The article analyzes the implications of shifting from modernto a welfare state according with the definition of equality principle, then explains the consequences of promoting the non discrimination principle and its structure as surety element of free competition. On that basis, the author presents the main tools of non discrimination in European law and then gives details about three components of discrimination: “tracto, criterium and spatium”. Finally, the article explores the debate surrounding the notion of evidence when it is related to discrimination, emphasizing States duty on promoting equality in European law. / El artículo analiza las consecuencias del tránsito del Estado moderno al Estado de bienestar en la definición del principio de igualdad, paraposteriormente explicarnos las implicancias de la promoción del principio de no-discriminación y su configuración como factor de caución de la libre competencia. A partir de ello nos aproxima a los principales instrumentosdel derecho europeo de la no-discriminación, para seguidamente explicarnos detalladamente los tres componentes de la discriminación: tracto, criterium y spatium. Finalmente, aborda la problemática de la prueba en materia de discriminación y la obligación de promover la igualdad que tienen los Estados en el derecho europeo.

O projeto de controladores baseado em dados consiste no ajuste dos parâmetros do controlador diretamente das bateladas de dados do processo, sem a necessidade de um modelo. O ajuste é feito resolvendo um problema de otimização, onde procura-se o argumento que minimize uma determinada função custo. Para resolver o problema de otimização são utilizados nesses métodos o algoritmo do gradiente, o algoritmo de Newton e variações destes. O algoritmo do gradiente apenas necessita informação do gradiente da função custo enquanto que os outros utilizam mais informações como a hessiana. Para obter estas últimas informações são utilizados experimentos mais longos e mais complexos, o que torna a aplicação mais complicada. Nesta linha o algoritmo do gradiente se apresenta como a melhor alternativa, por este motivo foi escolhido como foco deste trabalho. A convergência do algoritmo do gradiente para o mínimo global da função custo, no contexto de projeto de controladores, não é encontrada na bibliografia, decidiu-se portanto estudá-la. Essa convergência depende das condições iniciais do algoritmo e do tamanho do passo de iteração utilizado. É mostrado que as condições iniciais precisam estar dentro de uma certa região de atração. Formas de aumentar esta região de atração são tratadas na metodologia chamada Shaping da Função Custo. A principal contribuição deste trabalho é apresentar um método eficiente para a escolha do tamanho do passo de iteração que garante a convergência para o mínimo global da função custo. Algumas informações do processo são necessárias para o cálculo do tamanho do passo de iteração, também são apresentadas maneiras de obter estimativas para estas informações. Simulações e experimentos demonstram o funcionamento dos métodos. / Data-based control design methods consist of adjusting the parameters of the controller directly from batches of input-output data of the process; no process model is used. The adjustment is done by solving an optimization problem, which searches the argument that minimizes a specific cost function. Iterative algorithms based on the gradient are applied to solve the optimization problem, like the steepest descent algorithm, Newton algorithm and some variations. The only information utilized for the steepest descent algorithm is the gradient of the cost function, while the others need more information like the hessian. Longer and more complex experiments are used to obtain more informations, that turns the application more complicated. For this reason, the steepest descent method was chosen to be studied in this work. The convergence of the steepest descent algorithm to the global minimum is not fully studied in the literature. This convergence depends on the initial conditions of the algorithm and on the step size. The initial conditions must be inside a specific domain of attraction, and how to enlarge this domain is treated by the methodology Cost Function Shaping. The main contribution of this work is a method to compute efficiently the step size, to ensure convergence to the global minimum. Some informations about the process are utilized, and this work presents how to estimate these informations. Simulations and experiments demonstrate how the methods work.

O projeto de controladores baseado em dados consiste no ajuste dos parâmetros do controlador diretamente das bateladas de dados do processo, sem a necessidade de um modelo. O ajuste é feito resolvendo um problema de otimização, onde procura-se o argumento que minimize uma determinada função custo. Para resolver o problema de otimização são utilizados nesses métodos o algoritmo do gradiente, o algoritmo de Newton e variações destes. O algoritmo do gradiente apenas necessita informação do gradiente da função custo enquanto que os outros utilizam mais informações como a hessiana. Para obter estas últimas informações são utilizados experimentos mais longos e mais complexos, o que torna a aplicação mais complicada. Nesta linha o algoritmo do gradiente se apresenta como a melhor alternativa, por este motivo foi escolhido como foco deste trabalho. A convergência do algoritmo do gradiente para o mínimo global da função custo, no contexto de projeto de controladores, não é encontrada na bibliografia, decidiu-se portanto estudá-la. Essa convergência depende das condições iniciais do algoritmo e do tamanho do passo de iteração utilizado. É mostrado que as condições iniciais precisam estar dentro de uma certa região de atração. Formas de aumentar esta região de atração são tratadas na metodologia chamada Shaping da Função Custo. A principal contribuição deste trabalho é apresentar um método eficiente para a escolha do tamanho do passo de iteração que garante a convergência para o mínimo global da função custo. Algumas informações do processo são necessárias para o cálculo do tamanho do passo de iteração, também são apresentadas maneiras de obter estimativas para estas informações. Simulações e experimentos demonstram o funcionamento dos métodos. / Data-based control design methods consist of adjusting the parameters of the controller directly from batches of input-output data of the process; no process model is used. The adjustment is done by solving an optimization problem, which searches the argument that minimizes a specific cost function. Iterative algorithms based on the gradient are applied to solve the optimization problem, like the steepest descent algorithm, Newton algorithm and some variations. The only information utilized for the steepest descent algorithm is the gradient of the cost function, while the others need more information like the hessian. Longer and more complex experiments are used to obtain more informations, that turns the application more complicated. For this reason, the steepest descent method was chosen to be studied in this work. The convergence of the steepest descent algorithm to the global minimum is not fully studied in the literature. This convergence depends on the initial conditions of the algorithm and on the step size. The initial conditions must be inside a specific domain of attraction, and how to enlarge this domain is treated by the methodology Cost Function Shaping. The main contribution of this work is a method to compute efficiently the step size, to ensure convergence to the global minimum. Some informations about the process are utilized, and this work presents how to estimate these informations. Simulations and experiments demonstrate how the methods work.

O projeto de controladores baseado em dados consiste no ajuste dos parâmetros do controlador diretamente das bateladas de dados do processo, sem a necessidade de um modelo. O ajuste é feito resolvendo um problema de otimização, onde procura-se o argumento que minimize uma determinada função custo. Para resolver o problema de otimização são utilizados nesses métodos o algoritmo do gradiente, o algoritmo de Newton e variações destes. O algoritmo do gradiente apenas necessita informação do gradiente da função custo enquanto que os outros utilizam mais informações como a hessiana. Para obter estas últimas informações são utilizados experimentos mais longos e mais complexos, o que torna a aplicação mais complicada. Nesta linha o algoritmo do gradiente se apresenta como a melhor alternativa, por este motivo foi escolhido como foco deste trabalho. A convergência do algoritmo do gradiente para o mínimo global da função custo, no contexto de projeto de controladores, não é encontrada na bibliografia, decidiu-se portanto estudá-la. Essa convergência depende das condições iniciais do algoritmo e do tamanho do passo de iteração utilizado. É mostrado que as condições iniciais precisam estar dentro de uma certa região de atração. Formas de aumentar esta região de atração são tratadas na metodologia chamada Shaping da Função Custo. A principal contribuição deste trabalho é apresentar um método eficiente para a escolha do tamanho do passo de iteração que garante a convergência para o mínimo global da função custo. Algumas informações do processo são necessárias para o cálculo do tamanho do passo de iteração, também são apresentadas maneiras de obter estimativas para estas informações. Simulações e experimentos demonstram o funcionamento dos métodos. / Data-based control design methods consist of adjusting the parameters of the controller directly from batches of input-output data of the process; no process model is used. The adjustment is done by solving an optimization problem, which searches the argument that minimizes a specific cost function. Iterative algorithms based on the gradient are applied to solve the optimization problem, like the steepest descent algorithm, Newton algorithm and some variations. The only information utilized for the steepest descent algorithm is the gradient of the cost function, while the others need more information like the hessian. Longer and more complex experiments are used to obtain more informations, that turns the application more complicated. For this reason, the steepest descent method was chosen to be studied in this work. The convergence of the steepest descent algorithm to the global minimum is not fully studied in the literature. This convergence depends on the initial conditions of the algorithm and on the step size. The initial conditions must be inside a specific domain of attraction, and how to enlarge this domain is treated by the methodology Cost Function Shaping. The main contribution of this work is a method to compute efficiently the step size, to ensure convergence to the global minimum. Some informations about the process are utilized, and this work presents how to estimate these informations. Simulations and experiments demonstrate how the methods work.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-03-12Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:02:53Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 nenartavis_aw_dr_mar.pdf: 619638 bytes, checksum: 332c0c5f82873f9da8f2965a3baddd64 (MD5) / Esta investigação foi realizada em uma Faculdade de Medicina que tem uma concepção pedagógica híbrida, com a Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas (ABP) orientando o processo ensino-aprendizagem e a Concepção Crítico-Reflexiva guiando a Unidade de Práticas Profissionais. Esta instituição trabalha com currículo por competências utilizando a avaliação critério-referenciada. O Exercício de Avaliação da Prática Profissional (EAPP) se realiza no final do ano letivo, em cenário simulado, com caráter somativo, fazendo parte da avaliação do estudante do quarto ano do Curso de Medicina, em conjunto com o Exercício de Avaliação Cognitiva (EAC) e o Portfólio Reflexivo. O instrumento de avaliação utilizado no EAPP é o Formato de Observação do Desempenho do Estudante (F6), onde são identificadas as necessidades de saúde das pessoas por meio de tarefas. Em nossa investigação objetivamos verificar a replicabilidade e homogeneidade em relação ao preenchimento do F6 no EAPP, em três grupos de professores colaboradores da instituição de ensino superior. Para tal realizamos duas filmagens, cada qual com duração aproximada de 20 minutos, no final do ano letivo de 2006, quando duas estudantes foram submetidas ao EAPP. O primeiro vídeo foi avaliado por meio de escala de desempenhos por professores assistenciais do Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF), das Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) e docentes da instituição, no início do ano letivo de 2007. Após um semestre de reflexões com o grupo de professores, com utilização de metodologias ativas de aprendizagem em reuniões quinzenais de Educação Permanente (EP), percebemos na nova exibição do primeiro vídeo, no grupo de professores do PSF a adoção de uma forma mais homogênea de avaliar os estudantes, expressa por uma maior convergência de conceitos no preenchimento do F6 que se manteve homogênea na exposição... / This research was carried out in a Medical School with a hybrid pedagogical concept: Problem Based Learning (PBL) guides teaching-learning, and Critical- Reflexive Conception guides the Professional Practices Unit. This school works with competences curriculum and uses criterium evaluation. The Exercise of Professional Practical Evaluation (EPPE) takes place in the end of the academic year in a simulated scenario; it is somative and is part of the student’s evaluation in the fourth grade of the medical course together with the Exercise of Cognitive Evaluation (ECE) and the Reflexive Portfolio. The evaluation tool used in EPPE is the Student’s Performance Observation Format (F6) in which there are identified people’s health necessities by means of tasks. This research aims at verifying the replicability and homogeneity of F6 filling out in EPPE in three groups of university teachers. Two videos were made in the end of 2006; each one last 20 minutes approximately and the subject was two students being submitted to EPPE.The first video was evaluated through the performances scale by assistance teachers of the Family Health Program, of the Health Centers and by university teachers in the beginning of 2007. The author organized Permanent Education meetings with these teachers to discuss active learning methodologies at fifteen day intervals for one semester. Then the first video was showed again. The students were evaluated by the Family Health Program teachers more homogeneously: the concepts in F6 filling out were more convergent. The same happened with the second video with the concepts NA (non applicable), I (unsatisfactory) and S (satisfactory). This situation did not occur with the other groups analysed.

Du fait de la raréfaction des gisements de pétrole conventionnel et de l'accroissement de la demande mondiale, les compagnies pétrolières sont amenées à considérer de nouvelles réserves inexploitées car trop coûteuses à l'exploitation il y a quelques années. Ce travail est consacré à la simulation numérique d'un procédé d'extraction de pétrole lourd, le VAPEX, caractérisé par l'injection de solvant facilitant le drainage par gravité de l'huile. L'enjeu principal de cette thèse est de simuler numériquement et avec précision, le mécanisme de pénétration du solvant dans l'huile, cette zone de pénétration étant relativement mince à l'échelle du réservoir. Notre travail a porté sur l'utilisation d’algorithmes de raffinement adaptatif de maillages pour la simulation de ce procédé. Ces considérations nous ont amené à considérer la problématique d'application d'algorithmes de raffinement de maillages en milieu poreux, et plus particulièrement en milieux poreux hétérogènes pour lesquels les indicateurs (ou estimateurs) existants permettant de déterminer les zones à raffiner ne sont pas clairement établis. Dans un premier temps, nous mettons en place l'ensemble des équations que nous sommes amené à résoudre numériquement au cours de l'élaboration des codes de simulation de procédés d'extraction par injection d'eau et de solvant. Nous décrivons ensuite le procédé VAPEX, et nous établissons l'étude semi-analytique de Butler & Mokrys du procédé à laquelle nous ajoutons la prise en compte des termes capillaires. Nous décrivons ensuite deux méthodes mathématiques permettant d'établir des estimateurs a posteriori pour de tels problèmes. Au cours de ce travail, nous mettons en place deux codes de simulation de réservoirs, le premier est un simulateur basé sur une discrétisation des équations par une méthode de discrétisation par éléments finis mixtes hybrides et permettant de simuler des problèmes d'injection d'eau et le second est basé sur une méthode de discrétisation par volumes finis permettant de simuler des procédés d'injection de solvant tels que le VAPEX. Nous utilisons ensuite ces estimateurs par le biais d’un algorithme de raffinement de maillages pour ces deux codes de simulation. L'étude du modèle semi-analytique que nous avons faite du procédé VAPEX montre que sous certaines hypothèses le terme capillaire peut être assimilé à un terme diffusif pour prédire l'avancement du front. Les estimateurs mis en place basés sur les variations des flux permettent de déterminer les zones de front pour des réservoirs hétérogènes. Nous illustrons ce résultat sur une simulation d'un problème d'injection d'eau à l'aide du simulateur mis en place. Les estimateurs mis en place permettent également de capter les fronts des saturations des phases et de concentration des constituants. Nous illustrons ce résultat sur une simulation du procédé VAPEX.Ce travail a amené à la mise en place d’estimateurs permettant de raffiner des maillages autour des fronts de saturation et de concentration pour des milieux poreux hétérogènes au cours de la simulation d'écoulements en milieux poreux. Pour caractériser ces estimateurs, nous avons distingué un front de saturation (resp. concentration), qui correspond est une forte variation de saturation (resp. concentration) engendrant une forte variation du flux, d'un fort gradient de saturation (resp. concentration) qui apparait automatiquement lorsque la perméabilité du milieu poreux varie brutalement. Les extensions de ce travail pourraient permettre de mettre en œuvre plus de simulations faisant varier les termes capillaires et les termes dispersifs affin de mieux apprécier le comportement des estimateurs introduits. Il serait également intéressant d'étudier l'impact des hypothèses faites pour établir les estimateurs empiriques utilisés. Enfin, de tels estimateurs pourraient s'appliquer à des codes de simulation tenant compte de la dispersion en milieu poreux. / With rarefaction of conventional petroleum fields and the world supply increase, petroleum companies have to consider new unexploited reserves because of their exploitation cost few years ago. These reserves are called unconventional reserves, mainly heavy oil or extra heavy oil. This work is devoted to the numerical simulation of an extraction process of heavy oil, the VAPEX. VAPEX is characterized by solvent injection in a horizontal well in order to facilitate gravity drainage of oil in a producer well situated in the same way under the injector well. The main stake to simulate this process is to simulate the mechanism of solvent penetration in oil with precision, this penetration zone being very thin drawn to the reservoir scale. We focus our work on application of algorithm of adaptive mesh refinement to simulate this process. This consideration lead us to consider the issue of application of mesh refinement in porous media, especially in heterogeneous porous media for which existing indicators (or estimators) do not allow to determine properly the zone to be refined. The objective of this work is to determine a posteriori estimators for implementation of simulation codes of heterogeneous petroleum reservoirs and their application to the VAPEX process. Firstly, we set the whole equations we have to solve numerically to build simulators of petroleum extraction processes by water injection and solvent injection. Then, we describe the VAPEX process and we establish the semi-analytical study of Butler & Mokrys of this process for which we take in account influence of capillarity. Afterwards, we describe two mathematical methods to establish a posteriori estimators for such problems. One of these methods is based on empirical extrapolation of existing estimators for hyperbolic problems given by Ohlberger. In the course of this work, we set two simulation codes of petroleum reservoirs, the first is a simulator based on equations discretisation by mixed finite element method allowing simulation of water injection problems and the second is based on discretisation by finite volumes method allowing simulation of solvent injection processes like the VAPEX. Then, we apply these estimators to an algorithm of mesh refinement for these two simulation codes. The study of the semi-analytical model set of the VAPEX process show that under hypothesis, capillarity can be likened to a diffusive term to determine the front tracking. Estimators set are based on flux variation and allow determining sharp zone to be refined in heterogeneous porous media. We illustrate this result for a simulation of water injection with the simulator built. The estimators set can also track saturations fronts and concentrations fronts. We illustrate this result on a simulation of the VAPEX process. This work shows it is possible to set estimators allowing mesh refinement to track saturations and concentrations fronts during simulation of flow in heterogeneous porous media. To set such estimators, we make a distinction between saturation (resp. concentration) front and high saturation (resp. concentration) gradient. To our point of view, a front is a high variation of saturation or concentration that has a high impact on the flux variation. It is different from a high gradient that appear automatically where the permeability of the porous media has a high variation. This work could be complemented by making more simulations with variations of capillarity and dispersive terms in order to have a better appreciation of estimators introduced. It would be advisable to study the impact of suppositions done to establish these empirical estimators set. After all, such estimators could be applied to a simulation code taking in account dispersion in porous media.

Orientador: Maria de Lourdes Morales Horiguela / Banca: Carmem Lucia Dias / Banca: Maria José Sanches Marin / Banca: Paulo Sérgio Teixeira do Prado / Banca: Sandra Regina Gimeniz Paschoal / Resumo: Esta investigação foi realizada em uma Faculdade de Medicina que tem uma concepção pedagógica híbrida, com a Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas (ABP) orientando o processo ensino-aprendizagem e a Concepção Crítico-Reflexiva guiando a Unidade de Práticas Profissionais. Esta instituição trabalha com currículo por competências utilizando a avaliação critério-referenciada. O Exercício de Avaliação da Prática Profissional (EAPP) se realiza no final do ano letivo, em cenário simulado, com caráter somativo, fazendo parte da avaliação do estudante do quarto ano do Curso de Medicina, em conjunto com o Exercício de Avaliação Cognitiva (EAC) e o Portfólio Reflexivo. O instrumento de avaliação utilizado no EAPP é o Formato de Observação do Desempenho do Estudante (F6), onde são identificadas as necessidades de saúde das pessoas por meio de tarefas. Em nossa investigação objetivamos verificar a replicabilidade e homogeneidade em relação ao preenchimento do F6 no EAPP, em três grupos de professores colaboradores da instituição de ensino superior. Para tal realizamos duas filmagens, cada qual com duração aproximada de 20 minutos, no final do ano letivo de 2006, quando duas estudantes foram submetidas ao EAPP. O primeiro vídeo foi avaliado por meio de escala de desempenhos por professores assistenciais do Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF), das Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) e docentes da instituição, no início do ano letivo de 2007. Após um semestre de reflexões com o grupo de professores, com utilização de metodologias ativas de aprendizagem em reuniões quinzenais de Educação Permanente (EP), percebemos na nova exibição do primeiro vídeo, no grupo de professores do PSF a adoção de uma forma mais homogênea de avaliar os estudantes, expressa por uma maior convergência de conceitos no preenchimento do F6 que se manteve homogênea na exposição... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This research was carried out in a Medical School with a hybrid pedagogical concept: Problem Based Learning (PBL) guides teaching-learning, and Critical- Reflexive Conception guides the Professional Practices Unit. This school works with competences curriculum and uses criterium evaluation. The Exercise of Professional Practical Evaluation (EPPE) takes place in the end of the academic year in a simulated scenario; it is somative and is part of the student's evaluation in the fourth grade of the medical course together with the Exercise of Cognitive Evaluation (ECE) and the Reflexive Portfolio. The evaluation tool used in EPPE is the Student's Performance Observation Format (F6) in which there are identified people's health necessities by means of tasks. This research aims at verifying the replicability and homogeneity of F6 filling out in EPPE in three groups of university teachers. Two videos were made in the end of 2006; each one last 20 minutes approximately and the subject was two students being submitted to EPPE.The first video was evaluated through the performances scale by assistance teachers of the Family Health Program, of the Health Centers and by university teachers in the beginning of 2007. The author organized Permanent Education meetings with these teachers to discuss active learning methodologies at fifteen day intervals for one semester. Then the first video was showed again. The students were evaluated by the Family Health Program teachers more homogeneously: the concepts in F6 filling out were more convergent. The same happened with the second video with the concepts NA (non applicable), I (unsatisfactory) and S (satisfactory). This situation did not occur with the other groups analysed. / Doutor

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Text in Afrikaans / Die tema van hierdie studie toon die kerkbegrip van Cyprianus aan as 'n spanning tussen die kerk as instituut en die kerk van die Gees. Hoofstuk een skets die invloed van Tertullianus as leermeester op Cyprianus. Tertullianus se kerkbegrip getuig self van spanning wat die produk is van 'n verandering van lidmaatskap vanaf die Katolieke kerk na die Montaniste. Tertullianus se kerkbegrip word vanuit twee perspektiewe belig. Eerstens vanuit 'n Katolieke, met 'n fokus op die fundering van die ware kerk en die mag van die kerk om sondes te kan vergewe. Tweedens vanuit 'n Montanistiese, wat die def iniering van die ware kerk en die mag van die kerk om sondes te kan vergewe eksklusief geestelik begrond. Hoofstuk twee skets die milieu waarbinne Cyprianus gearbei het. Dit sluit in 'n biografie van Cyprianus en die Afrika-religie en bevolking. Tweedens word die Europese invloed op Cyprianus se kerkbegrip aangedui. Die invloed van die Romeinse staatkundige model kan duidelik waargeneem word. Die grootste invloed was egter die Roomse kerklike model, weens die dinamika van die Roomse kerk. Hoofstuk drie skets die ekklesiologie van Cyprianus. Die spanning tussen die kerk as 'n instituut en die kerk van die Gees word aangedui deur 'n bespreking van die episkopaat; die betekenis van die biskop; Cyprianus se gesagsbegrip en sy perspektief op die primaat. Cyprianus se Bybelse verbintenis, sowel as die twee historiese lyne, naamlik die Pauliniese lyn en die Petruslyn, plaas sy uitspraak salus extra ecclesiam non est in perspektief. Cyprianus se kerkbegrip is primer 'n ekklesiologie van die Gees. In sy strewe na die eenheid van die kerk vind hy die kerk as instituut egter onontbeerlik. Spanning onstaan in sy poging om 'n sintese tussen die twee te vorm. / The theme of this study reveals the tension to be found between the church as institution and the church of the Spirit, in the ecclesiology of Cyprian. Chapter one shows the influence which Tertullian, as tutor, exerted on Cyprian. The ecclesiology of Tertullian also reveals the tension which is produced by the change of membership from Catholicism to Montanism. Tertullian's ecclesiology is highlighted from two different perspectives. Firstly from a Catholic view, with the focus on the fundamentals of the true church, and the authority and power of the church to forgive sins. Secondly, a Montanist view is proposed, which defines the true church, and the power it yields in forgiving sins, as being exclusively spiritual in nature. Chapter two describes the environment in which Cyprian worked. This includes a biography of Cyprian, as well as the African religion and people. Secondly the European influence is shown on Cyprian's ecclesiology. The influence exerted by the Roman state model is also clearly seen. The major influence though, was exercised by the Roman church model, on account of the dynamics of the Roman church. Chapter three describes Cyprian's ecclesiology. The tension between the church as institute and the church of the Spirit is revealed in a discussion on the episcopacy; the significance of the bishop; Cyprian's view on authority and his perspective on the primacy. Cyprian's biblical connection, as well as the two historical lines, namely the Pauline and Petrine lines, put his salus extra ecclesiam non est pronouncement in perspective. ecclesiology the unity of Cyprian's view is primarily that of a of the Spirit. In his striving towards the church though, he finds the church as institute to be indispensable. Tension develops in his endeavor to form a synthesis between the two. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D. Th.

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Text in Afrikaans / Die tema van hierdie studie toon die kerkbegrip van Cyprianus aan as 'n spanning tussen die kerk as instituut en die kerk van die Gees. Hoofstuk een skets die invloed van Tertullianus as leermeester op Cyprianus. Tertullianus se kerkbegrip getuig self van spanning wat die produk is van 'n verandering van lidmaatskap vanaf die Katolieke kerk na die Montaniste. Tertullianus se kerkbegrip word vanuit twee perspektiewe belig. Eerstens vanuit 'n Katolieke, met 'n fokus op die fundering van die ware kerk en die mag van die kerk om sondes te kan vergewe. Tweedens vanuit 'n Montanistiese, wat die def iniering van die ware kerk en die mag van die kerk om sondes te kan vergewe eksklusief geestelik begrond. Hoofstuk twee skets die milieu waarbinne Cyprianus gearbei het. Dit sluit in 'n biografie van Cyprianus en die Afrika-religie en bevolking. Tweedens word die Europese invloed op Cyprianus se kerkbegrip aangedui. Die invloed van die Romeinse staatkundige model kan duidelik waargeneem word. Die grootste invloed was egter die Roomse kerklike model, weens die dinamika van die Roomse kerk. Hoofstuk drie skets die ekklesiologie van Cyprianus. Die spanning tussen die kerk as 'n instituut en die kerk van die Gees word aangedui deur 'n bespreking van die episkopaat; die betekenis van die biskop; Cyprianus se gesagsbegrip en sy perspektief op die primaat. Cyprianus se Bybelse verbintenis, sowel as die twee historiese lyne, naamlik die Pauliniese lyn en die Petruslyn, plaas sy uitspraak salus extra ecclesiam non est in perspektief. Cyprianus se kerkbegrip is primer 'n ekklesiologie van die Gees. In sy strewe na die eenheid van die kerk vind hy die kerk as instituut egter onontbeerlik. Spanning onstaan in sy poging om 'n sintese tussen die twee te vorm. / The theme of this study reveals the tension to be found between the church as institution and the church of the Spirit, in the ecclesiology of Cyprian. Chapter one shows the influence which Tertullian, as tutor, exerted on Cyprian. The ecclesiology of Tertullian also reveals the tension which is produced by the change of membership from Catholicism to Montanism. Tertullian's ecclesiology is highlighted from two different perspectives. Firstly from a Catholic view, with the focus on the fundamentals of the true church, and the authority and power of the church to forgive sins. Secondly, a Montanist view is proposed, which defines the true church, and the power it yields in forgiving sins, as being exclusively spiritual in nature. Chapter two describes the environment in which Cyprian worked. This includes a biography of Cyprian, as well as the African religion and people. Secondly the European influence is shown on Cyprian's ecclesiology. The influence exerted by the Roman state model is also clearly seen. The major influence though, was exercised by the Roman church model, on account of the dynamics of the Roman church. Chapter three describes Cyprian's ecclesiology. The tension between the church as institute and the church of the Spirit is revealed in a discussion on the episcopacy; the significance of the bishop; Cyprian's view on authority and his perspective on the primacy. Cyprian's biblical connection, as well as the two historical lines, namely the Pauline and Petrine lines, put his salus extra ecclesiam non est pronouncement in perspective. ecclesiology the unity of Cyprian's view is primarily that of a of the Spirit. In his striving towards the church though, he finds the church as institute to be indispensable. Tension develops in his endeavor to form a synthesis between the two. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D. Th.

[pt] Uma relação direta onde a vida em fadiga Número de ciclos por falha pode ser descrita como função das amplitudes macroscópicas de tensão normal e cisalhante, Amplitude de tensão normal macroscópica e Amplitude macroscópica da tensão de cisalhamento, é obtida. Utilizando o critério de Carpinteri e Spagnoli (CeS) como uma ferramenta de inspeção, foram obtidas curvas de nível elípticas sobre um domínio Amplitude de tensão normal macroscópica x Amplitude macroscópica da tensão de cisalhamento. A expressão das curvas de nível obtidas foi generalizada, proporcionando uma ferramenta capaz de prever o número de ciclos para falha associado a qualquer combinação (Amplitude de tensão normal macroscópica, Amplitude macroscópica da tensão de cisalhamento). As previsões obtidas através do método da curva elíptica foram comparadas às observações experimentais, bem como a previsões obtidas a partir de versões adaptadas de modelos consagrados na literatura, a saber: Findley (F), Matake (M), McDiarmid (McD), Susmel e Lazzarin (SeL), Carpinteri e Spagnoli (CeS) e Papadopoulos (P). O modelo proposto forneceu previsões em boa concordância com as observações experimentais, e sua capacidade de avaliar o comportamento em fadiga se revelou o melhor dentro todos os critérios considerados. Por fim, uma leve tendência conservadora do modelo foi atenuada através da introdução de um parâmetro de ajuste, melhorando ainda mais sua capacidade de avaliação de comportamento em fadiga. / [en] A direct relation where fatigue life Number of cycles to failure can be determined as function of macroscopic normal and shear stress amplitudes Macroscopic normal stress amplitude and Macroscopic shear stress amplitude is established. Using the Carpinteri and Spagnoli (CandS) criterion as a survey tool, elliptical level curves in the Macroscopic normal stress amplitude x Macroscopic shear stress amplitude domain were revealed and further generalised, providing means to determine the number of cycles to failure for any given (Macroscopic normal stress amplitude, Macroscopic shear stress amplitude ) combination. Predictions obtained through the elliptical curve method (E) were compared to experimental observations, as well as to predictions obtained from adapted versions of popular fatigue criteria, namely Findley (F), Matake (M), McDiarmid (McD), Susmel and Lazzarin (SandL), Carpinteri and Spagnoli (CandS) and Papadopoulos (P). The proposed model delivered predictions in fair agreement with experimental observations and its predictive capability was seen to be the best among all the considered criteria. Finally, a slight bias towards conservativeness was attenuated with the introduction of an adjusting parameter, further improving the predictive capability of the model.