Resilience engineering has been used in safety research and development within the aviation and nuclear domain for several years but within crisis management for municipal governments in Sweden it is not commonly applied. Therefore there is little to no knowledge about and competency in resilience engineering within the municipal governments in Sweden. The crisis management system in Sweden put almost all responsibility in an event of crisis on the municipal government in which municipal the crisis occurs. This puts a lot of pressure on relatively small and limited organizations and in an effort to relieve some pressure from these organizations resilience engineering can be used as a method to evaluate and further develop safer and more robust organizations which in turn creates a safer crisis management system in Sweden. To quickly spread the use of resilience engineering among municipal governments, or even a limited amount of it, in an easy way this study attempted to create a self-assessment tool for the municipal governments. The self-assessment tool was developed with the RAG in mind and also drawing inspiration from the NASA TLX. The self-assessment tool was created as a survey and went through a two-stage pilot test before being used. In an attempt to validate the self-assessment survey a traditional RAG was conducted in the form of an interview study. The study used an in between group design, were one group were given the self-assessment survey and another group was interviewed in a semi-structured manner. The data collected were evaluated and compared. The results of this study indicated that with further development the self-assessment survey could be used for practical purposes and the greatest contribution of this study is a new method for measuring resilience using self-assessment.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att bidra med kunskapsutveckling kring hur ”crowdsourcing” idag används och upplevs som ett stöd för att säkra och utveckla kvalitet inom svensk krisberedskap. Detta uppnås genom tillämpning av en explorativ, pragmatisk och abduktiv ansats av mixad metod. Insamlad empiri utgörs av en enkät med respondenter från 119 kommuner samt fyra kvalitativa intervjuer. Resultatet visar att crowdsourcing inom ramen för svensk krisberedskap inte är ett känt begrepp bland de responderande kommunerna men att intervjupersonerna känner till begreppet i relation till krisberedskap. Idag tillämpar Malmö Stad och Krisinformation.se crowdsourcing inom ramen för deras krisberedskapsrelaterade verksamhet, pilotförsök med crowdsourcing-liknande metoder pågår hos SOS Alarm. Västerås Stad diskuterar området inför eventuell framtida utveckling. Den verksamhet som idag bedrivs inom krisberedskapsrelaterad crowdsourcing inom Sverige är begränsad till endast ett fåtal aktörer som bedriver verksamhet eller pilotförsök. Crowdsourcing som generellt begrepp är ännu inte välbekant bland många svenska kommuner och än mindre ur ett krisberedskapsperspektiv. Vidare finns det kvalitetsmässiga farhågor över till exempel inmatning av felaktiga data som genererar följdkonsekvenser. Det teoretiska ramverket presenterar flera olika forskningsområden som kan tillämpas för att lösa dessa farhågor. Det uppsatsen tillför forskningen är ett sammanställt utgångsläge utifrån existerande forskning och praktisk erfarenhet med goda möjligheter för framtida forskning (eller tillämpning) inom ett för Sverige synnerligen ungt och outforskat forskningsområde. / The purpose of this thesis is to add to the development of a knowledgebase concerning how crowdsourcing is used and experienced as a support to secure and develop quality within Swedish societal crisis management. This is accomplished by applying an explorative, pragmatic and abductive approach of mixed theory. Collected data consists of one survey with 119 respondents (municipalities) along with four qualitative interviews. The result show that crowdsourcing within Swedish societal crisis management is not known by the survey respondents but known within that context by the participants of the interviews. Malmö City and krisinformation.se applies crowdsourcing methods as a part of their crisis preparedness operation today, trials with crowdsourcing-like methods is conducted by SOS Alarm and last Västerås City are discussing this area for potential future development. Crisis related crowdsourcing operations within Sweden today are reduced to a few actors conducting either regular operations or trials. Crowdsourcing as a general term is not yet well known among many Swedish municipalities and even less known with a crisis preparedness perspective. Additionally, there are quality related concerns such as input of erroneous data leading to further consequence. The theoretical framework presents several research areas that can be applied in solution to such quality concerns. This thesis addition to research is a compiled platform based of existing research and practical experiences with plenty of room for future research or practical application within a for Sweden particularly young and unexplored field of study. / <p>2017-06-28</p>

This research paper is examining how corporations can create a rhetorical construction of transparency on digital platforms in order to make their communication appear transparent during a crisis. Crisis communication theory and theories of rhetoric and transparency have been used in order to analyse the crises situations and the linguistic means used in crisis related messages. By using the methods of semiotics and digital rhetoric, an analytical framework was developed to be able to analyse the level of both the rhetorical construction of transparency as well as the actual transparency by identifying what information has been disclosed and what has been withheld. The two companies used for the analysis were Toyota and Samsung, who both experienced a crisis in 2016. It was found that the two companies used different strategies in their crisis communication, in which Toyota came across as the best prepared corporation in times of crises due to a clearer reaction, which was not changed. Both corporations managed to construct a level of transparency through their use of language, however, some information was found to have been withheld, causing the actual transparency to be of a lower degree than the constructed transparency. Thus, by using language in certain ways, corporations are able to convince their stakeholders that they are transparent while being able to withhold different information that could prove valuable to some groups of stakeholders.

No description available.

The European Union (EU) deployed its first police mission in 2003. Since then, the EU has deployed thirty-four missions around the world. Considering the great financial burden to the EU budget and the budget of contributing Member States (MS), as well as the fact that the realm of defence is one of the most overdue areas of the European integration project, this thesis asks the general but multifaceted question of where EU missions come from. To address this question the thesis explores the historic origins of EU missions, conceptualises them in view of the conceptual and theoretical developments in the literature and policy practice, and develops a model for the analysis of the decision-making process behind the deployment of EU missions. The model is tested on three case studies, namely the three EU missions deployed in the Horn of Africa European Union Naval Force (EUNAVFOR) Atalanta, European Union Training Mission (EUTM) Somalia and European Union Capacity Building Mission (EUCAP) Nestor. The findings of the analysis reveal a gradual evolution of EU crisis management after the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty and the establishment of the European External Action Service. The analysis indicates that EUNAVFOR Atalanta was primarily deployed due to French impetus at the level of the Political and Security Committee (PSC), but also due to a convincing call of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) to the international community to act against the significant increase of piracy activity in the Gulf of Aden in 2008. The EUTM Somalia mission was primarily deployed due to a convincing strategy from the strategic planners at the EEAS, as well as the commitment of the United States (US) to a partnership with the EU to train recruits of the Somali Security Forces (SSF). Finally, the analysis of the third case study reveals even greater impact from the strategic planners at the EEAS and the acceptance at all levels of the EU s Comprehensive Approach to crisis management, and in particular due to the influential Strategic Framework for the Horn of Africa document. The overall interpretation of the findings conclude that the foreign policy of the EU is a moving target, constantly changing, as is exemplified by both the historic overview and the analysis of the three case studies, and that the analysts of EU foreign policy must remain open to these changes when choosing modes of studying EU foreign policy.

Le contexte géodynamique du bassin de la Caraïbe, du fait notamment de la présence de zones de subduction et de nombreux édifices volcaniques, est favorable à la génération de tsunamis. La connaissance historique de ce phénomène dans la région, associée à de récents résultats de simulation numérique, confirme ce fort potentiel. Les amplitudes de vagues modélisées à l’approche des côtes avoisinent les 10 m pour certains scénarios. L’aléa tsunami est une menace pour l’ensemble du littoral des territoires du bassin de la Caraïbe. Les enjeux humains, structurels et stratégiques, concentrés massivement sur ce littoral, sont particulièrement exposés à ce phénomène, notamment aux Antilles où le risque associé est très élevé. Aujourd’hui, un système de surveillance et de détection des tsunamis à l’échelle régionale assure la diffusion de messages d’information en cas d’événement. Néanmoins, il n’existe pas de dispositifs pour guider localement les autorités dans leurs prises de décisions pour mettre en sécurité des populations, ou bien ils restent très généralistes, notamment pour les territoires français. Afin d’anticiper ce besoin, nous avons accompagné la planification opérationnelle de la gestion des crises pour les phases d’alerte et d’évacuation temporaire des populations à terre et de la mise en sécurité des navires en mer. Cette démarche, engagée à différentes échelles, repose sur une approche géographique et intégrée de la gestion de crise tsunami, à l’interface des connaissances entre le domaine scientifique et opérationnel. Notre expertise scientifique a débouché sur l’élaboration de documents opérationnels pour le traitement des avis de tsunami dans le domaine terrestre et maritime et a permis d’établir une méthode de planification des évacuations pédestre. La méthode proposée est en cours d’application sur 60 communes littorales dans les Antilles Françaises. / The geo-dynamics of the Caribbean Sea area, particularly due to the presence of subduction zones and numerous volcanic faults is prone to the generation of tsunami's. Historical knowledge of this phenomenon in the region, coupled with recent modeling results, confirms this potential. The amplitudes of the modeled waves approaching the coast came close to 10m in some scenarios. The tsunami is a threat to the entire coastline of the Caribbean Sea. Human, structural and strategic installations, which are focused heavily on the coast, are particularly vulnerable to this phenomenon, especially in the Caribbean where the associated risk is very high. Today, at a regional level, a tsunami warning system is effective. However, there are no plans to guide the local authorities in their decision making to keep their population safe. At best they are very general, notably in the Antilles. So that we can anticipate their needs, we accompanied the operational planning of crisis management for the alert phases and the temporary evacuation of people on land and the security procedures for ships at sea. This initiative, undertaken on different levels, based on a geographical and integrated approach to the management of tsunami crisis, is at the interface of knowledge between scientific and operational domain. Our scientific expertise has led to the development of operational documents for the application of the tsunami warning on land and sea. It has helped to establish a method of pedestrian evacuation planning. The proposed method is already being implicated in 60 coastal municipalities in the French Antilles.

Les sapeurs-pompiers (SP) ont pour activité principale la gestion de situations dynamiques, qu'il s'agisse d'interventions courantes, de sinistres ou de crises. Les SP interviennent constamment en équipe. Pour pouvoir analyser leur activité lors d’une gestion de crise, il s'avère donc nécessaire de comprendre le fonctionnement d'une équipe et de ses déterminants. Ce travail de thèse porte sur la gestion de crise chez les SP et poursuit l’objectif d’identifier les facteurs qui déterminent l’efficacité des équipes dans ces situations. Les facteurs considérés sont différents processus d’équipe mais également des variables « psychosociales ». Nous examinons l'hypothèse générale selon laquelle les éléments qui déterminent l’efficacité des équipes lors de gestion de crises se retrouvent en partie dans la gestion de sinistres et d’interventions courantes. Trois études ont été réalisées. La première a porté sur la gestion d’interventions courantes en situation réelle. Il s’agissait d’interventions en Véhicule de Secours et d’Assistance aux Victimes (VSAV). La seconde étude a consisté à analyser, en situation simulée, la gestion de sinistre en Lot de Sauvetage et Protection Contre les Chutes (LSPCC). Enfin, la dernière étude portait sur la simulation d’une gestion de crise, plus précisément un feu dans le métro. Les principaux résultats ont montré que, quel que soit le type d’intervention, les processus d’équipe (la communication, les interactions émotionnelles et les adaptations) ont un effet sur l’efficacité des équipes SP. La motivation semble être indirectement liée à l’efficacité des équipes par l’intermédiaire du processus d’équipe. Cependant, bien que les variables qui déterminent l’efficacité des équipes SP soient les mêmes dans les trois études, ce ne sont pas toujours les mêmes modalités qui interviennent ou qui sont déterminantes. La gestion de crise présente notamment des spécificités en termes de processus d’équipe. Ces études confirment l’intérêt de prendre en compte à la fois des variables psychosociales et des processus d’équipe pour comprendre ce qui détermine l’efficacité des SP. Elles permettent également de préconiser des actions en termes de formation notamment. Ces actions sont susceptibles de soutenir l’amélioration continue de l’efficacité des équipes de SP et de favoriser la prise en compte de certaines variables psychosociales au sein des SDIS. / The main activity of firefighters is the management of dynamic situations, whether common interventions, accidents, or crises. They are constantly working in teams. Therefore, to analyze their activity in a crisis management situation, it is necessary to understand how they function as a team and the determinants of the team. This thesis focuses on firefighters’ crisis management, and its purpose is to identify the factors that determine the efficiency of teams in crisis situations. The factors considered are various team processes and psychosocial variables. We examine the general hypothesis that the elements that determine team effectiveness in crisis management can be found in part within the handling of common interventions and accidents. Three studies were conducted. The first focused on the management of common interventions in real situations, which were observed in the first response vehicle of a fire department. The second study analyzed how simulated excavation rescues were conducted. The final study involved the crisis management of a simulated subway fire. Key results showed that team processes (communication, emotional interactions, and adaptations) have an effect on team effectiveness, regardless of the kind of intervention. Motivation seems to be indirectly related to team effectiveness through team processes. However, although the variables that determine team effectiveness are the same, they are not always involved in the same way. Crisis management, in particular, shows specific features in terms of team processes. These studies confirm the value of taking into account both psychosocial variables and team processes to understand what determines the effectiveness of firefighter teams. They also help recommend specific actions in training programs. These actions are likely to contribute to continuous improvement in the effectiveness of firefighter teams and promote taking psychosocial variables into account within firefighter structures.

El presente artículo analiza las prácticas de gestión comunicacional de crisis en tres grandes empresas de servicios: Telefónica del Perú, clínica San Pablo y el restaurante de comida rápida Kentucky Fried Chicken. Con sede en Lima, todas experimentaron diferentes situaciones de crisis. Hemos analizado la difusión pública que concitó estos hechos que recoge tanto la descripción de los hechos de crisis como la forma en que las empresas respondieron a las crisis. Asimismo, hemos observado las lecciones aprendidas que nos dejó el manejo de las crisis desde el punto de vista de la comunicación. La recolección de información sobre los hechos se hizo durante los meses de agosto, setiembre, octubre y noviembre del año 2014. El análisis se basó en la difusión de las crisis (noticias) en los medios masivos y se complementó con entrevistas sobre el tema a los encargados de comunicación en las empresas mencionadas. El principal hallazgo de este trabajo es la identificación de las respuestas esenciales (estrategias) que deben acompañar a una gestión efectiva de crisis y determinar cómo estas respuestas ayudan a la continuidad del negocio. / Trabajo de investigación

The aim of this study is to understand the influence of online discussion forums during times of crisis. These forums can be considered as a form of social media, a relatively new form of technology that is constantly evolving and gaining in popularity. It has become an important medium, and can be integral in communications plans, specifically with regards to crisis communication. Through the use of these media, message delivery has unbelievable breadth and speed, making it crucial to understand its implications in crisis events. In order to understand social media’s implications in reputation management, during times of crisis, an ethnographic content analysis was conducted through the analysis and comparison of comments posted on news forums and media documents issued by the NHL during the 2012-2013 lockout. Literature suggests the importance of relationship management prior to crisis onset, as social media has the potential to inflame and contaminate the perceptions of others. Through social media, the formation and emergence of an engaged and active public was observed and studied. However, when considering traditional crisis communication theories, results from this particular case are counterintuitive; the findings counter traditional crisis communication theories, suggesting that cases such as this one are to be investigated further.

It analyzes contemporary legislature which stimulate market with flats. It adapts general theory of crisis management to housing authority or living with mortgage. It shows effect of specifict menaces at market with flats in the CR. It analyzes and documents with examples specific menaces which treaten at market with flats.