manifeste que l’image va se voir confrontée à l’ensemble des grands principes qui gouvernent la matière pénale, particulièrement dans son aspect procédural. Dans une période où une réforme globale de la procédure pénale est sans cesse mise en avant, l’étude d’une notion transversale, au service à la fois de la manifestation de la vérité et de la bonne administration de la justice, pourrait s’avérer nécessaire si d’avenir une évolution devait intervenir. L’image servirait alors de fil d’Ariane sur le « chemin menant à la peine » / Today, with the rise of new technologies, the image is playing a leading role in our society. If it has been incrementally utilised by the general public, the field of law has also increasingly developed and put this tool to use. The advent of the image has impacted all areas of law, including criminal law and more specifically criminal proceedings. However, it would be wrong to say that it is currently present throughout the whole procedure, where its appearances are surprisingly rare. This leads us to question the place and role of this multiform tool within this wide system. In reality, the image covers all aspects of the criminal trial in its entirety, from the first stage of the investigation to the delivery of the judgement. And even more, as the image goes beyond this framework, by its upstream presence before a criminal act is committed, and downstream from the hearing. In this way, the image appears in a multiplicity of forms throughout all steps of the procedure. However, the diversity of its uses is not the only explanation to its recurring presence, as it also has the ability to serve different purposes. The different forms of an image allow for a variety of uses and purposes, sometimes complementary, but other times very diverse. We can notice, nevertheless, a fundamental distinction between an image serving probationary purposes and used for the proper administration of justice. Present throughout the criminal proceedings, the image will clearly be confronted with all the main principles that govern criminal matters, particularly in its procedural aspect. At a time when a comprehensive reform of criminal proceedings is constantly put forward, the study of a transversal notion, simultaneously serving the establishment of the truth and the good administration of justice, may be necessary if the system needed to evolve. The image would then be considered as the breadcrumb trail on the « path leading to the sentence »

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2018-03-13T19:28:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Thiago Torres Medeiros da Silva.pdf: 1567166 bytes, checksum: 21ca4b448c084780c24ff12c39e96682 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-13T19:28:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Thiago Torres Medeiros da Silva.pdf: 1567166 bytes, checksum: 21ca4b448c084780c24ff12c39e96682 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-25 / This dissertation seeks to analyze the reports about the homicides perpetrated in the city of Rio de Janeiro in the first decade of the twentieth century. With this aim, we will research the main newspapers of the federal capital of the period. In addition, we will collate the newspaper reports with the documents produced by the police and judicial authorities. In this sense, we intend to observe the similarities and disparities among our main sources of research, that is, Rio?s newspapers and criminal processes. To do so, we will analyze the murder of a police soldier in Morro da Favela. In the first place, we will see how the different newspapers reported the conflict involving several public security agents. Next, we will analyze the testimonies of the witnesses and protagonists of his murder. / A presente disserta??o busca analisar as reportagens sobre os homic?dios perpetrados na cidade do Rio de Janeiro na primeira d?cada do s?culo XX. Com este fito, pesquisaremos os principais jornais da capital federal do per?odo. Al?m disso, iremos cotejar os relatos dos impressos com os documentos produzidos pelas autoridades policiais e judici?rias. Nesse sentido, pretendemos observar as similaridades e disparidades entre as nossas principais fonte de pesquisa, ou seja, os jornais cariocas e os processos criminais. Para tanto, analisaremos o homic?dio de um soldado policial no Morro da Favela. Em primeiro lugar, veremos como os diferentes jornais relataram o conflito envolvendo diversos agentes de seguran?a p?blica. Em seguida, analisaremos os depoimentos das testemunhas e protagonistas deste assassinato.

This thesis examines the effect of foreign nationality on the outcomes of criminal process in the Czech Republic. Foreign citizens are overrepresented by 2% compared to their share in population in all stages of the criminal process, suggesting possible discrimination by domestic authorities. Using rich case level datasets from 2005 to 2015 observed gaps are decomposed to part explained by a difference in the objective characteristics of the cases and unexplained part, suggesting possible inequality of treatment. Foreigner gaps in probability of charge, probability of conviction, probability of imprisonment, length of the sentence and probability of release from prison on parole are decomposed. Majority of observed disparities in the outcomes can be attributed to higher involvement of foreigners in more serious crimes compared to nationals. Unexplained disparities remain in probability of imprisonment and probability of release on parole, suggesting possible unequal treatment in these two outcomes.

In Sweden an oral hearing, the trial, is held as the ideal model for the criminal procedure and according to the legality principle reported crimes ought to be investigated and prosecuted. Over time high levels of reported crimes have led to an increase in pressure on the courts and other actors in the criminal process. This pressure has created new ways of dealing with reported crimes in summary procedures and to exceptions from the legality principle. Such changes have given the prosecutor a key role in deciding how cases are dealt with in the criminal process.  The purpose of this thesis is to examine the Swedish public prosecutor’s influence on the choice of cases that are investigated, prosecuted and tried in court during a trial. The study examines the prosecutors’ legal authority and how that authority has changed from the time that the Code of Judicial Procedure came into force in 1948 to the beginning of 2011. A starting point for the examination is that investigating, prosecuting and trying cases in the criminal process should be carried out in a way that is considered to be fair according to societal values, which are embedded in the legal system. Both decisions about which cases will be tried and the procedure involved in how to try them has to be performed in a way that seems to be fair. In the study the values that underlie the criminal process is examined through a model. This model assumes that the criminal process has been created and developed to satisfy different requirements, which can be separated into three main groups: the functions of the criminal process, legal principles and the main objectives of a good administration of justice. The model is used to analyze and discuss the development of the legal rules. The prosecutor’s authority and influence over the process has broadened and the use of summary procedures has served to place the focus on the police investigation instead of the trial. Among the objectives of a good administration of justice Speed and Cost effectiveness are considered to be more important than Security. As long as the Trust in the system is sufficient this development can continue. A conclusion from the study is that there is a need for some actor to prioritize and to do that openly. In the study the issue is raised whether it is time to question the legality principle as the main principle for the Swedish legal system. / <p>Förlagsutgiven med 3 månaders embargo.</p>

The dissertation analyses a new theme which has not yet been analysed in Lithuanian research and makes an attempt to reveal the theoretical foundations of the institute of reopening a criminal case. The object of the dissertation is the nature of the institute of the reopening of criminal proceedings, the historical development of this institute, the purposes, features, the existing grounds for the reopening of a case, types, specialness of the types, procedure for the reopening of a criminal case, and the place of the reopening of a criminal case among other forms of control over court judgments. The research has been carried out along two directions.. The first has analysed the theoretical grounds of the institute of reopening a criminal case. The second has evaluated both the norms of the Code of Criminal Procedure which regulate the reopening of a criminal case and the resultant court practice, the analysis of which has determined some of the theoretical conclusions. The research has conformed the hypothesis that the appropriate conception of the reopening of a criminal case as an extraordinary form of control over court judgment and the facultative stage of criminal process enables to safeguard both the lawful expectations of the parties to the process and a fair trial. A comprehensive analysis of the institute of reopening of a criminal case has also determined a more general proposition that a balanced system of the forms of control over a court judgment is dependant... [to full text] / Daktaro disertacijoje tyrinėjamas iki šiol Lietuvoje netyrinėtas baudžiamosios bylos atnaujinimo institutas, bandoma išgryninti ir atskleisti šio instituto sampratą. Disertacinio tyrimo objektas – baudžiamosios bylos atnaujinimo instituto teisinė prigimtis, istorinė raida, tikslai, požymiai, pagrindai, dėl kurių atnaujinama byla, rūšys, rūšių ypatumai, atnaujinimo procedūra bei baudžiamosios bylos atnaujinimo vieta kitų teismų sprendimų kontrolės formų sistemoje. Mokslinis tyrimas atliktas dviem kryptimis. Pirma, analizuoti baudžiamosios bylos atnaujinimo instituto teoriniai pagrindai. Antra, vertintos baudžiamosios bylos atnaujinimą reguliuojančios Baudžiamojo proceso kodekso nuostatos ir jų pagrindu besiklostanti teismų praktika, kurios analizė vėlgi leido atskleisti ir suformuoti kai kurias teorines išvadas. Tyrimo metu pasitvirtino hipotezė, kad tinkamas baudžiamosios bylos atnaujinimo kaip išimtinės (ekstraordinarinės) teismų sprendimų kontrolės formos ir išimtinės (neprivalomos) baudžiamojo proceso stadijos suvokimas leidžia užtikrinti teisėtus proceso šalių lūkesčius bei sąžiningą baudžiamąjį procesą. Kompleksinė baudžiamosios bylos atnaujinimo instituto analizė nulėmė ir bendresnį teiginį, kad teismų sprendimų kontrolės formų sistemos harmoningas funkcionavimas priklauso nuo to, kaip yra, konstruojant teisės normas, derinamos tarpusavyje visos esamos baudžiamajame procese teismų sprendimų kontrolės formos: nei viena iš jų neturi dubliuoti ar perimti kitos formos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-06-06T14:56:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 alexandresilvadesouza.pdf: 1117014 bytes, checksum: 77e32e7eb485a5e90f3ca95b401d76f2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-02T13:27:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 alexandresilvadesouza.pdf: 1117014 bytes, checksum: 77e32e7eb485a5e90f3ca95b401d76f2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-02T13:27:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 alexandresilvadesouza.pdf: 1117014 bytes, checksum: 77e32e7eb485a5e90f3ca95b401d76f2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-02T13:27:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 alexandresilvadesouza.pdf: 1117014 bytes, checksum: 77e32e7eb485a5e90f3ca95b401d76f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-31 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Essa dissertação trata da evidência em vídeo no processo penal brasileiro e tenta analisá-la sob um enfoque de direitos humanos. Ela parte da ideia de que a capacidade de se fazer vídeos se disseminou por toda a sociedade e que, por isso, tornou-se uma forma bastante útil e clara de se tentar comprovar fatos. Discute, contudo, se o poder judiciário, tradicionalmente ligado à palavra escrita, está preparado para lidar com a prova em vídeo e seu poder retórico. O enfoque de direitos humanos lida com o temor de que uma sociedade coberta por câmeras se torne um Estado policial típico de distopias como 1984. / This dissertation deals with the video evidence in the Brazilian criminal process and tries to analyze it under a human rights approach. It starts from the idea that the ability to make videos spread throughout society and, therefore, has become a very useful and clearly way to try to prove facts. It argues, however, that the judiciary, traditionally linked to the written word, isn't prepared to deal with the video evidence and its rhetorical power. The human rights approach deals with the fear that a society covered by cameras could become a typical police state of dystopias as 1984.

In recent decades the Swedish legislature has increasingly focused on the treatment of victims of crime and the information they receive. Victimology research has also shown the importance of treating victims with respect and of keeping them informed of their rights and the progress of their case throughout the process. The requirements thus set have to be met by all judicial actors, which presuppose a level of cooperation among them. Cooperation therefore constitutes one way of meeting victims' needs. In the current study these three factors; information, good treatment and cooperation, are referred to as victims’ rights.           Studies have shown that victims experience shortcomings in the legal process regarding information and treatment. The causes of these shortcomings can be multiple, but from a legal point of view, however, the issue raises the question of whether there may be potential legal difficulties involved in incorporating adequate information and good treatment of crime victims into the judicial process. The purpose of this thesis is to study and analyse victims’ rights in the judicial process. As they are not without a legal context, these victims’ rights are analysed in relation to other legislation, principles and requirements that govern the functions of the judicial system, such as the duty of the police, prosecutors and courts to act objectively, conduct their work independently, and run an efficient legal process. The main question is whether the incorporation of victims’ rights conflicts with other rules and legal principles.         The study concludes, inter alia, that victims’ rights concerning the treatment of victims and coordination of the work with victims is vaguely regulated and the intended meaning of the requirements are not clear, which may lead to problems when these requirements are incorporated into the justice system. Regarding information, treatment of victims and coordination and cooperation, little guidance is given about how to incorporate this at the local level. Informational requirements are expressed more clearly in the legislation, but how and to what extent information to victims should be given can still be a matter of interpretation on the part of the actors. The existence of local differences is therefore likely, which can affect the actual support that individual victims gain access to. The legislature could choose to further clarify and elaborate upon how victims’ rights issues relate to other aspects of the judicial process, how priorities or balancing of interests should be handled as well as to reveal the underlying motives for such considerations. Such clarification could possibly increase the consistency of the incorporation of victims’ rights, and transform abstract goals into concrete actions.